Abstract:In plants,glutathione peroxidase (GPX) plays important roles in protecting cells against oxidative stress.In this study,three GPXs (PpGPX1/2/3) were identified from the Physcomitrella patens genome.PpGPX1 and PpGPX3 only had one exon,while PpGPX2 had six exons.Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that PpGPX1 and PpGPX2 were expressed in all tested conditions.However,PpGPX3 transcripts were not detected in any tested conditions.By transiently expressing C-terminal eGFP-GPX fusions in Arabidopsis protoplasts,we found that PpGPX1 and PpGPX2 were localized to cytoplasm and chloroplast,respectively.PpGPX1 and PpGPX2 were then over-expressed in E.coli and purified using a Ni Sepharose High Performance column.Enzymatic analysis found that P.patens GPXs showed enzymatic activity towards peroxide substrates using Trx as electron donor,but not GSH.PpGPX2 showed higher catalytic activity and catalytic efficiency towards peroxide substrates than that of PpGPX1.The differences of gene structures,gene expression,protein subcellular localization and enzymatic characteristics among P.patens GPXs indicating functional divergence.The function of Pro158,Phe167 and Phe172 of PpGPX2 were examined by site-directed mutagenesis.The mutant proteins showed decreased catalytic activity which indicated that these three residues were important for enzymatic activity.

Abstract:In this study,the WRKY gene fragment from a digital expression profiling of cotton root tissues infected by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum (Fov) was used as a probe,a WRKY transcription factor gene was cloned from the roots of ‘Zhongmiansuo 12’ through the in silico cloning and RT-PCR,named as GhWRKY44(Genebank:KJ801807).Sequence analysis showed that the ORF of GhWRKY44 was 1 197 bp,encoding 398 amino acids.GhWRKY44 contained two conserved WRKY domains and one C2H2 zinc finger structure,and belonged to group I of cotton WRKY transcription factor.Phylogenetic analysis showed that GhWRKY44 closed to AtWRKY44.The GhWRKY44 expression was detected by Real-time Quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) and the results showed that GhWRKY44 gene was predominantly expressed in resistant variety.With the duration of the treatment of Fov,the expression of GhWRKY44 increased firstly and decreased,then increased again.When the treatment time was over 3 hours,the level of GhWRKY44 expression reached the maximum in the resistant variety.However,the relative expression of GhWRKY44 was significantly lower and the response was later in the susceptible variety than that in resistant variety and the level of GhWRKY44 expression reached the maximum when the treatment time was over 6 hours.Both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid could induce the expression of GhWRKY44.After the treatment of salicylic acid,the level of GhWRKY44 expression increased rapidly and maintained at a high level.However,the expression of GhWRKY44 firstly increased and then decreased when induced by jasmonic acid.Compared with salicylic acid,the induced expression levels of GhWRKY44 were significantly lower than that of under jasmonic acid.The results demonstrated that GhWRKY44 may be response to pathogen and hormone stress in cotton.

Abstract:In this experiment,the 1 426 bp promoter fragment of LcCu/Zn-SOD3 from embryogenic callus of the ancient litchi tree ‘Songli’ which named ProLcCSD3(GenBank:KF672186.1) was cloned by means of adapter chromosome walking method.The bioinformatics analysis showed that ProLcCSD3 contains a number of environmental stress response elements,hormone response elements,endosperm expression elements and also might be regulation by MYB and WRKY transcription factors.A novel plant expression vector p1301-proLcCSD3-GUS was constructed with ProLcCSD3 replace 35S promoter in the pCAMBIA1301 vector by using the double-digested method and then transferred into Agrobacterium strain EHA105 and GV3101.Furthermore,transformation analysis showed that ProLcCSD3 has promoter activity by the infection of tobacco leaves and could drive the downstream reporter GUS gene expression in the roots,stems and leaves by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis.And stress treatments showed that ProLcCSD3 could response to some abiotic stresses,such as NaCl,PEG-6000,ABA,MeJA and wounding.Our results demonstrated that LcCu/Zn-SOD3 might response to abiotic stresses and participate in the signal transduction pathways of hormones in the ancient litchi tree.

Abstract:To study the mechanism of pomegranate seed hardness,and the function of transcription factor gene PgMYB in lignin biosynthesis pathway of pomegranate seed coat,we measured the seed hardness and total lignin content in different pomegranate cultivars.A novel MYB transcription factor gene PgMYB was isolated from cultivar ‘Hongyushizi’ by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE).The expression levels of PgMYB were analyzed by real time-PCR.The results showed that:(1)The hardness of pomegranate seed and the total lignin content in seed coat were positively correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.906.(2)The full-length cDNA of PgMYB was 1 088 bp with an open reading frame of 921 bp encoding a protein of 306 amino acid residues.It’s a typical R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene in plant with two MYB DNA binding domains at its N-terminus.Blast X analysis showed that PgMYB had high identity with Leucaena leucocephala MYB1 and Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4 as 89% and 84%,respectively.(3)Real time-PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression of PgMYB was negatively correlated with the hardness of pomegranate seed and total lignin content in seed coat.(4)At each stage of ‘Hongyushizi’ fruit development,the relative expression of PgMYB was always negatively correlated with the total lignin content in seed coat.It was speculated that PgMYB might repress the biosynthesis of lignin in pomegranate seed coat.The results expected to lay a foundation for study the mechanism of pomegranate seed hardness.

