Abstract:A novel L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase gene LbGLDH was isolated from Lycium barbarum in Qinghai by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE).The full-length cDNA of LbGLDH was 2 114 bp,and contained a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 588 amino acid residues and 5′-end 57 bp and 3′-end 290 bp.Homology analysis indicated that LbGLDH gene sequence was highly 88%-90% to GLDH from Solanum lycopersicum,Solanum tuberosum,Nicotiana tabacum.LbGLDH encoding amino acid sequence contained GLDH protease with FAD-binding-4 and ALO domain structures.Real time-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of LbGLDH gene,ascorbic acid content and GLDH activity were all the strongest in the flower and fruit,and the least in mature-leaf.It was speculated that LbGLDH gene expression could promote accumulation of the ascorbic acid in L.barbarum fruits.

Abstract:In this study,the CsNAC1 and CsNAC2 genes,which encode the NAC transcription factors,were cloned from Camellia sinensis cultivar ‘Yingshuang’ by RT-PCR based on the tea transcriptome database.(1)Sequence analysis indicated that the open reading frame of CsNAC1 is 1 044 bp,which encodes 347 amino acids;and the CsNAC2 gene is 1 047 bp,which encodes 348 amino acids.Domain prediction and multiple alignments of CsNAC1 and CsNAC2 showed that N-terminals of the proteins contain typical NAM conservative structure which belongs to NAC family.(2)Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CsNAC1 and CsNAC2 belong to NAP and AtNAC3 subgroups of NAC family,respectively.(3)Molecular modeling showed that the CsNAC1 and CsNAC2 proteins contain 3 and 2 α-helix,6 and 7 β-strands,respectively.(4)Expression profiles of CsNAC1 and CsNAC2 genes in different tissues of two tea cultivars ‘Yingshuang’ and ‘Anjibaicha’ and under different temperature stresses were detected by quantitative real-time PCR.Results showed that the expression profiles of CsNAC1 gene between two tea cultivars exhibit similar tissue specificity and both the highest expression levels were found in mature leaves;while CsNAC2 gene showed the highest expression levels in the tender leaf of ‘Anjibaicha’ and root of ‘Yingshuang’,respectively.Under high (38 ℃) and low (4 ℃) temperature treatments,the expression profiles of CsNAC1 and CsNAC2 genes were different between the two tea cultivars and processing time,and were also influenced by high and low temperature stress treatments.

Abstract:In this study,one DELLA protein-coding gene HbGAI(GenBank accession No.KT696439) was obtained from latex of rubber tree clone ‘CATAS 7-33-97’ by using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) and RT-PCR.The full-length cDNA of HbGAI is 2 050 bp with a 1 842 bp open reading frame(ORF),encoding a deduced polypeptide of 613 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 66.476 kD and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.19.It is deduced that HbGAI is a hydrophilic protein which contains the DELLA and GRAS domain,while without the trans-membrane domain.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HbGAI was closely related with JcGAI and RcGAI.Real-time PCR analysis showed that HbGAI gene expression in latex was down-regulated significantly by consecutive tapping and methyl jasmonate(MeJA) treatment.However,ethephon(an ethylene releaser) treatment enhanced the expression of HbGAI within 4 hours significantly.The results suggested that HbGAI might play key roles in responses of tapping,jasmonic acid and ethylene in rubber tree.

Abstract:To investigate the molecular mechanism of the ion transport in Reaumuria trigyna,we cloned the full length cDNA of vacuolar membrane Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene(RtNHX1) with reverse transcription PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends technologies.The cDNA is 2 622 bp long,which contained a 1 662 bp open reading frame,a 509 bp 5′-UTR,and a 451 bp 3′-UTR.The cDNA encoded a protein with 553 amino acids and molecular weight of 60.91 kD.The protein was predicted to be composed of 12 transmembrane domains,was characterized as a hydrophobic protein,and showed high homology with the vacuolar membrane Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter(NHX1) in other plant species.Quantitative real-time analysis showed that the expression levels of RtNHX1 under different salt concentrations and time gradients,were up-regulated initially and then down-regulated.The expression of RtNHX1 under the stress of 100 mmol/L NaCl for 6 hours and 200 mmol/L NaCl were reached the highest,which were over or nearly 3-fold of the control,indicating that RtNHX1 participated in the salt stress response of R.trigyna and may be an important element that plays a role in the ion transporting system in this plant.

Abstract:In order to determine the relationship between the defense gene of PAL and resistance of Cucurbita pepo to watermelon mosaic virus (WMV),we determined and analyzed changes of PAL gene expression in different resistant varieties of C.pepo tissue by the methods of indoor inoculation and real-time PCR after inoculated with the pathogen of WMV.(1)In vitro,the results showed that the incidence and disease index of disease-resistant variety of GBRV-8 (15.6% and 14.2) were significantly lower than that of the susceptible variety of Guangban (91.1% and 65.9).(2)Real-time PCR results showed that the relative expression of PAL gene was increased after inoculated with the pathogen of WMV in different tissues and different resistant varieties of C.pepo at initial stage,but decreased later.Also,the relative expression of PAL gene in the leaves of different disease-resistant varieties of C.pepo was significantly higher than that in petioles and stems after inoculated with WMV.(3)The relative expression of PAL gene in five different varieties was significantly different from the control after determined at different days,and the relative expression of PAL gene in resistant varieties and middle-resistant varieties were higher than that in susceptible varieties.The relative expression of PAL gene in resistant varieties of GBRV-8 was the highest and susceptible varieties of Guangban was the lowest.Therefore,the relative expression of PAL gene had a positive correlation to the disease resistance of varieties.

