Abstract:A synthetic wheat line CI184,susceptible wheat cultivar Mingxian169,the F₁ reciprocal crosses between CI184 and Mingxian169,F₂ and F_2:3 populations originated from the cross CI184/Mingxian169 were used as the plant materials to explore the genetic basis of the resistance in CI184.Simple sequence repeat(SSR),bulked segregant analysis(BSA) and the F₃ population’s disease data were used to map the resistance gene/locus in CI184.(1)The result of resistance test indicated that CI184 showed resistance to 30 isolates of Pst except V26 at seedling stage and showed resistance to Chinese prevailing isolates of Pst,including CYR32,CYR33,CY-Su4,CY-Su5,CY-Su7 and V26 at adult-stage.(2)The genetic analysis indicated that the stripe rust resistance in CI184 was mainly controlled by a recessive locus.(3)In this study,only one QTL was found on chromosome 1B,named Qyr.zz_1B,explaining 13.36% of phenotypic variance in Sichuan Province and 18.07% in Beijing.It was flanked by Xgwm18 and Xwmc626.(4)Three SSR markers linked with Qyr.zz_1B and one SSR marker for Yr15 could discriminate Qyr.zz_1B from the other resistant genes on 1B,such as Yr15,Yr24 and Yr26/YrCH42.This locus maybe potentially applied in wheat resistance breeding to stripe rust.

Abstract:In order to study the lignin synthesis related genes of Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk,the gene CjC4H with 1 631 bp,which encoding the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C4H) involved into lignin synthesis,was cloned from wild variety C.japonica Hassk of Guizhou Province.C.japonica Hassk was grown under 4 different temperatures(10 ℃,18 ℃,30 ℃ and 38 ℃).The CjC4H genes expression was detected at 0,0.5,1,2,4,8,12 and 24 h to provide reference for C.japonica Hassk suitable growth temperature selection.The ORF(Open Reading Frame) length was 1 521 bp,which encoding 506 amino acids.The molecular weight of the enzyme of CjC4H was 58.13 kD,and the pI was 9.38.Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the enzyme of C4H relative conservative in different plant species.The CjC4H genes expression under different temperature detected by real time quantitative PCR,the results showed that the CjC4H gene expression under high temperature of 38 ℃ 4 h was much higher than that of other temperature treatments,and the expression of CjC4H increased significantly at 24 h under 10 ℃ and 18 ℃ low temperature treatments.

Abstract:In this research,a novel SEP3 gene,named CgSEP3(GenBank accession number KF924272),was isolated from Cymbidium goeringii by RT-PCR and RACE-PCR techniques.Sequence analysis showed that this gene contains an open reading frame of 732 bp encoding a putative protein of 243 amino acids.The deduced protein showed high identity with other SEP3 proteins from different species,phylogenetic tree analysis also indicated that CgSEP3 belongs to SEP clade of AP1/AGL9 subfamily.Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that CgSEP3 was expressed in all flower organs,highly expressed in lips,lateral petals and sepals,and the lowest in young ovary and columns.In addition,CgSEP3 was expressed in different development stages of flower,with the highest expression in flower buds(1-2 cm),and the lowest in opened flower.These results displayed that CgSEP3 may regulate the petals and sepals formation of C.goeringii.

Abstract:Based on the transcriptome of Gentiana rigescens,a gene designated as GrSLS1(GenBank NO.KF941191) encoding secologanin synthase was cloned from young leaves of G.rigescens by RT-PCR technology.The sequence analysis results showed that the open reading frame of GrSLS1 gene has a length of 1 560 bp coding for 519 amino acids,and the relative molecular weight of GrSLS1 protein is 59.33 kD with its pI of 8.96.Bioinformatics analysis indicated that GrSLS1 protein belongs to the member of SLS family,and it has a transmembrane helix(10—32) in the N terminal.Results of secondary structure analysis suggested that GrSLS1 protein composes of mainly α-helix and irregular coils.Results of phylogenic analysis showed that GrSLS1 protein is close to MsSLS2 of Mitragyna speciosa.The prokaryotic expression of GrSLS1 gene was done after construction of its prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-GrSLS1,and the SDS-PAGE results displayed that the expressed protein was consistent with the anticipated size.This study will lay a foundation for further functional research of GrSLS1 gene and the improvement of gentiopicroside content via overexpression of this gene in gentian.