Abstract:In higher plant,ICE1 involved in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses by regulating the expression of CBF genes.The cDNA sequence of DcICE1 transcription factor was cloned from carrot cultivars ‘Heitianwucun’ and ‘Junchuanhong’ using RT-PCR method,respectively.In order to analyze the response of DcICE1 gene to abiotic stress,the expression profiles of DcICE1 gene in four different stresses(4 ℃,38 ℃,0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl,200 g·L^-1 PEG) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR.Sequence analysis indicated that the DcICE1 gene contained 1 458 bp,encoding 485 amino acids.There were two nucleotide sites and two amino acid residue differences between two cultivars(G/A in site 139 and A/G in site 475;E/K in site 47,N/D in 159).The different amino acid residues may be involved into the different response in two carrot cultivars encountered the abiotic stresses.The DcICE1 transcription factor has a conserved domain.Quantitative real-time PCR detected the expression profiles of DcICE1 gene under abiotic stresses.The results showed the expression of DcICE1 gene significantly increased when exposed to 4 ℃,while the expression profiles of DcICE1 gene was not obvious after treated by salt and PEG in the two carrot cultivars.

Abstract:An expressed sequence tag(GenBank accession number:JZ151854) from the 5′ end which was highly similar to NAC transcription factor AtNAC026 of Arabidopsis thalania was obtained,through sequencing of clones randomly selected from the previously constructed cDNA library of Olimarabidopsis pumila leaves.This clone was sequenced from the 3′ end,and a full-length cDNA of 1 327 bp was obtained after sequence assembly.Its open reading frame (ORF) was 906 bp,and encodes 301 amino acids.The primers were designed according to the ORF and this gene was cloned from O.pumila by RT-PCR technique,which was designated as OpNAC026 (GenBank accession number:KM457621).Physicochemical property analysis showed that OpNAC026 is a hydrophilic protein with a conserved domain at its N-terminal region,and OpNAC026 has no transmembrane domain,indicating that it is not a transmembrane protein.The secondary structural analysis showed that OpNAC026 contains 54 α-helixes and 12 β-turns.The phylogenetic analysis revealed that OpNAC026 showed the closest genetic kinship with A.thaliana AtNAC026 and AtNAM,indicating that they belonged to the same evolutionary branch.Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that OpNAC026 displayed a much broader expression range at O.pumila different tissues,with a maximum expression in leaves.The transcriptional level of OpNAC026 was up-regulated as 24 h of NaCl treatment,12 h of 20 % PEG-6000 treatment,6 h of ABA treatment and 8 h of 4 ℃ treatment,respectively.Our research indicated that OpNAC026 might control the mechanism of resistance in O.pumila.

Abstract:Nostoc flagelliforme is a kind of terrestrial nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria being strong drought ecological adaptability.An unknown protein related to drought-tolerant,named hypothetical protein NXL-01,has been discovered by the proteomic analysis under drought stress.NXL-01 gene was cloned by designed degeneracy primers based on identified amino acid sequences.A full length of 327 bp DNA was obtained(GenBank access number:HM854288).Bioinformatics analysis showed that the NXL-01 gene was highly conservative.The secondary structure of NXL-01 was made up of α helix and random coil.It was a hydrophilic outside membrane protein with five Ser phosphorylation sites and one Thr phosphorylation site.NXL-01 was expressed in E.coli,and a 12.4 kD heterologous protein was observed.RT-PCR showed that mRNA level of NXL-01 gradually increased,consistent with the expression trend of NXL-01 in N.flagelliforme under drought stress.

Abstract:In this study,the F₁ generation from wild Miscanthus lutarioriparia×Miscanthus sinensis hybridization was used to induce tetraploid and then characterize the morphology,cytology.and physiological property.The results obtained from the experiment showed that:(1)The polyploid plants were produced through treatment in medium or solution supplemented with different concentrations of colchicine.The induction frequency of tetraploid plants was 8.7% by using the embryogenic callus as material under the treatment of soaking in solution containing 0.2%(W/V) colchicine for 48 h,and the rate of tetraploid plants induced from bud was 10.6% on the treatment medium with colchicine 0.05%(W/V) for 15 d;The rate of tetraploid reached 11.1% from seedling with 0.1%(W/V) colchicine treatment on the medium for 10 d.(2)The chromosome identification showed that the chromosome number of polyploid is 2n=4x=76,and the wild type plant is 2n=2x=38.(3)The polyploid showed better heterobeltiosis under normal growth conditions with higher plant height,thicker shoot and bigger leaves compared to parents.

