Abstract:A Fe(Ⅱ)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase,named as GmF6′H1,was cloned from soybean variety ‘Heinong 35’.Expression of GmF6′H1 in different organs was examined by Quantitative(Q)-PCR analysis.The expression of GmF6′H1 was the highest in the roots,followed by in the pods,leaves and stems.Its expression showed weakly response to 2,4-D treatment and increased in a time-dependent manner after salicylic acid and kinetin treatment separately.With the time of treatment prelonged,GmF6′H1 expression levels steadily declined,and finally close to the level before the treatments.Purified protein of GmF6′H1 was able to catalyze feruloyl coenzyme A to scopoletin.By Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation,GmF6′H1 were transformed into the mutant Atf6′h1 of Arabidopsis thaliana.Compared with mutant plants,the external phenotype of the transgenic plants had no obvious difference,while its coumarin content in the roots increased the level close to the wild type of A.thaliana.

Abstract:According to the transcriptome of Halostachys caspica under salt stress,we isolated an cDNA fragment from H.caspica.The obtained cDNA was named as disrupted meiotic cDNAof H.caspica.Sequence analysis indicated that HcDmc1 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 035 bp,which encodes 344 amino acids.Conserved domain analysis showed that HcDmc1 has a conserved domain of RecA protein family.Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that HcDmc1 is an independent branch,which is an stable hydrophilic proteins sub-cellularly cytoplasm.Real time quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of HcDmc1 gene in branch after 100 mmol/L NaCl salt stress for 7d was rapidly up-regulated and reached the highest after 700 mmol/L,which was 6.58-fold of the control.While in roots the expression of HcDmc1 reached the highest level at 14 d and about 1.79-fold of the control.Base on the experimental results,the expression of HcDmc1 gene could be induced by salt stress.

Abstract:Proteinase inhibitors are one group of small proteins associated with the resistance of plants.We cloned two protease inhibitor genes(SmPI1 and SmPI2) from Salvia miltiorrhiza,and then analyzed the sequence characterizations using the bioinformatics methods and their expression patterns by real-time qPCR.The result shows that the completed ORFs of SmPI1 and SmPI2 are 222 bp and 216 bp in length,encoding 73 and 71 amino acids,respectively.SmPI1 and SmPI2 may be located in cytoplasm without transmembrane domain and signal peptide by prediction using bioinformatics methods.Amino acid sequences of SmPI1 and SmPI2 showed high homology to proteinase inhibitors from Morus notabilis,Theobroma cacao and Medicago truncatula.Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of SmPI1 and SmPI2 were significantly induced under the treatment of methyl jasmonate(MeJA) or Xanthomonas campestris pv.Campestris(XC).This indicated that the protease inhibitor gene SmPI1 and SmPI2 could response to this two stress signals,and may be closely related to the resistance of S.miltiorrhiza.

Abstract:To investigate the relationship between the content of gibberellins(GA) and the expression of its signal transduction related genes in leaf of pear plant with different degree of iron-deficiency,we used the in vitro plantlets of ‘Dangshansuli’ pear(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) cultured in agar medium treated with different concentration of Fe-EDTA as experiment material in this study.GA contents in leaf were tested by the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay(ELISA).According to the sequence of homologous gene from NCBI library,the full length of GA2ox gene was cloned by the method of the Rapid-amplification of cDNA Ends(RACE).Four alleles of GID1 and DELLA blast from pear genome database.The levels of relative expression of GA2ox gene,four alleles of GID1 and DELLA were analyzed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR(qRT-PCR).The results showed that:(1)The GA content in leaves increased as the iron content decreased in medium.(2)The full length of cDNA fragment of GA2ox gene cloned was 1 014 bp and had been submitted to the Genbank with the accession number of KJ008976.(3)The levels of relative expression of GA2ox gene at different degree of iron-deficiency did not increased as GA contents raised.The levels of relative expression of the four alleles of GID1 all increased as degree of iron-deficiency become severe.There were positive correlation between GA content and levels of relative expression of the four alleles of GID1.Only the levels of relative expression of DELLA1 increased as the degree of iron-deficiency become severe,that was most sensitive to the stress of iron-deficiency.It was speculated that the iron-deficiency could accelerate the synthesis of GA and would not promote active GA into inactive ones.