Abstract:A 2 100 bp sequence of OsPM1 promoter was obtained by searching in NCBI database.The promoter was cloned by PCR using DNA from rice as template.Cis-acting elements in this promoter were predicted by PLACE.The results showed that the promoter contains a large number of cis-acting elements associated with stress,such as ABRE,DRE,LTRE,HSE and binding motif of stress-associated transcription factor.The promoter of OsPM1 was cloned into expression vector pCambia1300-221-GUS to promote the expression of GUS gene and transgenic Arabidopsis was generated.GUS activity was detected in transgenic plants after drought,cold and high salinity treatments.The expression level of reporter gene was very low without treatment.After abiotic stress treatments,such as drought,low temperature and high salt,the expression of GUS increased significantly.The promoter can elicited the expression of genes downstream after abiotic stress treatments.

Abstract:In this study,one gene encoding ethylene responsive factor binding protein (ERF) was cloned from Salvia miltiorrhiza by RT-PCR,which was named as SmORA1(GenBank accession number:KT359598).SmORA1 DNA sequence consists of 648 bp without introns,and encoding 206 amino acid residues.Bioinformatics analysis showed that SmORA1 contain typical AP2 binding domain of ERF family.The real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that SmORA1 was mainly expressed in the roots,furthermore it can be induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA),abscisic acid (ABA),ethylene (ET),physical wounding and pathogens.While the expression level of SmORA1 was down-regulated under low temperature or dehydration treatment.These results indicated that SmORA1 was involved in plant stress responses,and integrated JA,ET,ABA and pathogen signals in S.miltiorrhiza.

Abstract:Based on the previous genetic map of the yellow seed color gene,the sequences of Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis genomes were employed to design primers.Five primer pairs were from a B.rapa BAC clone KBrH105I15 and six pairs of IP primers were based on a sequence between At3g14120 and At3g29615 in Arabidopsis chromosome 3,which is a homologous region of yellow seed color gene.These 11 pairs of primers were used to amplify an F₂ population consisting of 1 212 individuals which from ‘Wuqi yellow-seeded’ and ‘Wugong brown-seeded’ mustard.As a result,Y12 from KBrH105I15 and IP-6 from At3g24180 were linked to the yellow seed color gene tightly,and Y12 was a co-dominant marker.These two markers were located on either side of the target gene at a distance of 0.2 and 0.1 cM.The genetic distances were shortened by 0.3 and 0.2 cM,respectively compared to the closest markers reported previously.The development of these two closer markers laid a good foundation for cloning the yellow seed color gene from yellow-seeded mustard.

Abstract:Pollen tube growth and double fertilization have profound effects on seed production.Bamboo plants usually have a relatively long vegetative growth,so it is not easy to have the opportunities to study their reproductive characteristics.In this article,characteristics of pollen tube growth and double fertilization in the florets of Arundinaria simonii f.heterophylla were investigated.The main results are shown as follows:(1)30 minutes after pollination,almost all pollens of A.simonii f.heterophylla germinated on the stigma;(2)pollen tubes entered style in 1-2 h;(3)5 hours after pollination,a lot of pollen tubes bundles formed and a few pollen tubes grew along the intercellular spaces in the pistil;(4)8 hours after pollination,pollen tubes entered micropyle;(5)15-18 hours after pollination,two sperm nuclei fused with egg nucleus and polar nucleus separately,forming the zygote and the primary endosperm nuclei separately;(6)20-30 h after pollination,most pollen tubes were still observed in the pistil;(7)2 days after pollination,pollen tubes disintegrated and most of the pollen grains died.The time for sperms to reach the micropyle from the stigma is about 8 hours.

Abstract:In order to better grasp the characteristics of the pollen morphology of the genus Michelia Linnaeus and to discuss the taxonomic significance,pollens from 16 species in 5 sections of Michelia Linnaeus were observed by scanning electron microscope,and then the data of morphological and size characters of the pollens were collected and analyzed.Eight of the species,M.wilsonii,M.coriacea,M.amabilis,M.spaerantha,M.doltsopa,M.macclurei var.sublanea,M.platypetala and M.lacei,were reported for the first time.The results showed that the pollen shapes of the genus Michelia were symmetrical on both sides,hemimorphic with 1 aperture that was far-pole,single-channel,and almost as long as the pollen,elliptical in the polar view and cymbiform in the equatorial view with or without ridges on the surfaces.The densities of perforations on the tectum surfaces were 0.002 5-1.500 0 perforation(s)/μm².The longest axis were 30.69-58.02 μm long and their variation coefficients were 2.85％-8.20％.The shortest equatorial axis were 15.29-31.29 μm long and their variation coefficients were 4.29％-15.53％.The axial ratios were 1.43-2.69 and their variation coefficients were 2.53％-13.00％.It was discovered that the densities of perforations and 3 characters of the sizes were valuable in the classification of some species with the comparisons among sections and species and within species.