Abstract:To identify the genetic differences among hybrid lines A1 and A3 derived from a cross of ‘Favorita’בLongshu 3’,and hybrid line C2 from a cross of ‘Favorita’×J07-6 in chromosome and DNA level,we analyzed their karyotype and SSR fingerprint characteristics using root tip chromosome technology and SSR molecular marker technology.The result showed that:(1)Hybrid line A1,A3 and C2 were tetraploid(2n=4x=48),with karyotype type of 2B,1B and 1A,respectively.The karyotype formula of A1 and A3 were 2n=4x=48=36m+12sm and 2n=4x=48=48m,respectively.(2)A total of 50 polymorphic loci were amplified using the 10 suitable SSR primer pairs,accounting for 79.37% of all the amplified loci.(3)The SSR fingerprints of the 3 hybrid lines and their parents were established,which provided a basis for the identification of the hybrid lines and their parents at DNA level.The materials were classified into three categories based on genetic distance(GD) value of 0.45:mother favorite,hybrid line A1 and father ‘Longshu 3’ as a category,hybrid line A3 and C2 as a category,and father J07-6 as a category.

Abstract:Taking Eustoma grandiflorum cultivars ‘Double Mariachi Pink’ and ‘Excalibur Blue Picotee’ as experimental material,we extracted genomic DNA from the leaves.The optimized AFLP reaction system was established,after EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ double enzyme digestion,ligation,pre-amplification and selective amplification.154 polymorphic bands were acquired with 64 primer combinations commonly used,from which 4 selective amplification primer combinations(E-ACA/M-CTC,E-ACC/M-CAC,E-AGC/M-CTT,E-ACT/M-CAG) with more polymorphic amplified bands were selected.The average percentage of polymorphic bands was 24.36%.Using the 4 selective amplification primer combinations,through the optimized reaction system,the AFLP fingerprints of 7 common E.grandiflorum cultivars were constructed.Subsequently,the AFLP fingerprints were transformed into the specific digital fingerprints of 28 digits,based on the counting of the amplified bands in the 7 sections of 1 000~300 bp interval of the 4 primer combinations,greatly facilitating the comparison and identification of the germplasm.The genetic similarity coefficient between the cultivars ranged 0.683 5~0.860 8,and the average value was 0.774 6.The results of that study have laid an important foundation for the further research on E.grandiflorum.

Abstract:The genetic diversity of 9 populations of Lilium duchartrei and 13 populations of Lilium lankongense was analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat makers (ISSR).(1)For L.duchartrei,the percentage of polymorphic loci(PPB) at the species level,Nei’s gene diversity(H) and Shannon’s information index(H_sp) was found to be 97.26%,0.309 8 and 0.469 4,respectively,whereas for L.lankongense,the three indices were found to be 100%,0.339 0 and 0.503 0,respectively,all higher than that of L.duchartrei’s.(2)There existed little lower genetic variation at population level.The coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations(G_st) was 0.642 5 for L.duchartrei and 0.563 7 for L.lankongense,suggesting that for both species there is a high genetic differentiation among populations.(3)Both of L.duchartrei and L.lankongense,the Mantel test showed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances.The genetic diversities and the current genetic differentiation of L.duchartrei and L.lankongense might have resulted from combined effects,including those of life history traits and geographical isolation.(4)UPGMA analysis show significant genetic differentiation between L.duchartrei and L.lankongense at molecular level,supporting the view that they are separate species.

Abstract:Hybridization in Cymbidium species was carried out between 10 varieties of Chinese orchid and 8 varieties of C.hybridum.The compatible index was calculated in different interspecific crosses.The results showed that:(1)The experiment designed 54 hybrid combinations,582 flowers were pollinated and 131 hybrid capsules were obtained,the average seed setting rate was 22.51%.The seed setting rate of cross between Chinese orchid×C.hybridum was 23.19%,which was higher than that of cross between C.hybridum×Chinese orchid(9.27%).(2)The cross-compatibility between C.sinense and C.hybridum was higher than that of between C.goeringii or C.ensifolium and C.hybridum.(3)There were higher incompatibilities between the Chinese orchid,and the seed setting rates of cross of three kinds of combinations were greater than 30%.The cross incompatibility was different between different varieties that ‘Lü′e’,‘Qihei’,‘Baimo’,‘Jinhe’and ‘Crescent’ were suitable for female parent,‘Dafugui’,‘Fugui’,‘Baimo’,‘Moon Shadow’ and ‘Black Pearl’were suitable for male parent.