Abstract:The vitality and cell structural changes of the lichen samples treated with different concentrations of CuSO₄ (0,1,2,3,4 mmol/L) after 24 h were studied by using light microscopy and ultrathin sections of transmission electron microscope,respectively,to find out the effects of Cu²⁺stress to the cell structure.Results showed that:(1)The vitality of Ramalina sinensis photobionts was decreased with the upgrade of the treated Cu²⁺ concentration,but the photobionts vitality of Peltigera rufescens seems to be remain stable.(2)No obvious changes in the cell wall,cell membrane,mitochondria and chloroplast were detected in Ramalina sinensis symbiont under low Cu²⁺ concentration(＜1 mmol/L) treatment group.Distinct damages,especially to cell membrane and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were observed in upgraded Cu²⁺ concentrations(＞2 mmol/L).It is clear from the results that higher the concentrations,stronger the damages.(3)In the other studied lichen species,P.rufescens which were treated with Cu²⁺ completely same as R.sinensis,no any damages can be detected even in the higher treatment group.In contrast,numerous of the dividing cells were observed,that suggest Nostoc photobionts of P.rufescens seems to be more tolerant than Trebouxia photobionts of R.sinensis to higher concentration Cu²⁺ treatment.

Abstract:The micromorphological features of pericarp surface(MFPS) of 31 species in Angelica s.s.from China were observed under SEM.The result suggests that:(1)The exocarp surface of Angelica s.s.species could be divided into rough type and smooth type,with invisible epidermal cell outline either.(2)Striate ornamentation and lineate ornamentation are recognized,respectively,which are densely/sparsely arranged in parallel/interlaced forms.(3)The accessory structures mainly include trichome,prickle,and branching structure,and granulated secretions are more or less on epidermal surface.Totally,MFPS exhibit rich diversity and certain regularity,which could provide important supplement to mericarp morphological evidence and the significant references for inter-species identification and relationship research.Based on MFPS,four types of these Angelica s.s.species are recognized herein:Type Ⅰ,Exocarp surface without significant ornamentation,including A.dabashanensis,A.dailingensis,A.decursiva and A.omeiensis;Type Ⅱ,Smooth exocarp surface with remarkable ornamentation,including 10 species,such as A.apaensis and A.duclouxii;Type Ⅲ,Rough exocarp surface with interlaced ornamentation including 9 species,such as A.dielsii and A.gigas;Type Ⅳ,Rough exocarp surface with parallel ornamentation including 8 species,such as A.acutiloba and A.sinensis.The infrageneric classification and the identification of affinitive taxa are also investigated,respectively.

Abstract:The micromorphology of leaf epidermal surfaces of 29 Vicia L.species from China was observed by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells are polygonal or irregular in shape,with anticlinal walls undulate or straight and arched.Most species are amphistomatic,with some others hypostomatic or hyperstomatic.The stomata type is anomocytic in all observed species.Two kinds of trichomes could be distinguished,non-glandular and glandular,and most species have both kinds.The cuticular wax ornamentation are smooth,striation or granular striation,or with scale-like and flake-like wax.The systematic significance of these epidermal features was discussed.

Abstract:The cultivar of ‘Cuiguan’ was selected as material to study the effects of branch-drooping on the flower bud formation,the expression of blossoming related genes LFT,TFL1 and FT,and the content of endogenous hormones and nutrients.Results showed that:(1)90° branch-drooping treatment significantly increased the flower bud formation rate of ‘Cuiguan’ pear by a large margin.(2)After the treatment of branch-dropping,the expression of flowering promoting genes LFT and FT increased,while the expression of flowering suppressor gene TFL1 decreased.The contents of flower bud differentiation promoting hormones ZT and ABA increased,while the contents of inhibiting hormones GA₃ and IAA decreased.The ratio of C/N improved observably,while the content of nitrogen(N) descended.At the same time,the contents of soluble sugar and starch showed a large accumulation during flower bud differentiation.(3)Correlation analysis showed that LFY and FT gene expression had a positive correlation with the contents of ZT and ABA,soluble sugar,starch,and the ratio of C/N.And it had a negative correlation with the contents of GA₃,IAA,N,and TFL1 gene expression.This study suggested that branch-drooping treatment increased flowering promoting gene expression level by increasing flower bud differentiation promoting class endogenous hormone contents and nutrient contents during the process of flower bud formation,as well as interactions between these indicators together to improve ‘Cuiguan’ pear flower rate.