Abstract:On the base of the structural development of pericarp of Lycium barbarum L.,the ultrastructure of phloem and the flesh sink-cells during fruit development was studied by the electron microscope technology.The results showed:(1)with the fruit growing,the sieve plate with large and much sieve pores,where active substance transport was observed in SE.Most,if not all,of the CC were transfer cells.Numerous plasmodesmata were observed between SE and CC (SE/CC),but there were almost no plasmodesmata between the SE/CC complexes and phloem parenchyma cell.Plasma membrane invagination was observed in adjacent between companion cell and phloem parenchyma cells.There was a symplasmically isolated between the SE/CC complex and its surrounding cells over the fruit development,which was available to sugar phloem unloading by apoplast pathway.(2)Numerous plasmodesmata were also observed between the phloem parenchyma cells,on the contrary,there were almost no plasmodesmata between phloem parenchyma cell and fruit parenchyma cell and even between fruit parenchyma cells.(3)The larger intercellular space among the fruit parenchyma cells and apoplast space caused by cell wall and plasma membrane invagination,which were in favour of sugar post-phloem transporting by apoplastic pathway.Vesicles were observed to participate in assimilates unloading and transporting.Based on the above results,we concluded that it was an apoplast way that existed in phloem unloading and after unloading of photosynthate transportation in fruit of Lycium barbarum L..

Abstract:The research objective is to ascertain the morphological changes of parietal cells before and after the anther dehiscence of almonds.In this research,buds of Yingzui almond were selected as the experimental materials and picked off during the four periods of scale dehiscing,small bud,big bud and bloom.These buds were cut into slices using traditional paraffin section method,and the parietal cells of their anthers were dyed with the methods of Iron hematoxylin staining,Coomassie brilliant blue staining and PAS staining,respectively;meanwhile,the dehiscing processes of anthers were photographed with the Nikon SMZ-250 stereo microscope to observe and measure the lengths of long and short axes of pollen grains.The results showed that:(1)from the scale dehiscing period to the small bud period,the lengths of long and short axes of pollen grains as well as the number of polysaccharide particles increased;the tapetum cells decomposed completely,and the middle layer cells and cells in the stomium tissue decomposed by degrees;the tangential lengths of endothecium cells increased more greatly than the radial lengths,both the lengths of inner walls and outer walls of endothecium cells increased,and the spiral fibers gradually grew;the tangential lengths of epidermic cells increased more greatly than the radial lengths.(2)From the small bud period to the big bud period,the lengths of long and short axes of pollen grains increased obviously,and the number of polysaccharide particles continued to rise;the middle layer cells and cells in the stomium tissue decomposed in a great measure;the tangential and radial lengths of endothecium cells kept rising;the lengths of inner walls of endothecium cells increased while the lengths of outer walls stayed in a certain level,the number of polysaccharide particles decreased and the spiral fibers almost completely formed;the tangential lengths of epidermic cells decreased more substantially than the radial lengths.(3)From the big bud period to the half-dehiscing anther period,the lengths of long and short axes of pollen grains increased a little;the middle layer cells and cells in the stomium tissue decomposed entirely;the tangential lengths of endothecium cells maintained the increasing trend and the radial lengths remained steady;the lengths of inner walls of endothecium cells increased continuously,the lengths of outer walls decreased little by little,and most of polysaccharide particles of endothecium cells dissolved.(4)After the half-dehiscing anther period,the lengths of long and short axes of pollen grains reduced slightly;the tangential and radial lengths of epidermic cells and endothecium cells both reduced;the lengths of inner walls and outer walls of endothecium cells reduced and gradually came close to each other,but the lengths of inner walls experienced a reducing trend earlier than that of outer walls.Thus,the research concluded that the morphological changes of parietal cells were closely related to the anther dehiscence and lay the foundation for the dehiscing processes of almond anthers.