Abstract:With the susceptible variety ‘Baipicui’,single-sources(PI140471,PI157082,PI511890,PI482398,PI420145) and pyramided genes materials(145-082,082-890,082-398,145-471,145-890,890-398) as the tested materials,we investigated the different resistant performance by gradient spores vaccination identification and the different expression of PAL by RT-PCR method.The results showed that when the spores concentration was 5×10⁹ mL^-1,the single-sources began to appear susceptible,but the pyramided genes materials still showed high resistance or resistance.The pyramided genes materials 145-471(PI420145×PI140471) showed the highest resistance(RI＜1.0).Real-time PCR analysis showed that the PAL expression in different tissues were first increased and then reduced to stable,but the change speed and range were different.This study indicated that pyramiding resistance genes could enhance the resistance to GSB,but the resistance performance of different polymeric genes is not the same.The pyramided hybrid 145-471 can be used for pyramiding breeding of melon.The defense gene PAL played an important role in the melon resistance to GSB processes,its higher and earlier expression in the pyramided genes materials can provide higher resistance.

Abstract:In this study,tobacco leaves (cultivar NC89) were transformed by the Agrobacterium-mediated with a dual-target FAD2 and FatB genes silencing RNAi vector,which was successfully constructed by our previous study.Further,transgenic plants were screened and fatty acids in seeds were analyzed.The results have shown that the expression levels of FAD2 and FatB in seeds of transgenic plants were decreased by 23% and 11% compared with the control group.The contents of saturated fatty acid,palmitic acid and stearic acid,reached to 8.02% and 4.45% in the fatty acid composition of transgenic seeds,respectively.The content of polyunsaturated linoleic fatty acid was 76.82%.Compared with the control group,the contents were reduced by 2.91%,9.92% and 3.47%,respectively.The content of monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid in transgenic plants reached to 7.48%,which increased by 46.38% than the control.The results have shown that simultaneous inhibition of FAD2 and FatB expression levels in tobacco seeds significantly increased the content of oleic acid composition,which laid a foundation for the further improvement of oil crop quality.

Abstract:The 135 melon interspecific population was derived from crossing the high sugar cultivated inbred lines‘0246’as female parent and low sugar wild inbred lines‘Y101’as male parent,which was used to construct a linkage map and analyze quantitative trait locus(QTLs) associated with sugar content correlated traits in melon.The content of fructose,sucrose and glucose was measured,respectively.Accumulative quantity of the three kinds of sugars was used as the total sugar content.These datas were used to analyze the QTLs associated with sugar content correlated traits in melon.The results showed that:(1)The map contained 14 linkage groups spanning 726.30 cM with the average markers interval of 12.74 cM.(2)Two QTLs associated with total sugar and fructose content were detected,named as Ts3.1 and Fru4.1.The 2 QTLs distributed in 3 and 4 linkage groups,respectively,and they were all positive additive effects,which could have addition effects on the accumulation of total sugar and fructose content,respectively.Their LOD values were 3.60 and 3.10 respectively.The 2 QTLs were able to explain 14.89% and 13.02% of total phenotypic variation.The results of this study have laid an important foundation for gene accurate location and sugar content gene cloning in melon.

Abstract:In this study,genetic relationship and diversity based on SSR markers were investigated in 91 rapeseed accessions including registered varieties,backbone parents,and high-oil inbred lines,as well as 8 references from Brassica juncea,B.campestris and B.carinata.48 pairs of selected SSR primers from A and C genomes were employed and 255 polymorphic bands were detected.UPGMA clustering showed that 99 accessions were divided into 5 groups.The largest group,group Ⅰ included 89 B.napus materials.Group Ⅱ only included 2 white flower accessions named Ethiopia mustard and G8.Group Ⅲ consisted of 4 B.juncea landraces.Group Ⅳ were 3 B.campestris landraces and group Ⅴ contained only a mustard named Qinjie 2008,respectively.The 89 B.napus in group Ⅰ could be further divided into 5 subgroups.Subgroup 1 included 43 materials,most of which were restorer lines from Shaanxi and materials from Huazhong Agricultural University and Zhejiang.Subgroup 2 had 9 materials mainly from Shaanxi.12 materials were included in subgroup 3 and most of them were Guizhou and foreign materials.Subgroup 4 consisted of 19 materials mainly from Oil Crops Research Institute,CAAS,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and Anhui.Subgroup 5 included 6 materials,such as Zheyou 758 and 147C.Most materials from same institutions had a higher similarity.The reason might be that these varieties or lines were bred with limited core inbred lines.The results could offer helpful information for rapeseed breeding and utilization of heterosis.