Abstract:In this study,the somatic embryogenesis induction and shoot regeneration were studied systematically in elite clone of Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis by comparing the variety of combinations of different growth regulators.Embryogenic callus and non-embryonic callus of E.urophylla×E.grandis were used as explants to study the changes of different kinds of callus,and the mechanism of embryogenic callus of E.urophylla×E.grandis was revealed through analyzing histocytological changes,detecting physiological,biochemical indices and fluorescence quantitative PCR.This work laid the foundations for plant regeneration of E.urophylla×E.grandis through somatic embryogenesis.(1)Somatic embryogenesis was observed in callus in the presence of MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.01 mg/L TDZ.The best somatic embryogenesis rate(16.7%) was obtained when explants treated with 0.5 mol/L sucrose for 12 h.The embryogenic cells were consisted of small,tight arrangement and has the phenotype of embryogenic cell.Non-embryogenic cells were large loosely arranged and usually irregular.(2)Histological analysis of incubated explants revealed that embryogenic cells exhibited common features characteristic.(3)Proteins and activities of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli in E.urophylla×E.grandis.For embryogenic calli,PPO,CAT,SOD activities and protein content showed the significantly higher level than those of non-embryogenic calli.For non-embryogenic calli,lignin and soluble sugar contents,POD and PAL activities showed the significantly higher level than those of embryogenic calli.There was a significant difference of the levels of gene mRNA expression among trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase,starch phosphorylase,glutathione S-transferase,glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase,glucose-6-phosphate isomerase,chorismate synthase,PAL.The difference between embryogenic callus and non-embryonic callus of E.urophylla×E.grandis was revealed.

Abstract:The development of gametophytes and oogenesis in the fern Stenoloma chusanum were studied using microscopy technology.Results showed that:(1)The spores are brown,monolete,surface smooth or verrucous grain;spores germinate about 12 days after sowed.Spore germination type is Vittaria-type.Prothallus development type is Adiantum-type.(2)Section observations showed that the archegonium of the S.chusanum develops from a superficial cell called initial cell.The initial cell forms a tier of three cells by two divisions.The upper cell develops into an elongated neck.The middle cell,called primary cell,finally develops into a neck canal cell,a ventral cell and an egg by two unequal divisions.When new formed the periphery of the three cells is appressed closely to the jacket cells of the archegonium.During maturation,a separation cavity occurs between the egg and the ventral canal cell,from periphery to the middle.Then,the neck canal cell and the ventral canal cell began to degenerate.Separation cavity expanded toward the middle,until a pore structure,called fertilization pore,occurred.In the later stage of oogenesis,on the upper surface of the egg,an egg envelope forms,and the neck canal cell and the ventral cell degenerate into a mass of amorphous materials.This study elaborated in details the morphological characteristics of gametophytes and oogenesis in the fern S.chusanum,and has scientific significance in illustrating the archegonium development features and revealing the mechanism of sexual reproduction.

Abstract:The developmental anatomy of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.roots was studied,using semi-sectioning,paraffin sectioning and maceration.The results show that the development of D.dasycarpus roots is characterized by four developmental stages,including promeristem stage,primary meristem stage,primary structure stage and secondary structure stage.The promeristem locates between the root cap and primary meristem,and clusters of cells from promeristem develop into the primary meristem which consists of protoepidermis,ground meristem and plerome.The protoepidermis develops into epidermal cells,the ground meristem differentiates into cortex,and the plerome develops into stele.The primary structure consists of epidermis,cortex and stele.And the outer cell walls of some epidermal cells develop into root hairs through outward growth.The oil cells and the casparian strip are also detected in cortex and endodermis,respectively.The primary xylem which is diarch or infrequent triarch is exarch.The center of the primary root is characterized by pith or not.The secondary structures derive from vascular cambium and cork cambium which differentiated from the cells in procambium and pericycle respectively.The secondary phloem is broad and contains 85% percentage of the root transverse section,the oil cells are also detected in the secondary phloem.The periderm is obviously thick.And abundant starch grains are existed in cortex and parenchyma cells of secondary xylem and phloem.

Abstract:The early maturing peach (‘Zaomei’,‘Chunlei’) and red leaf peach (‘Tsuku-ba-5’,‘Rutgers redleaf’) were used as materials.The changes of leaf color and pigment composition in four varieties of peach were studied from May to September and the different red leaf phenomenon mechanism between early maturing peach and red leaf peach was investigated.The results indicated that:(1)The leaves of red leaf peach appeared “turing green” phenomenon in late May.The chromatic component a^* became from positive to negative.The leaves of early maturing peach turned to red from green after the fruits were harvested in June and the chromatic component a^* became bigger.(2)There were 5 anthocyanins were tentatively identified,early maturing peach contained three kinds anthocyanins and red leaf peach contained four kinds anthocyanins.The main anthocyanins were cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(Cy3G) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside.The kind of anthocyanin did not change much but the pigment contents showed significant difference during the leaf color process.(3)The multiple linear regression analysis showed that chromatic component a^* of red leaf peach leaves positively correlated with the contents of Cy3G and chromatic component a^* of early maturing peach leaves positively correlated with cyanidin-3-rutinoside.The chromatic component a^* negatively correlated with Ant/Chl.The research showed cyanidin is the material basis that the leaf showed red.Not the different kinds of anthocyanins but the content of anthocyanins that cause different red leaf phenomenon mechanism.