Abstract:The selected leaf anatomical structures in terms of xeromorphic indices of the four species of Malus plants in western Sichuan plateau including thickness of leaves,cuticle thickness of upper and lower epidermis,thickness of upper and lower epidermis,thickness of palisade tissue and so on were observed and measured with paraffin sectioning method and NaOCl method,and the drought resistance of those plants were analyzed and evaluated by the methods of ANVOA,principal component analysis and membership function.The results were showed as follows:(1)the epidermal cell arrangements in four species of Malus plants were closeness and the sizes of upper epidermis were bigger than that of lower epidermis,with cuticle in surfaces of leaves.The thickest of epidermis and cuticule layer was observed on leaves of Malus toringoides.Meanwhile,the stoma only existed on lower epidermis and the densest stoma was found on leaves of Malus transitoria,which had the shortest stoma length and width as well as Malus hupehensis.In addition,the palisade tissues in four species leaves were composed of 2 to 3 layers palisade cells,and spongy parenchyma cell arrangements were slacking with high intercellular space.The biggest thickness of palisade tissue,palisade tissue and sponge tissue ratio and leaf structure were observed in leaves of Malus baccata.Furthermore,main veins were consisted of collateral vascular bundle and the biggest thickness of vascular bundle existed in leaves of Malus hupehensis.Crystal cells were found occasionally in its cortex.(2)Except for the cuticle thickness of lower epidermis,the other xeromorphic indices were significantly different among four plants,and eight indices including cuticle thickness of upper epidermis,thickness of lower epidermis,thickness of palisade tissue and so on were selected as typical items for evaluation of drought resistance of four species.(3)The order of drought resistance capability of four species of Malus plants was presented as follow:Malus toringoides＞Malus baccata＞Malus transitoria＞M.hupehensis.

Abstract:This study examined the influence of cesium on seedling growth,its subcellular distribution,chemical forms and the damage mechanism adopted by Brassica juncea which cultured by Hoagland nutrient solution with varying doses of Cs⁺[ρ(Cs⁺)8.24(control),25,50,100 and 200 mg·L^-1].Determined the root,stem length by IMAGE-J;abstract subcellular components,and chemical forms of Cs⁺ by differential centrifugation,the chemical reagent extraction-test,then determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.The results showed that:(1)Cs⁺ possesses strongly inhibitory effect on the growth of seedling.The root,and stem EC₅₀(concentration for 50% of maximal effect) were 112.09 mg·L^-1 and 118.42 mg·L^-1,respectively.(2)The accumulation of Cs⁺ in plant organs overall displayed the following sequence:leaf>root>stem.The subcellular components of Cs⁺ in Brassica juncea displayed the following sequence:soluble fraction>cell wall>organelles,which proportion was 52.86%-79.19%,20.81%-45.05% and 1.43%-9.00%,respectively.(3)The greatest amount of Cs⁺ was found in inorganic salt and the soluble,the two chemical forms relative contents in percentage were 88.02%-92.20%(in root),97.33%-100%(in stem) and 95.06%-100%(in leaf).Research shows that over dose of Cs⁺ showed toxic effects on Brassica juncea,such as inhibiting root and stem development,leading the leaf perished.The analysis indicated that Cs⁺ was mainly present in inorganic salt,and the soluble,and the two chemical forms have strong migration behavior and toxicology bio-availability and therefore can lead Cs⁺ transferred to the heavy metal toxicity sensitive area (such as organelles)more easily,causing cytoplasmic organelle functional damage,thus can lead plants show symptoms of poisoning obviously.

Abstract:‘Biao 810S’ is a yellow-green mutant of the thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice ‘810S’.To elucidate the mechanism of photoprotection in ‘Biao 810S’,we compared the photooxidation characteristics in leaves between ‘Biao 810S’ and ‘810S’ under natural light conditions with treatment of 5 mmol/L methyl viologen(MV).The results showed that the decreasing amounts of the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the dark(F_v/F_m),actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the light(Ф_PSⅡ),photochemical quenching(q_P) in leaves of ‘Biao 810S’ were significantly lower than those of ‘810S’,but the increasing amount of non-photochemical quenching(q_n),activities of PSⅠ and PSⅡ in leaves of ‘Biao 810S’ were significantly higher than those of ‘810S’.The contents of ascorbate(AsA) and glutathione(GSH),the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),ascorbate peroxidase(APX) and glutathione reductase(GR) in leaves of ‘Biao 810S’ were significantly higher than those of ‘810S’,which led to a less endogenous superoxide anion generation rate(O^-·₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in leaves of ‘Biao 810S’ relative to‘810S’.Under the photo-oxidation treatment,‘Biao 810S’ can maintain higher light system activity and photosynthetic capacity by increasing thermal dissipation,antioxidant content,protect enzyme activities and decreasing accumulations of O^-·₂ and MDA,which showed a stronger tolerance to photoinhibition (photooxidation).