Abstract:Morphological changes were observed by the paraffin section method,and the content changes of endogenous hormones were determined by ELISA for male,female and bisexual flower buds of Siraitia grosvenorii.The results showed that:First,the whole process of their flower bud differentiation could be divided into seven phases,including flower bud undifferentiation phase,flower bud initial differentiation phase,inflorescence differentiation phase,sepal primordial differentiation phase,petal primordial differentiation phase,stamen primordial differentiation phase and pistil primordial differentiation phase.Morphological characters of three kinds of flower buds were same before the stamen primordial differentiation phase,that stem apical were conical in flower bud undifferentiation phase,stem apical changed into flat from hemispherical in flower bud initial differentiation phase,spikes were initiated at 5-7 bits away from the stem apical in inflorescence differentiation phase,five sepal primordial were initiated around the small flower primordial in sepal primordial differentiation phase.While in the phase of stamen and pistil primordial differentiation,there were significant differences in morphological characters of the three kinds of flowers bud differentiation.After the pistil appeared inside of the stamen primordial,stamen primordial continued to develop into stamens and female primordial stopped growth then reduced to a small projection in male flower buds.The pistil primordial continued to develop into pistils and the stamen primordial grew slowly then reduced to small filaments in female flower buds.But,both the stamen and pistil primordial continued to develop into the normal stamens and pistils in bisexual flower buds.Second,the variations of endogenous hormones ABA,GAs and ZR contents were similar in the course of the three flower bud differentiation.ABA content decreased in flower bud physiological differentiation period and increased in flower bud morphological differentiation period,while the contents of GAs and ZR were maintained.There were significant differences of the IAA content in the course of the three flower bud differentiation,increased in flower bud physiological differentiation period and decreased in flower bud morphological differentiation period of the female flower buds,while the content was maintained in male and bisexual flower buds.The endogenous hormone ratios of ABA/GAs,ABA/IAA,ZR/IAA and ZR/GAs had the similar variation in the three kinds of flower bud differentiation.ABA/GAs decreased in flower bud physiological differentiation period and increased in flower bud morphological differentiation,while the ratios of BA/IAA,ZR/IAA and ZR/GAs were maintained.The studies suggested that the flower bud differentiation processed through hermaphrodite primordium phase,and high ABA content and the ratio of ABA/GAs were beneficial to flower bud differentiation in Siraitia grosvenorii.IAA possibly made an important role during sex differentiation of Siraitia grosvenorii.

Abstract:Using friable embryogenic callus(FEC) of Dimocarpus longan Lour.cv.Honghezi as the material,we carried out the proteomic analysis of its growth processes by using the immobilized pH gradients two-dimensional electrophoresis technology and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF/TOF).The results showed that:(1)The total protein was from 400 to 800 during longan FEC development,and it showed a rising trend in general although its variation trend had in fluctuation.Isoelectric point of all proteins was distributed between 4 and 7.Molecular weight of proteins of FEC during the normal development in longan was within 14-97 kD.The protein expression quantity was at relatively high within 30-66 kD,but within 30-45 kD it showed a rising trend and within 45-66 kD it showed a reverse trend.(2)Sixty-six proteins related to longan FEC development were identified.28.79% of the proteins were unknown identity or function,30.30% of the proteins participated in stress response and anti-oxidation,10.61% of the proteins were involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism,10.61% of the proteins belonged to protein synthesis related,6.06% of the proteins were structural proteins involved in cytoskeleton remodeling,4.55% of the proteins were regulatory proteins,3.03% of the proteins were enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism.Additionally,1.52% of the proteins were associated with signal transduction and PCD,1.52% of the proteins were related to amino acid metabolism,1.52% of the proteins were lipid metabolism-related protein,and 1.52% of the proteins attached themselves to vitamin metabolism.(3)In the early stage(10-20 d),the expression of redox proteins associated with FEC in longan(including ascorbate peroxidase R147,R158 and HC21,phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase homolog TH6,glutathione peroxidase and peroxidase L26) was high,while the expression of peroxidase 4 was in late stage(40-50 d).Protein synthesis-related proteins showed a expression peak within 20 d,besides protein isoform 1 within 30 d.Different energy-associated proteins expressed more abundantly during whole period.There were S-adenosylmethionine synthetase(the enzyme related to precursors of polyamine) and a large number of peroxidase expression at the later stage of longan FEC development.It explained that the polyamine has not only the function like peroxidase for scavenging active oxygen,but enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