Abstract:In this paper,Northern hybridization was used to analyze the Sly-MIR167 expression pattern of tomato under cold stress.The result shows that:(1)Sly-MIR167 constitutively expressed in roots,stems,petals,fruits and leaves of tomato at 25 ℃.However,the expression trends become more greatly at 4 ℃.The result indicated that Sly-MIR167 was induced by low temperature.(2)The 35S∶MIR167 expression vector was constructed and transferred into tomato by Agrobacterium infection.The cold stress experimental results show that the transgenic lines have better growth index than that of control.Moreover,the chlorophyll content and F_v/F_m of two transgenic lines(T₂-5 and T₂-19) decreased significantly lower than that of wild type;more proline content and less MDA content in the transgenic lines than that in the wild type.Sly-MIR167 can obviously improve the cold tolerance of tomato.(3)The expression assay of target gene NF-YA1,NF-YA2 by RT-PCR demonstrated the down-regulation caused by Sly-MIR167.It indicated that NF-YA1 and NF-YA2 were negative regulated.In a word,the research contributes to provide more application prospects in transgenic tomato.

Abstract:The blade segments of Rhododendron calophytum were used as explants for the studying of callus induction and plantlets regeneration by orthogonal experimental design.Callus were kept at 38 ℃ for exploring physiological changes over time.The result revealed that:(1)Read+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L TDZ was the best medium for its callus induction and differentiation of adventitious bud,the improved MS+0.1 mg/L KT+0.2 mg/L NAA was the better plantlet strengthening medium,and the 1/2 improved MS+2.0 mg/L GA₃ was the optimum medium for rooting.(2)The contents of proline and soluble sugar in callus changed inconspicuously.MDA and solution protein contents were increased,and activities of SOD and POD were first increased and then decreased,which can be considered as the evaluation of heat-resistance system for R.calophytum.

Abstract:In this study the difference of physiological characteristics of four early generations of synthesized Brassica napus allotetraploid(F₁-F₄) and their parents B.napus(AA),B.oleracea(CC) under 100 mmol/L,200 mmol/L NaCl treatments through hydroponics culture was detected.The results demonstrated that the biomass,content of proline,relative chlorophyll,activities of antioxidant enzymes of B.oleracea were the lowest,while the relative conductivity,and MDA content were the highest.Furthermore,the biomass,relative chlorophyll content,activities of SOD of F₂ generation were higher than other materials under 100 mmol/L NaCl treatment,MDA content contrarily.The biomass,relative chlorophyll content,activities of POD of F₄ generation were higher than others under 200 mmol/L NaCl treatment,MDA content contrarily.The results of comparative analysis in the effect of varieties and salt stress suggested that B.oleracea with CC genome is more sensitive to salt stress than B.napus with AA genome.The salt tolerance of four synthesized Brassica early generations is better than diploid parents,because they inherit the salt tolerance performance of B.napus AA genome.

Abstract:Four ornamental species were planted in pots as the experimental material.They respectively are:Photinia fraseri,Buxus sinica(Rehd.et Wils.) Cheng var.parvifolia M.Cheng,Ligustrum×vicaryi Hort.and Euonymus japonicus Thunb.Natural drought-rehydration treatment was carried out in greenhouses.Physiological indicators of plants under drought stress and nature watering were determined,such as superoxide anion production rate,malondialdehyde(MDA),activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) as well as hydrogen peroxide enzyme(CAT).Investigating the generation of active oxygen and its enzymatic elimination process under drought stress and its recovery after rehydration will help us understand plant adaptation strategies to adversity and provide theoretical guidance for the scientific management of ornamental plants.The results showed that:(1)Under nature drought process,O^-·₂ generating rates of P.fraseri increased after shortly declined,while B.sinica var.parvifolia,Ligustrum×vicaryi and E.japonicus declined after shortly rising.(2)MDA content increased in P.fraseri and B.sinica var.parvifolia with little change in Ligustrum×vicaryi and Euonymus japonicus.(3)SOD activity of all the four species increases,while CAT activity declined after firstly increased.No trends were found about POD activity.(4)After rehydration,generation rates of O^-·₂ and MDA content of all the 4 species declined.SOD activity of B.sinica var.parvifolia,Ligustrum×vicaryi and E.japonicus increased while P.fraseri declined to control levels.CAT activity of Ligustrum×vicaryi increased,while all the other 3 species declined.As the POD activity,B.sinica increases with all the other 3 species declined.SOD and CAT activity promoted the elimination at first in P.fraseri.Different pathways for eliminating activated oxygen exist in the 4 ornamental plants.Subordinate function was used to rank their drought tolerance and the order was:B.sinica var.parvifolia＞Ligustrum×vicaryi＞E.japonicus＞P.fraseri.