Abstract:The present study evaluated the effects of different light quality on the growth,root activity,pigment content and photosynthetic production of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedlings with pot experiment in order to select a suitable light for rapeseed artificial breeding.Cultivar ‘Ningyou 12’ with two expanded cotyledons were exposed to five lights of fluorescent lamps (FL,control),blue (B) light emitting diodes (LEDs),blue plus red LEDs (BR_1∶1,1∶8) and red LEDs(R).The present results showed that:(1)fresh weight,dry weight,root length,plant height,stem width and leaf area were the greatest in rapeseed seedlings under BR_1∶8 LEDs,which was showed significant differences to FL treatment;(2)root activity was the greatest in rapeseed seedlings under BR_1∶8 treatment,followed by B treatment,which were showed significant differences to FL treatment;(3)the trend of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoid concentrations under five treatment were the same.The values were the greatest in seedlings under B light,followed by BR_1∶8 treatment,which was showed significant differences to BR_1∶1,R and FL treatments;(4)the contents of soluble sugar,starch and amino acid were the greatest in seedlings under BR_1∶8 treatment,which were showed significant differences to BR_1∶1,R and FL treatments;the contents of soluble protein,ascorbic acid and sucrose were the greatest in seedlings under B treatment,which were showed significant differences to BR_1∶1,R and FL treatments;the contents of soluble carbon and nitrogen were the greatest in seedlings under BR_1∶8 treatment,followed by B treatment,which were showed significant differences to BR_1∶1,R and FL treatments;the ratio of carbon and nitrogen was the greatest under FL treatment,which were showed significant differences to other treatments.In general,rapeseed seedlings were grew well;thereby the growth and physiological index were also promoted.The BR_1∶8 and B were the suitable light for rapeseed seedling growth and can be used as a priority light for rapeseed culture system.

Abstract:In order to clarify the effects of different concentrations of NaCl stress on the biomass,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of blueberry seedling,this paper performed 50 d simulated NaCl stress pot experiment at the four salinity gradients of 50 mmol·L^-1,100 mmol·L^-1,150 mmol·L^-1 and 200 mmol·L^-1,using 2-year-old Vaccinium corymbosum L.‘Bluecrop’ seedlings as the materials and using the seedlings without NaCl stress as the control(CK).The results showed that:(1)the aboveground fresh mass and belowground of blueberry seedling were no difference with the control when the NaCl concentration was 50 mmol·L^-1,but were significantly decreased when the NaCl concentration was greater than 100 mmol·L^-1;the aboveground biomass,belowground biomass and total biomass of blueberry seedling were no difference with the control when the NaCl concentration was below 100 mmol·L^-1,but were significantly decreased when the NaCl concentration was greater than 150 mmol·L^-1;the root/shoot ratio of blueberry seedlings were no difference with the control under NaCl stress;(2)When the NaCl concentration was greater than 150 mmol·L^-1,the Chl a,Chl b and Chl contents in leaves of blueberry seedling were significantly reduced;(3)The net photosynthetic rates(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r),and stomatal conductance(G_s) in leaves of blueberry seedling were no difference with the control when the NaCl concentration was 50 mmol·L^-1,but were significantly decreased when the NaCl concentration was greater than 100 mmol·L^-1.The intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) and stomatal limiting value(L_s) were significantly decreased under NaCl stress at 200 mmol·L^-1;(4)Dark-adapted maximum fluorescence(F_m),maximum photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m),potential photochemical efficiency(F_v/F₀),PSⅡ quantum yield(Φ_PSⅡ),photosynthetic electron transport rate(ET) and photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P) were no difference with the control when the NaCl concentration was below 150 mmol·L^-1,but were significantly decreased when the NaCl concentration reached 200 mmol·L^-1.These results showed that blueberry seedling had a certain ability to adapt NaCl stress,which could withstand 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl concentration,while the decrease of P_n under high NaCl concentrations was due to both stomatal and non-stomatal factors.High concentration of NaCl treatments caused certain damage to photosynthetic systems.The contents of chloroplyll were significantly reduced.The reduction in electron transport flow induced photoinhibition,ultimately reducing the photosynthetic rate and the decline in biomass.

Abstract:To evaluate the potential for exogenous L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) to improve the coloration,growth and nutrient quality of litchi fruit,we sprayed L-Glu to the pericarp of the ‘Feizixiao’ cultivar at concentrations of 0,1.10,1.30,1.50,1.70,or 1.90 g/L,45 d after full bloom in 2014.The results showed that:(1)each concentration of L-glutamate had no significant effect on litchi pericarp chlorophyll content in harvest period (20 days post-treatment),however,the anthocyanin content of treatments with 1.30-1.90 g/L L-glutamic acid was significantly increased more than 92% than that of control harvest;In the harvest period,fruit surface color parameters a^* value treated with 1.10-1.30 g/L L-glutamic were significantly higher than that of control.The hue angle (h° values),brightness (L^*),color saturation (C values) were significantly lower than that of control.(2)Compared with the control,treatment with 1.10 g/L L-glutamate made litchi fruit weight significantly increased by 30%,a significant increase in length by 4% and diameter by 6% at harvest;while,the fruit weight,length and diameter of 1.90 g/L L-glutamate treatment were decreased by 1%-2%.(3)L-Glu treatment had no significant effect on titratable acid content in litchi fruit;however,total soluble solids content peaked at 16 d after the application of L-Glu at 1.10,1.30 or 1.70 g/L;this represents a 5 d delay compared to the soluble solids content peak of the control;the vitamin C content of 1.30 g/L L-Glu-treated fruits was 15% higher than that of control fruits,enhancing the nutritional quality of litchi.Thus,the appropriate concentration of exogenous L-glutamic acid treatment can significantly promote fruit growth and coloration of ‘Feizixiao’ litchi and effectively improve the nutritional quality in pulp,but high concentrations of L- glutamic acid (1.90 g/L) treatment showed inhibition on the growth of litchi.Therefore,the results indicate that 1.30 g/L L-Glu may be the optimum treatment concentration to improve fruit coloration,growth,and nutrient levels in ‘Feizixiao’ litchi.