Abstract:In order to make clear the relationship between physiological fruit drop and 3 kinds of hormones IAA,GA₃ and ABA,we used Xinjiang Zhipi almond to study the dynamic change of three kinds of endogenous hormones in new shoots,fruiting branch sections,young fruits and fruit stalks of the normal fruits and fruits which was about to fall.The fruit setting rate was also tested by applying these three hormones on different tissues,respectively.The results showed that:(1)The changing tendency of three kinds of endogenous hormones in different tissues were consistent with the growing of new shoots and physiological fruit drop.(2)During the physiological fruit drop,GA₃ and IAA in the normal fruits was always greater than that of the fruits which was about to fall.The hormones in the fruit stalks of normal ones were also greater than that in fruit stalks of the dropping ones.Changes of ABA were just the opposite.(3)It was proven by the internal analysis and external applying of these hormones that high level of GA₃ and IAA,and low level of ABA in young fruits and their stalks were helpful to fruit set;Concentration ratio between endogenous hormones in new shoots and young fruits was an important factor for the regulation of physiological fruit drop in almond.High level of GA₃(new shoots )/GA₃(young fruits),IAA(new shoots)/IAA(young fruits) and low level of ABA (new shoots)/ABA(young fruits) would induce fruit drop,vice versa.

Abstract:With the salinity-alkalinity-sensitive tomato cultivar ‘Zhongza No.9’ as the experimental material,the effects of foliar-spraying Spd (0.25 mmol·L^-1) on the growth paramaters,the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and contents of chlorophyll biosynthesis precursors in tomato seedlings grown hydroponically under 75 mmol·L^-1 mixed saline-alkaline solution were studied.The results showed that:(1)Under saline-alkaline stress,the contents of chlorophyll biosynthesis precursors-protoporphyrin Ⅸ(Proto Ⅸ),Mg-Protoporphyrin Ⅸ(Mg-Proto Ⅸ),protochlorophyll (Pchl) were significantly decreased,while the contents of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA),porphobilinogen(PBG),uroorphyrinogen Ⅲ(Uro Ⅲ) were significantly accumulated in leaves of tomato seedlings.It was showed that stress restrained the transformation obstruction from Uro Ⅲ to Proto Ⅸ and lead to decrease in contents of Chl a,Chl b and total Chl,and reduced the P_n,leaf area,leaf relative water content,fresh and dry weight of shoot and root.(2)Under saline-alkaline stress,foliar-spraying Spd could effectively promote tomato seedlings growth and suppress the accumulation of ALA,PBG,URO Ⅲ and also increase contents of Proto Ⅸ,Mg-proto Ⅸ and Pchl,and enhance the P_n value.These results indicated that exogenous Spd could significantly relieve the degree of transformation obstruction from Uro Ⅲ to Proto Ⅸ,promote the tomato leaf chlorophyll synthesis and increase the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate and also alleviate the stress damage under saline-alkaline stress.

Abstract:Taking E’yan 1 as the material and selecting three altitudes which were the altitude of 1 560 m,1 200 m and 800 m,respectively,we investigated the difference of the contents of plastid pigment and related genes expression of burley tobacco in Enshi at the fast grow stage and the mature stage.The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in burley tobacco leaves at medium altitude were the highest,and the content of total carotenoids at the fast grow stage among different altitude had the same trend.The difference between medium altitude and other altitudes was significant or very significant.The leaves of burley tobacco in high altitude had the higher content of total carotenoids at the mature stage and the content of total carotenoids increased fast compared to fast grow stage.In medium altitude planting area,the expression of chlorophyll synthesis genes at two growth stages and carotenoid synthesis genes at fast grow stage were efficient,while the efficient expression of the genes related carotenoid synthesis at mature stage appeared in high altitude planting area.Medium altitude was more suitable for planting E’ yan 1.

Abstract:With cherry tomato cultivar ‘Qianxi’ as test material,the experiment was carried out with vinegar residue substrate to investigate the effects of different concentrations(0.05,0.10,0.20,0.40 mg·L^-1) of 24-epibrassinolide on chlorophyll content,gas exchange parameters,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,yield and fruit quality of cherry plants.The results showed that:(1)The chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and transpiration rate(T_r) were significantly enhanced by 0.05,0.10 and 0.20 mg·L^-1 EBR.Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Φ_PSⅡ,F_v′/F_m′,q_P and ETR were significantly increased at the concentration of 0.10 mg·L^-1 EBR,the activities of carbonic anhydrase and Rubisco were also increased by EBR.(2)0.10 mg·L^-1 EBR significantly increased levels of lycopene and beta-carotene,soluble solids,soluble sugar and vitamin C in cherry fruit,and also EBR significantly increased fruit weight and yield by 17.5% and 33.6% as compared to the control,respectively.These results indicated that EBR could improve the yield and quality of tomato fruits by strengthening the photosynthetic enzymatic activity and promoting growth,and the treated concentration of 0.10 mg·L^-1 EBR showed the best effects on growth in cherry tomato plants.