Abstract:In order to study the effect of different resistant sunflower root exudates on the germination of Orobanche cumana Wallr.,we collected the root exudates of three sunflower varieties by hydroponics and extracted with CH₂Cl₂.The dichloromethane extracts were then separated with silica gel column.The result showed that:(1)In a certain range of concentration,low concentration of sunflower root exudates promoted O.cumana seeds to germination,but high concentration inhibited it.(2)The germination rate was the highest when treated with 0.1 mg/mL dichloromethane extracts,O.cumana seeds germination rate under the ‘Xinghuodabaibian’ and ‘Baikuiza NO.9’ root exudates were 46.92% and 43.88%,immune variety ‘MGS’ was lower than the formers,germination rate was 27.81%.(3)The hexane-ethyl acetate(1∶1) fractions had the higher germination activity than other four fractions,O.cumana seeds germination rate under this fraction of ‘Xinghuodabaibian’,‘Baikuiza NO.9’ and ‘MGS’ were 49.90%,45.66% and 30.00%,respectively.(4)When added GR24 or dehydrocostus lactone to the root exudates of ‘MGS’,O.cumana seeds germination rate was decreased compare to GR24 or dehydrocostus lactone only,this indicated that the immune sunflower variety ‘MGS’ root exudates had the negative effect on the germination of O.cumana seed and there were some chemicals in its root exudates that inhibited the O.cumana seeds germination.

Abstract:Sinosenecio jishouensis D.G.Zhang,Y.Liu ＆ Q.E.as a new species belongings to Asteraceae,is considered to be a severely endanger species,whose natural populations were only discovered in Dehang canyon in Hunan Province,so far,our previous studies had indicated that low light intensity and high relative humidity are not the restricting factors to their distribution.Here,we further investigated impacts of drought stress on photosynthetic apparatus including the leaf relative water content(RWC),photosynthesis parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters by using the plants of S.jishouensis which lives in shade.Results showed that:(1)RWC of S.jishouensis decreased continuously with the drought stress proceeding.When no watering sustained for 12 days,the RWC was less than 15% and plants could not survive.(2)Net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s) and transpiration rate(T_r) had decreased dramatically,while intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) had increased or no significantly change under drought.The results suggested the main reason for P_n decreasing was non-stomatal restriction.(3)When no watering sustained for 9~12 days,the value of the maximum efficiency of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m),effective quantum yield of PSⅡ photochemistry[Y(Ⅱ)] had decreased significantly and quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation in PSⅡ[Y(NO)] had increased obviously.These mean the PSⅡ were serious damaged and the non-photochemical quenching increased significantly.Conclusively,these results proved that S.jishouensis is sensitive to drought stress,which is probably the key cause for its distributing limit.

Abstract:In order to understand the ecological adaptability of Toona ciliata Roem.saplings under lead(Pb) pollution,we conducted a pot-culture experiment with three typical soils(alkaline purple soil,acid purple soil and alluvial soil) in Sichuan Basin.Photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll contents of T.ciliata Roem.saplings were studied under four levels of Pb pollution,i.e.,CK,0 mg·kg^-1;T₁,200 mg·kg^-1;T₂,450 mg·kg^-1;T₃,2 000 mg·kg^-1.The results indicated that:(1)Chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents of T.ciliata Roem.leaves decreased with the increase of Pb pollution regardless of soil types.However,Pb pollution had more significantly effects on chlorophyll contents in both acid purple soil and alluvial soil compared with those in alkaline purple soil;(2)The photo-response curve in three soil types showed the similar tendency.The net photosynthetic rate(P_n) significantly increased under low Pb pollution level,but significantly decreased under high levels of Pb pollution,showing the highest and lowest values under 200 and 2 000 mg·kg^-1 of Pb supply,respectively;(3)Photosynthetic indexes such as maximum photosynthetic rate(P_{n max}),apparent quantum efficiency(AQY),light compensation point (LCP) exhibited significant changes with the increase of Pb pollution,indicating Pb pollution could seriously influence the photosynthesis of T.ciliata Roem.saplings.The results here suggested that high levels of Pb could significantly limit the synthesis of leaf chlorophyll,and thus inhibit the photosynthesis capacity.The more serious Pb pollution could lead to stronger inhibition of photosynthesis.In addition,lower levels of Pb pollution(200 and 450 mg·kg^-1 supplies) had less effects on T.ciliata Roem.under the acid purple soil and alluvial soil compared with under the alkaline purple soil.