Abstract:Potassium fertilizer was applied on flat peach cultivars ‘Jinxia Pantao’ and ‘Yuxia Pantao’ at three weeks (3W),2 weeks(2W) and one week (1W) before fruit maturation,respectively.The appearance quality,internal quality and vegetative growth weight were analyzed.The results showed that:(1)the fruit volume and single fruit weight were significantly increased upon the application of potassium fertilizer at 2 weeks before maturation (2W).The single fruit weight,cheek diameter and suture diameter of ‘Jinxia Pantao’ with potassium fertilizer application at 2 weeks before maturation (2W) were 11.48%,3.51% and 3.03% higher,respectively than that of 1W.The single fruit weight,cheek diameter and suture diameter of ‘Yuxia Pantao’ with treatment of 2W were 56.86%,14.97% and 3.67% higher,respectively than that of 1W.(2)Potassium application had minor effect on fruit color of ‘Yuxia Pantao’,but significantly increased a^* value of ‘Jinxia Pantao’.The a^* values of ‘Jinxia Pantao’ with treatment of 2W and 3 W were significantly higher than that of 1W,which were increased by 55.02% and 44.49%,respectively.(3)Soluble solid content,sucrose and soluble sugar of ‘Jinxia Pantao’ and ‘Yuxia Pantao’ were all in sequence of 2W>3W>1W,but there was no significant difference in soluble sugar content between 2W and 3W.By contrast,potassium application had minor effect on accumulation of total acid and vegetative growth both in ‘Jinxia Pantao’ and ‘Yuxia Pantao’.These results indicate that the optimum period of potassium fertilizer application was at 2 weeks before maturation.

Abstract:An experiment with complete the full Platycodon grandiflorum seeds as the material,water control in sand culture method is adopted to improve the potted experiment,in the grains of sand(500 g/pot) are mixed with gradient process of super absorbent polymers (SAP),super absorbent polymers and Na bentonite (SAP+Na),super absorbent polymers and Ca bentonite (SAP+Ca),a total of three kinds of water conservation technique.This paper studied the effects of 3 water conservation techniques and different concentrations on the germination of seed and the seedling drought resistance of P.grandiflorum by planting in sands.The results showed that the 1g SAP,(1+9)-(1.5+2) g SAP+Na and(1+9) g SAP+Ca was beneficial to seed germination rate,root growth rate and increased leaf relative water content of P.grandiflorum,enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT,the contents of proline,soluble polysaccharide and soluble protein,effectively reduced the damage of heat stress on cell membrane.At the same time,the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid,the efficiency of leaf photosynthesis were increased,the ASA and GSH contents were also increased,and thus effectively resisted the oxidative stress caused by drought stress.However,with the increasing concentration of spraying,P.grandiflorum decreased the ability to resist drought stress.In conclusion,mix a certain concentration of SAP,SAP+Na and SAP+Ca can effectively provide good environment for seed germination,alleviate the harm for P.grandiflorum seedling by drought stress.Mixed super absorbent polymers and Na(Ca) bentonite is more efficient than simply mixed super absorbent polymers.

Abstract:By using rotatable central composite design(RCCD) for a pot experiment with three factors,five levels,twenty runs,we determined leaf δ¹³C,nitrogen content(LN) and phosphorus content(LP) of Catalpa bungei seedling(clone 004-1) under different treatments in June and July.Mathematical model was established for analysis of main factor effects,monofactor effects,and the combined effects of W(soil water),N(nitrogen) and P(phosphorus) on leaf δ¹³C,also,LN and LP were correlated with leaf δ¹³C.The results showed that:(1)monthly dynamic of leaf δ¹³C of C.bungei seedlings was obviously found in the study,and the average leaf δ¹³C(average measurements in June,July and August) of 20 treatments ranges from -29.12‰ to -26.60‰.(2)W had a significantly negative effect on leaf δ¹³C,and N had a significantly positive effect on leaf δ¹³C,with a size sequence of N>W,whereas P had no obvious effect on leaf δ¹³C.Monofactor effects analysis results showed that the changes of leaf δ¹³C with W or N increasing both showed a parabolic trend:first increasing and then decreasing.Interaction of W×N had obvious effect on leaf δ¹³C of C.bungei seedling in July,but no significant effect on leaf δ¹³C of C.bungei seedling in August.Moreover,the response surface on interaction between W and N indicated that leaf δ¹³C increased gradually with W decreasing and N increasing.(3) Leaf δ¹³C showed a significantly positive correlation with LN in July and August(P<0.01;n=100),whereas the correlation between leaf δ¹³C and LP was not significant(P>0.05;n=100).In general,leaf δ¹³C of C.bungei seedling was observed to change dynamically along with the growth period,and be negatively affected by W and W×N and positively affected by N,thus,it could be promoted by the rational method of irrigation and fertilizer application.