Abstract:In order to understand effects of sand burial on height growth of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica saplings and its physiological responses,we investigated the changes in plant height,membrane permeability,osmotic adjustment substances contents,protective enzyme activities of P.sylvestris var.mongolica saplings in different sand burial depths in the Horqin Sand Land of Inner Mongolia in 2013.The results showed that:(1)The sapling could grow normally,plant height and bud length were significant higher when buried depth was lower than 2 cm above saplings height compared to no-buried CK,with a maximum increased magnitude at sand burial depths of 50% of sapling height.When burial depth was higher than 2 cm above sapling height,although the plant height and bud length increased than buried before,they were lower than the CK,and all the buried saplings were not speared out of the earth and then all died.(2)Soluble sugar content was significant lower,POD activity and soluble protein and proline contents were higher at all the burial treatments than that at the CK.(3)With increase of burial depth,RWC(relative water content) tended to increase,but the differences were not significant at all the burial treatments compared to the CK;MDA and soluble sugar contents tended significant decrease,and soluble protein and proline contents and SOD and POD activities increased firstly and decreased later,and membrane permeability had not significant differences at most the burial treatments than that at the CK.(4)The results from correlation analysis showed the correlation between membrane permeability and MDA content was almost zero;proline content had a significant positive correlation with soluble protein content,and soluble sugar content was significantly negatively correlated with proline content.The results suggested that when sand burial depth was lower than 2 cm above sapling height could promote height growth of the saplings,and did not result in membrane lipid peroxidation,also did not cause cell membrane damage.When the sapling subjected sand burial stress,SOD,POD,soluble protein and proline played an important role in preventing the membrane lipid peroxidation and maintaining cell turgor pressure,respectively,while soluble sugar did not play a role in osmotic adjustment.

Abstract:In order to relief exported Ficus microcarpa leaves chlorisis and defoliation under dark stress during storage,with F.microcarpa(cion was Thailand banyan) as material and suppling light with fluorescent lamps(28 W),we investigated the effects of different supplemental lighting time lengths(0-12 h·d^-1) on growth and photosynthesis in leaves of F.microcarpa after 28 d simulative storage.The results showed that:(1)When the time of simulative storage was 28 d,the defoliation rate and chlorisis index of F.microcarpa which were supplemental lighting for 0 h·d^-1 were 89.64% and 0.52,respectively.While the treatments with supplemental lighting for 8-12 h·d^-1 significantly decreased defoliation rate and chlorisis index.As compared with supplemental lighting 0 h·d^-1,defoliation rate of the treatments with supplemental lighting for 8-12 h·d^-1 were 35.7%,39.19% and 26.08%,respectively.And chlorisis index were 0.25,0.28 and 0.19,respectively.(2)With the extending supplement lighting time length,relative water content(RWC) of F.microcarpa leaves decreased significantly,while the specific leaf weight(SLW) increased significantly.The Chl a,Chl b,Chl(a+b),carotenoid content,Chl a/b content,net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and stomatal conductance(G_s) increased with the extending supplement lighting time length and the treatments with supplemental lighting for 8-12 h·d^-1 were significantly higher than that of other treatments.While intercellular CO₂(C_i) decreased.(3)Correlation analysis indicated that a significant positive correlation was found between F.microcarpa leaf defoliation rate and chlorisis index during simulative storage.Defoliation rate and chlorisis index were significantly negatively correlated with chiorophyll content and P_n,while they were significantly positively correlated with C_i.And P_n was significantly positively correlated with chiorophyll content and C_i.However it had an outstanding negative correlation to C_i.The study indicated that the measures of supplemental lighting time could significantly decreased F.microcarpa leaf defoliation rate and chlorisis index during storage.The better effect of supplemental lighting time was 8-12 h·d^-1 which were supplied by 28 W fluorescent lamp.Considering the cost,the fittest supplemental lighting time of F.microcarpa should be 8 h·d^-1.And the long time of dark storage condition destroyed photosynthetic system in leaves of F.microcarpa and made them photosynthetic rate decrease.It was the major reason that photosynthetic pigment content which non-stomatal limitation factor decreased.