Abstract:To figure out the effects of SA on plant photosynthesis characteristics during the recovery of the day after night chilling,with the ‘Jinyou no.4’ cucumber seedlings as materials,we studied the effect of exogenous SA on chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and gas exchange parameters etc during the recovery(25 ℃) of the day after night chilling(5 ℃) using sand culture.The results showed that:(1)The exogenous SA treatment significantly promoted the normal temperature(25 ℃) recovery after night chilling stress,significantly improved the speed and level of recovery compared with H₂O treatment,which significantly increased contents of chlorophyll,net photosynthetic rate (P_n),transpiration rate(T_r),stomatal conductance (G_s),and the intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i).At recovery 6 h,the photosynthetic rate of cucumber seedlings reached 82.18% of control levels.(2)The exogenous SA significantly increased F_v/F_m,Φ_PSⅡ and ETR,which improved the NPQ value and enhanced light protection.(3)Exogenous SA also contributed to the recovery of the apparent quantum yield(AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) in cucumber seedlings,when recovery 2 d,AQY and CE of cucumber leaves return to 92.59% and 90.62% of control levels.Therefore,during recovery after night chilling stress,exogenous SA treatment could promote the recovery of photosynthesis of cucumber seedlings,and enhance its ability to adapt to chilling stress.

Abstract:Begonia fimbristipula and Gynura divaricata are natural vegetables.Growth,photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics of these two vegetables were studied under three light conditions[Full light(L₀),50% canopy cover(L₁),and 70% canopy cover(L₂)].The results showed that:(1)The height and ground diameter of B.fimbristipula and G.divaricata were no significant differences between L₀ and L₁ treatments(P>0.05),the two variables were markedly lower in L₂ treatment than those of L₀ treatment(P<0.05).(2)The maximal net photosynthetic rate(P_max),light compensation point(LCP),and light saturation point(LSP) reduced with decreasing light intensity,no significant difference was found in apparent quantum yield(AQY) among the three light conditions.With the decrease of light intensity,the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ(F_v/F_m),photochemical quenching index(q_P),photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR) also reduced,while non-photochemical quenching index(NPQ) increased.(3)The values of these photosynthesis and fluorescence variables of the two vegetables were no significant difference between L₀ and L₁ treatments,whereas these variables were significantly lower in L₂ treatment than those of L₀ treatment.In L₂ treatment,the efficiency of capture excitation energy reduced for chlorophyll molecules of these two vegetables leaves,the amount of light energy was absorbed by photosystem Ⅱ decreased for photochemical electron transfer and increased for heat loss,electron transport activity and energy which was used to electron transport chain also declined,which led to the decrease of net photosynthetic rate,so plant growth was inhibited.These two vegetables have moderate shade tolerance,they can normally grow under the plantation with 50% canopy cover.

Abstract:Using samplings from different aged Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.plantations located in Taibai Mountain,Shaanxi and Xiaolong Mountain,Gansu of China,respectively,we analyzed total nitrogen(N),total phosphorus(P) in soil,root,stem and leaf tissues,plant biomass,root characteristics and their correlations.The results showed that:(1)N concentrations in soil decreased with increases in soil depth in different aged Larix plantations,but P concentrations in soil did not display such a pattern.Significantly positive linear correlations were found between N and P concentrations in 0—60 cm soil.(2)N and P concentrations in leaves were the highest among all plant tissues.N and P concentrations in leaves and fine roots were significantly higher than those in coarse roots and stems.Significantly positive linear correlations were detected between N and P concentrations in all plant tissues.(3)Biomass and accumulated N and P amount in different plant tissues increased with increases in ages of plantations.Biomass of stem and accumulated N and P amount in leaves were higher than those of other tissues.(4)There were positive linear correlations between specific root lengths,and N concentrations in 0—20 cm soils,N and P concentrations in fine roots.(5)Total length of coarse roots,mean length of proximal roots,maximum radial distance and maximum root depth increased with increases in ages of plantations.Negative linear correlations were found between concentrations of N and P in coarse roots and lengths of coarse roots,and maximum radial distances of coarse roots.Those results indicated that,specific root lengths increased with an appropriate increase about N concentrations in 0—20 cm soils,when N and P concentrations in coarse roots down,the roots will extend outward to increase the range of absorption of N and P nutrients in order to meet the normal growth of the Larix plantations.