Abstract:According to the mutation in exon 7 of Badh2 (Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenasegene) in fragrant rice,we designed a functional marker YY5-YY8,which can be used to check rice materials with this mutation or not.Other two reported markers for exon 2-mutated and exon 4 or 5-mutated types of Badh2,InDel-E2 and FMbadh2-E4-5,were also used to analyze the mutations of Badh2 in 80 fragrant rice materials from different ecological regions.It showed that 26 fragrant rice materials were of the exon 7-mutated type,37 fragrant rice materials were of exon 2-mutated type and none of them was found to be of exon 4 or 5-mutated type.This study constructed a new molecular marker YY5-YY8 for checking the mutation of Badh2 and identified the mutation types of these fragrant rice varieties for breeding high quality fragrant rice.

Abstract:In order to explore the inheritance of fruit traits of ‘Huozhouheiyu’,we evaluated the fruit traits of 198 crossed progenies from 3 cross combinations with ‘Huozhouheiyu’ as female parent in 2013 and 2014,They were seed trait,feel color,fragrance,texture,soluble sugar content,fruit weight,and fruit shape.The results showed that 77.3% of them were embryo abortion types,only 1 was fragrance;The fruit color,texture,soluble sugar content,fruit weight,and fruit shape index showed quantitative genetic character and continuous widely segregation.The offspring fruits showed seedless,dark fruit color,crisp,small and circular genetic predisposition;The genetic of the soluble sugar content showed complex;and the narrow sense heritability of the fruit weight,fruit shape index,and soluble sugar content were low.The results indicated that ‘Huozhouheiyu’ could pass the traits to F₁ generation with very strong heterosis,they were seedless,dark fruit color,crisp texture,and round fruit shape,but it was difficult to obtain the fragrance progenies.Although the fruit has become smaller,there was a trend of larger type.

Abstract:The ultrustructural features of developing anthers of Michelia figo were studied using transmission electron microscope technique.The results are as following:(1)During pollen development,the vacuolization took place three times.The first time was the microspore mother cells (MMC) displayed evident vacuoles in the cytoplasm,which may relate with forming callose wall to separate the MMCs.Then the vacuoles appeared again in periplasm region of MMCs before its meiosis,which may relate with dissolving their cellulose wall.At the same time,many vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm,increasing volume of cell and preparing for tetrad.The third time was the vacuolization which took place at late microspores.A big vacuole occupied most space of microspore,extruded its nucleus to periplasm,which created a polarity of microspore,preparing for asymmetric gametophytic division.(2)The sexine of exine of Michelia figo appeared first at the early microspore stage.The nexine of exine is synthesized at the late microspore.The intine of pollen grain was synthesized by vegetative cell of bicellular pollen.Finally,the degradating substance of tapetum cumulated on the surface of tectum of pollen grain to form the pollen coat.

Abstract:The ontogeny of the ovule and fleshy seed appendage in Homalanthus populifolius (Euphorbiaceae) were studied with the light microscope and SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and compared with the development of fleshy appendage of Passiflora citrina (Passifloraceae).The results showed that:(1)The micropyle type of H.populifolius is exostomatic.The fleshy seed appendage develops from the micropyle,which does not come from funiculus,should be called caruncula,not aril.(2)The micropyle type of Passiflora citrina is endostome.The fleshy seed appendage of P.citrina develops from funiculus and will cover the micropyle later.This is the aril.A detailed discussion between the caruncula and aril is presented.The model of caruncula and aril are set up and its biological significance is discussed.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of continuously drought stress(stopped watering for 0 d,2 d,4 d,…16 d,respectively) and rewatering on the growth and physiological properties of Cinnamomum camphora.The results showed that:(1)The diameter increment(Z^d) and the height increment(Z^h) were both inhibited under drought stress,Leaf relative water content(LRWC) under mild and moderate drought(stopped watering for 2-8 d and soil volumetric water content(SWC) decreased to 7%) were not significantly lower than that in control(D₀),but significantly lower than those under severe drought(stopped watering for more than 10 d and soil volumetric water content decreased to 3%).(2)The concentration of O^-·₂ and H²O₂ significantly increased under severe drought stress.(3)The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) were promoted significantly during mild and moderate drought stress while catalase(CAT) activity increased significantly in severe drought stress,After rewatering for 48 h,the activities of these three enzymes decreased.(4)The contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline(Pro) increased significantly under severe drought.(5)The contents of soluble protein(SP) increased dramatically under mild drought,while that of soluble sugar(SS) raised significantly under moderate drought.Both of them then did not decreased,after rewatering for 48 h.The study suggests that C.camphora saplings under mild drought maintained normal growth through ROS scavenging system and osmotic adjustment,while suffered from moderate and severe drought stress,the water physiology became deteriorated,membrane system was injured,enzyme activities affected,and at last the morphological growth and aboveground biomass were depressed by the drought stress.