Abstract:The seedling growth,cell protective enzyme activities,soluble sugar and candied acid contents and conductivity changes of ‘Yichengqingpidazi’ seeds treated with pre-chilling(2-4 ℃) for different days(5,10 and 15 d) under different salinity gradient(0,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5% and 0.6%) were studied in order to clarify the effects of pre-chilling Punica granatum on seed germination and seedling physiological and biochemical characteristics.The results showed that:(1)Low temperature pretreatment and low salinity stress can increase the pomegranate seed germination rate and germination potential,low temperature processing 5 d and 0.1% salt environment conducive to the growth of seedlings.(2)Low temperature processing(5 d) can significantly increase the protective enzyme(SOD,POD,CAT) activities of pomegranate seedlings,prolonged cold treatment(15 d) reduced the protective enzyme activities of seedlings;Pomegranate seedlings were occurred in salt damage when the salt concentration is higher than the 0.3 percent beyond the protective enzyme system adjustment range.(3)Seedlings decreased contents of soluble protein and proline under 5 d and 10 d pre-chilling.With salt concentration increasing,soluble protein and proline contents were gradually increased.(4)5 d and 10 d pre-chilling can improve the pomegranate seedling membrane permeability,relative conductivity also increased significantly with increasing salt concentration.The study indicated that in low-salt environment 2-4 ℃ pre-chilling Pomegranate seedling could adjust growth enhance seedling osmotic adjustment ability to ensure normal growth of the plants needed water,while increasing the contents of soluble protein and proline to ensure their own protection seedling synthase,maintain normal metabolic activity of cells.In addition,by reducing the cell membrane lipid peroxidation to ensure the integrity of the cell membrane to improve its ability to adapt to adversity,thus effectively preventing membrane lipid peroxidation damage to plants,it showed strong salt resistance.

Abstract:In this study,carbohydrate content changes of muskmelon plants under hypoxic stress were investigated on two varieties which had contrasting hypoxic resistant traits to explore the relationship between plant carbohydrate content and its hypoxic tolerance.The results showed that under hypoxia stress,muskmelon root starch content decreased,while starch accumulated in stems and leaves.In hypoxia-resistant cultivar ‘Dongfang xingguang’,the degree of starch accumulation in leaves was significantly higher than that in the susceptible one.Total soluble sugar,sucrose and fructose contents all increased during hypoxia stress in muskmelon plants,especially in stems and leaves,and the degree of increment was significantly higher in the resistant cultivar ‘Dongfang xingguang’ than the susceptible one.The glucose content in roots continually decreased after hypoxia treatment,while in stems and leaves,it initially increased and then decreased to a level lower than that of control after 8 days hypoxia treatment.The results indicated that carbohydrate content and plant hypoxia-resistance were closely correlated;hypoxia-resistant varieties had higher contents of soluble sugar,sucrose and fructose than susceptible ones under hypoxic stress,and higher contents of soluble sugar,sucrose and fructose in planta were plant’s adaptive responses to hypoxic stress in muskmelon.

Abstract:In order to reveal the features of quality changes and identify the fruit ripening process,we investigated fresh fruit weight,fruit length,diameter,color,flesh firmness,dry matter content of pulp,soluble sugar content of pulp,total acid content of pulp,and total flavonoids content of pulp of Chaenomeles speciosa produced in Changyang County of Hubei Province,aiming to illuminate a theoretical basis for determining its proper harvest time and realizing its high-quality production.The results indicated that:(1)Fresh fruit weight,fruit length,diameter,dry matter content and soluble sugar content of pulp increased during the late stage of fruit development.Fruit color changed from green,yellow green to faint yellow,yellow gradually.Flesh firmness and total acid content and total flavonoids content of pulp increased first and then decreased.(2)There were differences among periods during which quality traits changed rapidly.Fresh fruit weight increased rapidly from 105 to 150 days after full bloom (DAFB).Fruit color turned yellow 150 DAFB.Flesh firmness decreased rapidly from 135 to 165 DAFB.Total acid content and total flavonoids content of pulp increased to peak rapidly from 105 to 120 DAFB.(3)According to the results of principal component analysis(PCA) and the characteristics of qualities changes,the late stage of fruit development of Ch.speciosa could be identified three periods:unripe period(before 105 DAFB),early ripe period(120-150 DAFB),and ripe period(165-180 DAFB).With the fruit maturity of Ch.speciosa,fresh fruit weight,fruit color,dry matter content and soluble sugar content of pulp increased,while flesh firmness decreased,which resulted in that the edibility qualities improved continually.However,the medicinal qualities were relatively high during the early ripe period.

Abstract:A field simulated experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen deposition on the fine root decomposition and related nutrient release of Picea schrenkiana var.tianshanica.Four treatments were designed as CK(control,Non-addition nitrogen),LN(Low nitrogen,5 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),MN(Mid nitrogen,10 kg·hm^-2·a^-1) and HN(High nitrogen,15 kg·hm^-2·a^-1).The results showed that:(1)After two years decomposition,the fine root remaining percentage of P.schrenkiana var.tianshanica ranked as HN(74.044%),MN(71.967%),CK(68.156%),LN(61.933%),and the difference was significant in four treatments.(2)The rule of monthly decomposition rate in former stage was not obvious under four treatments,while it was CK>MN>LN>HN in final stage.(3)The required time to fine root decomposition 50% ranked as LN(3.31a),CK(3.67a),MN(4.28a),HN(4.64a),while it was 14.39a(LN),15.93a(CK),18.58a(MN) and 20.17a(HN) for decomposition 95%.(4)The transfer model for C in fine root was direct releasing,while it was riching-releasing model for N.(5)The relationships between fine root decomposition rate and C concentration in fine root were negative linear correlation in four treatments;the relationships between fine root decomposition rate and N concentration were negative linear correlation in CK and LN.The decomposition rate was increased first and decreased then as the N concentration increasing in MN and HN.