Abstract:In order to elucidate the dynamic changes of the mineral elements in leaves of 12-year old mature pecan trees’ bearing branches and provide a scientific basis for tree nutrition diagnosis and reasonable fertilization in future,we tested nine elements(N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn) by the Kjeldahl method,Mo-Sb colorimetry and atomic absorption.The results showed that:(1)The contents of different macro-element in mature leaves of pecan ‘Mahan’ were put in the following order:N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P,while the contents of different micro-element were put in the following order:Mn＞Zn＞Fe＞Cu.(2)The mature leaves’ absorption of mineral elements had obvious seasonal features:N,P,K and Cu were needed greater during the pollination flowering period,as well as N,P,K were needed more during the flushing period and fruit expanding period;the absorption of K,Zn,Mn had a tendency to continue to increase during the fruit growth period.(3)The contents of mineral elements in leaves were fluctuated according to time lapse.For macro-element,the fluctuation was small,but for micro-element,the fluctuation was noticeable large.The conclusion is that the appropriate period for analyzing the standards of nutrition diagnosis in pecan leaves is from July 27th to August 13th.It is recommended that N,P,K and Ca,Mg,respectively as primary and secondary base fertilizer should be added in the pollination flowering period and the flushing period,while organic fertilizer should be deep fertilized before the harvest of autumn fruit.

Abstract:To determine the effect of different concentration methanol solution on seed germination and seedling growth of Brassica napus L.,we chose two main varieties ‘Yuyou 2’ and ‘Qinyou 2’ as materials to be cultured by water or 10—2 000 mmol·L^-1 methanol solutions.Seed germination,seedling growth properties and its related physiochemical indices were analyzed.The results indicated that:(1)10—1 000 mmol·L^-1 methanol solution obviously enhanced seed germination parameters(including germination rate,germination potential,germination index and vigor index) and seedling growth parameters(including shoots length,roots length,fresh weight and root/shoot ratio) of B.napus L.than that of the control,but the these parameters significantly reduced at 2 000 mmol·L^-1.The two varieties showed the same trend under methanol solution treatment,but there were also slight differences in the two varieties,i.e.‘Qinyou 2’ was affected lower than ‘Yuyou 2’.(2)With increasing concentrations of methanol,B.napus L.seed germination index and seedling growth index increased at first,but decreased later.With 100 mmol·L^-1 methanol solution treatment,seed germination parameters and seedling growth parameters of B.napus L.reached the highest value.With higher concentration,the promotion was weaken or disappear,even dampen.(3)With increasing concentrations of methanol,B.napus L.seedling leaves chlorophyll content also showed an increasing trend and decreased at late.The MDA and hydrogen peroxide contents at first fell after the raised of the opposite trend in the same period.The results showed that the appropriate concentration of methanol solution could promote seed germination and seedling growth of B.napus L..

Abstract:Artificial cultivation experiment on the photosynthetic characteristic and water physiology of six dominant shelter plant species was carried out under different irrigation amounts[A(0 m³·m^-2),B(0.1 m³·m^-2) and C(0.2 m³·m^-2)] in the Peripheral Regions of Cele Oasis.The results showed that:(1)Except Ziziphus jujuba,the net photosynthetic rate of others showed a similar diurnal tendency and had a single-peaked pattern,and showed:C＞B＞A.(2)The transpiration rate also increased in response to irrigation amounts,but had an irregular M change.(3)Except the Juglans regia,the predawn and midday water potential of other plants increased with the increase of irrigation amounts,and were displayed B＞C＞A.(4)Their diurnal course of instantaneous water use efficiencies were basically identical,all showed B＞C＞A.Says from the perspectives of water use and irrigation amounts,J.regia,Z.jujuba,Morus alba,Calligonum mongolicum should be chosen as the dominant shelter plants.Z.jujuba was very suited for water-saving in Cele Oasis and is more effective to be used in the shelter plants than the rest of five plants.