Abstract:The evolution of community characteristics and biological characteristics of plant is always one of the core problems in the field of community ecology and reproductive ecology.The significance and protection work of psammophytes ephemeral plant under special ecosystem have caused the entensive concern in recent years.With the ability of contributing to maintain desert stabilization,Hypecoum erectum,as a kind of psammophytes ephemeral plant,mainly distributed in the Junggar Desert and completed the whole growth in the spring spending only two months.We did our research in wild populations in the south edge of Gurbantunggut desert,Xinjiang,China.Using the method of sampling survey to investigate the community characteristics and the flower bio-ecological characteristics of 8 populations,the results indicated that:(1)the average height of the H.erectum plants is (13.54±1.24) cm,crown of east-west and south-north is (15.50±1.81) cm and (14.53±1.75) cm,respectively.The seed of H.erectum is small with the thousand seed weight (0.291 0±0.002 7) g,flowering phase last nearly fifty days from late April to early June,as to the fruiting phase cost nearly two months from mid May to early July,which shows no obvious difference between 2013 and 2014.Thirty species were recorded from the natural communities of H.erectum,which belong to 28 genus of 15 families,during which the family of single specie and genera of single specie amount a lot,showing a distinct flora dominance.Compositae,Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae were the dominant families accounting for 23.3%,13.3% and 10.0%,respectively.There is a big diversity of the live form with only one species in tree layer,three species in brushwood layer and twenty-six species in herb layer.The floral element analysis of genus indicated that the Mediterranean element and West Asia to Mid Asia element account for the large part of the H.erectum community,which has the typical flora of Mediterranean xerophyte characteristics.(2)According to the community constitution and important value,the 8 populations can be divided into three associations,the first is H.erectum+Poa pratensis+Seriphidium terrae-albae,the second is H.erectum+Calligonum ebinuricum+Seriphidium terrae-albae and the third is H.erectum+Seriphidium terrae-albae+Ephedra distachya.(3)We chose the 3th sample from 8 population to observe the floral characteristics,results showed that the flowering span of the population,individual,inflorescence and single flowering were approximately 37-40 d,14-16 d,13-15 d and 1-2 d,respectively.The life span of single flower would prolong 2 d when overcast and rain occurred.This floral trait is an adaptive exhibition to desert environment.H.erectum has elaborate floral characteristics.The middle lobe on the two inner petals is specialized as a yellow cucullate structure.The middle lobe will reflexively wrap the anther as soon as the anther dehiscence,obtaining pollen and growing upward.The cucullate structure is the key function organ in stamen mimicry and secondary pollen presentation.By researching the characteristics of floral of H.erectum,a theoretical basis can be provided to explore the pollination adaptability and breeding system characteristics.

Abstract:Based on the association coefficient(AC),Ochai index(OI),Jaccard index(JI),Pearson index and χ²-test to analyze the interspecific associations of medicinal herbs,and the interspecific associations between medicinal herbs and common trees in Qiaoshan forest region,Ziwuling Mountains.The results indicated that:(1)the significant positive interspecific associations were showed between Pulsatilla chinensis and Sophora flavescens,Polygonatum sibiricum and Adenophora stricta.On the other hand,negative associations were found between Dioscorea nipponica and Cirsium setosum,Potentilla discolor,Rhaponticum uniflorum,Artemisia capillaris,Polygala tenuifolia,as well as between P.sibiricum and P.discolor,A.capillaris each other.(2)Robinia pseudoacacia and C.setosum,Quercus wutaishanica and Polygonatum odoratum and P.sibiricum,Betula platyphylla and D.nipponica showed significant positive associations,while Robinia pseudoacacia and D.nipponica and Polygonatum odoratum,Quercus wutaishanica and C.setosum and P.discolor and A.capillaris and S.flavescens,Quercus aliena and Agrimonia pilosa and A.capillaris,Betula platyphylla and Arisaema erubescens and A.capillaris,Pinus tabulaeformis and Leonurus artemisia,Juglans cathayensis and P.sibiricum showed significant negative associations.(3)Based on the results of interspecific associations,three ecological species groups of medicinal herbs in this area were delineated.The result may reflect the pattern of ecological and physiological of species and also provides a basis on resource development and utilization of the medicinal plants in this region.

Abstract:This paper analyzed the spatial structure of two Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata secondary forests between shady slope and sunny slope by the parameters(uniform angel index,mingling degree,neighborhood comparison) on south slope of Qinling Mountains.The result showed that:(1)there was abundant species diversity of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata community.Q.aliena var.acuteserrata had the biggest importance value,also in a principal ecological space.(2)The main spatial structure of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata was random distribution because of the number of uniform angel index higher than 0.5 of individual tree over 50% between the two different slopes.(3)The proportion of five different tree differentiation classes are all about 20%.There was no difference among the differentiation classes of Q.aliena var.acuteserrata community.The number of dominant tree on the sunny slope was higher than that on the shady slope.(4)The mingling of trees mostly presented moderate or high,based on the proportion was 84% and 73% of mingling over 0.5 on the sunny slope and the shady slope.Above all,Q.aliena var.acuteserrata secondary forest had low aggregation degree,good mingling degree,higher differentiation,significantly population abundance,and in a relatively stable state.