Abstract:To clear the main factor affecting photosynthesis and provide a theoretical basis for the restitution and restoration vegetation in transition zone,we determined gas exchange parameters of Alhagi sparsifolia and Tamarix ramosissima by the Li-6400 (LICOR,USA) under natural conditions from July to September,analyzed the relationship between photosynthesis and environmental factors,such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR),air temperature (T_a),air CO₂ concentration (C_a),air relative humidity (RH).The results show that:(1)The diurnal change pattern of P_n of A.sparsifolia is one-humped curve from July to September,while it could be expressed as a two-humped curve on July and September.The mean values of P_n were 7.08 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 5.54 μmol·m^-2·s^-1.(2)The curves of diurnal variation in T_r had one peak,the mean values of T_r were 5.46 mmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 4.40 mmol·m^-2·s^-1.They all exhibited an inverted bell-shaped variance in the diurnal change of C_i from July to September.(3)The diurnal change of WUE liked P_n,the mean value of WUE were 1.21 mmol·mol^-1 and 0.97 mmol·mol^-1,respectively.(4)P_n and PAR were positively correlated (P＜0.01),negatively associated with RH (P＜0.01) on partial correlation analysis;the diurnal changes of P_n in A.sparsifolia and T.ramosissima were 35.6%,42.4% respectively,which were caused by the diurnal variance of environmental factors on regression analysis;Each environmental factor has remarkable influence to P_n on path analysis,T_a＞RH＞PAR＞C_a (A.sparsifolia) and PAR＞C_a＞T_a＞RH (T.ramosissima).Importantly,the decision variable of A.sparsifolia was PAR,and RH was the limitation variable except for July;while PAR was only the decision variable on July and September,both RH and C_a were decision variables.These analyses indicated that A.sparsifolia had high photosynthetic rate,high transpiration rate and low water use efficiency in comparison with T.ramosissima,to average conditions observed in late from July to September.The decline of P_n in both species was mainly due to stomatal limitation on July,while August and September might be non-stomatal limitation.Again,P_n of species are mainly affected PAR and RH,and the influence of C_a on them is different in the whole growth period.In short,the results reflected the ecological adaptability of A.sparsifolia and T.ramosissima in the process of cooperative evolution with the environment.Horever,the WUE of T.ramosissima was obviously higher than that of A.sparsifolia,Presumably T.ramosissima had higher drought resistance capacity than that of A.sparsifolia.

Abstract:Plant cell apoplast plays a major role in defensing abiotic stresses such as drought,salinity,and it is composed of cell wall matrix and extracellular spaces.The extracellular proteins(ECPs) are one of main composition in apoplast.Poplar is the pattern of species in tree genomics and proteomics research.In this paper,the methods of extraction,purification and two-dimensional electrophoresis about ECPs were studied by use of leaf and stem segments as sample from NL895 poplar(Populus deltoides×Populus euramericana cv.,NL895).The results were that the effect of cell wall proteins(CWPs) from leaf segments(>10 g) which was extracted for 10 min on ultrasonic processor was better than other methods.By measuring G-6PDH enzyme activity,it was found the rate of cell cytoplasmic contamination was only 2.9% in the CWPs from leaf segments,and was 14.1% in the apoplastic proteins from stem sections.The optimum system for ECPs analysis was leaf segments which purified by method of acetone/precipitation,CaCl₂,24 cm pH 4-7 IPG strips,and loading protein sample of 500 μg.More than 550 protein spots with clear background were observed in 2-D electrophoresisgel.This work preliminarily established the optimum system including extraction,separation,purification and 2-DE electrophoresis technology for poplar ECPs,and this protocol could be beneficial to develop high-level ECPs studies in poplar.

Abstract:Two species(Triuridaceae) are reported from Zhejiang Province,i.e.Sciaphila secundiflora Thwait.ex Benth.and S.ramosa Fukuyama et Suzuki.The voucher specimens were preserved in the herbarium of Zhejiang Museum of Natural History (ZM).

Abstract:According to field survey,one species of Zanthoxylum Linn.is reported as a new record to Jiangsu,where is also the northern boundary of its distribution.Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb.et Zucc.is previously known from the tropical and subtropical of Southeast China (Fujian,Zhejiang,Jiangxi,Guangdong,Guangxi,Guizhou,Sichuan,Yunnan,Taiwan) to Southeast Asia and East Asia.The genus Zanthoxylum Linn.of Jiangsu is additionally recounted.The vouch specimen is hold in NJNUH.