Abstract:In this paper,based on the 2×2 table,a series of methods including association coefficient(AC),Ochai index(OI),Jaccard index(JI) and χ²-test were used to calculate and analyze synthetically the positive or negative interspecific associations and significances of 16 tree species and 32 shrub species in Qiaoshan Forest Region.Also,the analysis results were expressed by semi-matrix.The results indicated that:(1)There were significantly positive interspecific associations between Pinus tabulaeformis and Rhus potaninii,Quercus wutaishanica and Toxicodendron delavayi in the tree species.However,Robinia pseudoacacia was significantly negatively associated with other tree species.(2)Among the shrub species,Quercus dentata to Rhamnus davurica,Cotoneaster multiflorus to Viburnum schensianum,Ostryopsis davidiana to Rosa hugonis,Rhamnus davurica to Euonymus alatus,Lespedeza davurica to Viburnum schensianum,Lespedeza davurica to Spiraea chinensis showed a significant positive association,and Acer ginnala aggregated with most of the shrub species,while Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa,Sophora davidii and Berberis purdomii showed negative associations with most shrub species.It is suggested that the relationships among the other woody species were weak since no significant associations were detected.(3)Based on the present results of interspecific association,4 ecological species groups of 16 tree plants were delineated.Meanwhile,5 ecological species groups of 32 shrub plants were also delineated in this area.Study of Interspecific association can also provide a reference for the protection and management of vegetation in the Loess Plateau.

Abstract:With in situ experiment,the soil organic carbon (SOC),microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were analyzed in Eucalyptus grandis plantations with different stand densities(A1:833 tree·hm^-2,A2:1 333 tree·hm^-2 and A3:2 222 tree·hm^-2) in Rainy Area of Western China.The results were given as follows:(1)SOC in every stand with different densities were higher in summer and autumn,lower in spring and winter,but seasonal changes was relatively stable.The annual average SOC was 22.54 g·kg^-1(A1),19.76 g·kg^-1(A2),16.84 g·kg^-1(A3),and the difference between the density reached significant level;(2)MBC and MBN exhibited a clear seasonal pattern in every stand with different densities,the same as the SOC,with the increase of the density,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content were less;(3)The fluctuations of microbial quotient were slightly in the plantations with different densities.The microbial quotient fluctuated between 2.30%—2.44%(A1),2.14%—2.39%(A2) and 2.47%—2.69%(A3),respectively.(4)The part of MBC(N) with SOC,available N(P,K) had a significant relation in different densities (P<0.05).Consequently,the seasonal changes of the E.grandis plantation SOC,MBC,MBN and the microbial quotient were relatively stable,but the different stand density had a significant effect on them,and with the increase of density,the content of soil organic carbon,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased in Rainy Area of West China.

Abstract:The floristic characteristics of food resources of Macaca mulatta were analyzed based on the investigations of the plant life in Manghe National Nature Reserve,Shanxi,China.(1)The field survey found that there are 659 vascular plants,of which,261 are feeding plants of M.mulatta belonging to 54 families and 126 genera,which accounted for 52.94%,33.69% and 39.61% of the respective families,genera and species of total vascular plants in habitat.Rosaceae is the largest family in feeding plants of M.mulatta,contains 16 genera and 39 species,Leguminosae takes sencond place,contains 11 genera and 23 species.(2)According to the statistics,families of feeding plants of M.mulatta were classified into 6 distribution types and 2 variety types,and genera were divided into 13 distribution types and 6 variety types.As for the genus distribution type,there are 75 genera of temperate type which account for 66.96% of total genera,among them,46 genera belongs to North Temperate type,which account for 41.07% of total genera,24 genera of tropic type and 13 genera of mediterranea,Middle Asia to East Asia disjuncted and the endemic type of China,which account for 21.43% and 11.61%,respectively.The above information indicates that this area is a temperate zone.

Abstract:The moss Jaffueliobryum wrightii (Sull.) Thér.var.rhombicum X.L.Bai & Sarula is described as a new variant species based on a collection from shady slopes in loess hilly regions,Qingshuihe County,Inner Mongolia.It is distinguished from Jaffueliobryum wrightii (Sull.) Thér.by some significant characteristics.J.wrightii var.rhombicum appeared that upper laminal cells rhomboidal and dorsally strongly thick-walled,marginal cells not differentiated,cells of costal transverse section are not differentiated,non bulging ventral epidermis cells,lamina 0.7—0.8 mm in length,awn 0.8—1.3 mm in length.Characteristic descriptions and geographic distribution map of the two species are provided.Moreover,an identification key for the species recognized in Jaffueliobryum is also provided.

Abstract:Plant anthocyanin is a kind of natural edible pigment,has many advantages:safety,no pollution,outstanding stability;it showed noticeable antioxidant ability,which can prevent cancer and protect the function of the liver,prevention and protection of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,and other important nutritional and pharmacological function.Therefore,anthocyanin has important research value and potential applications in food,medicine and health care,horticulture and crop improvement.Here we review recent progresses in biological functions and mechanisms of structural genes and regulator genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis and metabolic pathway,including the anthocyanin biosynthetic,metabolic and accumulative process in plant.Prospective of application prospect and development tendency accumulative processon the anthocyanins genes are elucidated in the end.