Abstract:Based on community investigation on karst hills of Guilin,and used two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) to quantify classification and ordination of Fengshui woods communities on karst hills of Guilin,we explored the relationships between plant communities’ distribution and environmental factors.The results showed as below:(1)dominant species of tree layer of Fengshui woods communities are mainly Cyclobalanopsis glauca,Croton xiaopadou,Canthium dicoccum,Cinnamomum saxatile,Mallotus philippensis,Sinosideroxylon pedunculatum,Sapium rotundifolium,Albizia kalkora,Loropetalum chinense,Pittosporum planilobum;Dominant species of shrub layer are mainly Bauhinia championii,Decaspermum esquirolii,Alchornea trewioides,Sageretia rugosa,Millettia cinerea,Jasminum seguinii,Millettia pulchra;Dominant species of herbaceous layer are mainly Carex tristachya,Teucrium pernyi,Onychium japonicum,Ophiopogon platyphyllus.(2)29 Fengshui woods plots were classified into 8 different association types.Both TWINSPAN and DCCA made the consistent results.DCCA ordination preferably reflected the ecological relation between the community types and environmental factors.(3)The axis 1 of DCCA mainly reflected the change law of slope aspect.From left to right of the figure of the DCCA ordination,there had the transition of slope aspect from shady slope to south-facing slope,along with the light intensity and dry-hot habitat strengthened,and the altitude gradually reduced.The axis 2 mainly stood for the change of the slope degree and slope position,the slope degree was steeper,and the slope position had the transition from downslope to upslope,along with the rock bare rate increased.(4)The changes of slope aspect and slope degree were the mainly ecological factors which influenced the heterogeneity of Fengshui woods structure and distribution on karst hills of Guilin.

Abstract:In this paper we studied the genus Melanohalea according to the more than 130 specimens of lichen that were deposited in Lichen Herbarium of Xinjiang University “Lichens Research Center in Arid Zones of Northwest China”(XJU-NALH)and they were collected from Tianshan and Altay Mts.,Xinjiang.As the result shows that,the genus Melanohalea included 7 species,among them M.infumata and M.subolivacea are new to China,M.subelegantula is new to Xinjiang and other 4 species are common species.In addition,description of morphological-anatomical features and photos of newly recorded species are given.At the same time,the identification keys,lichens check list and distribution areas of these species are reported.This research will provide base data for lichen resource investigation of Xinjiang and China.

Abstract:The species Paeonia qiui is reported as a new record of Shaanxi,which distributed in Xunyang County,Ankang City(109°19.467′E,32°59.100′N),thereby the longitude of original distribution area of Paeonia qiui can be moved westwards by 2 degrees (about 200 km).The voucher specimens are kept in Northwest A&F University Herbaria (WUK).

Abstract:Specimens for this study were collected from Southern Tianshan Mt.in Xinjiang Province,China.In the laboratory,standard methods of morphological,anatomical and chemotaxonomical analyses were used.The chemical analyses were carried out using spot tests (TC),thin layer chromatography (TLC).As a result,we found one lichen genus Lempholemma Krb with one species,Lempholemma cladodes (Tuck.) Zahlbr and another species,Lichinella nigritella (Lettau) P.Moreno & Egea in the Lichen genus Lichinella Nyl are recognized in the lichen family Lichinaceae in Xinjiang Province and are described as new to China.Lempholemma is characterized by its hemiangiocarpous or pycnoascocarps ascoma and Nostoc photobionts.L.nigritella is characterized by its polyphyllous thalli,small lobules at the lobe tips,minute globose isidia at upper surface.Detailed taxonomic descriptions with comments and photos are provided.This study provides not only valuable information for the application of research on Xinjiang lichens,but also scientific research materials for the diversity of lichen in China.

Abstract:Based on the herbarium specimens and literature study,as well as field investigation,the Corydalis species in Qinling Mountains were investigated.The results showed that there were 28 species in this region,including 5 endemic species.Geographic distribution study showed that 8 species were widespread,7 species distributed in the western region,7 species in middle region,1 species in eastern region,3 species in middle and west region and 2 species in middle and eastern region of Qinling Mountains.A key to species is proposed.

Abstract:Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF/cofilin) is one of the important actin-binding proteins.In plant cells,ADF/cofilin plays an indispensable role on signal transduction during plant development and responds to external stimulus by combining with actin,and by this way controls various biological activities.This paper summarizes the sequence characteristics of ADF/cofilin family,their localization,functions on cell growth,abiotic and biotic stress resistance and regulation mechanism of Phosphorylation,pH and PIP2,to lay the foundation for revealing ADF/cofilin new function mechanism in stress resistance.