Abstract:PEG-6000 was used to imitate the drought stress,and under 23% PEG-6000 the effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) pretreatment at five concentrations of 0.025,0.25,2.5,25,250 μmol/L were measured on seed germination,seedling growth,water content,root activity,proline content,and the effects of oxidative damage in cotton cultivar ‘Xinluzao 17’.The results indicated that:(1)The seed germination rate,germination potentiality,germination index,and vigor index were all improved with pretreatment by a certain concentration of JA and MeJA.The seed germination rate and germination potentiality were significantly increased by 49.99% and 72.70% with 2.5 μmol/L MeJA pretreatment.While seed germination index and vigor index by using 0.025 μmol/L JA pretreatment was increased by 68.14% and 190.29% in compared with the control group.The root activity reached the maxima by using 2.5 μmol/L JA and its level was higher 266.68% than the control.(2)Both JA and MeJA pretreatment were able to significantly increased proline content and reduced MDA content under drought stress in the seedling.The results demonstrated that JA and MeJA in a certain concentration could effectively mitigate inhibitory effect under drought stress and improve the cotton seed germination and seedling growth.In general,the ability for alleviation to drought stress by MeJA pretreatment was better than JA.0.025 μmol/L JA was the optimum pretreatment concentration for seed germination, while 0.25 and 2.5 μmol/L JA were the optimum pretreatment concentration for seedling growth under drought stress,and for MeJA,the optimum pretreatment concentration was 2.5 μmol/L for both seed germination and seedling growth,which provided the scientific basis for agricultural production.

Abstract:In order to investigate the physiological effects of lanthanum nitrate and orchid mycorrhizal(OM) fungi on Dendrobium officinale,we investigated the effects of inoculation with OM fungi under different lanthanum nitrate application levels (0,1.0,3.0,5.0 and 7.0 mg·L^-1) on the biomass of D.officinale seedling and synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins using a pot experiment.The chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of SOD,CAT and POD in cells were analyzed.The results were as follows:(1)Appropriate concentration of lanthanum nitrate was beneficial to the development of mycorrhiza and promoted the biomass of D.officinale seedling.(2)D.officinale inoculated with OM fungi and applied with lanthanum nitrate 5.0 mg·L^-1 had the largest mass of roots,mass of shoots and biomass of D.officinale seedling which were of 4.26,4.98 and 4.87-fold,respectively,compared to control.The infection rate of OM fungi to the roots of D.officinale seedling reached 92.8%.The contents of chlorophyll increased,whereas the content of MDA decreased in cells.(3)The contents of polysaccharides and proteins increased in cells.SOD,CAT and POD activities were found to increase significantly in cells too on the same conditions.Therefore,the development of D.officinale mycorrhiza,the physiological activity and adaptability of plants,the biomass of D.officinale seedling and accumulation of polysaccharides could be improved by inoculation with OM fungi and application with appropriate concentration of lanthanum nitrate (5.0 mg·L^-1).It indicated that the medicinal qualities of D.officinale could be promoted too.

Abstract:Hybrid rice seeds of ‘Shenliangyou 5814’,coated with 2.5% imidacloprid-prochloraz,3% hymexazole-prochloraz,Cruiser or Celest were cultivated with pots,and the antioxidant enzymes activities,malonaldehyde(MDA) content,reduced glutathione(GSH) content,chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in seedlings were determined.The results showed that:(1)The seed-coating agents could promote the activities of the antioxidant enzymes of rice seedlings.On the 14th day after sowing,SOD activities of seedling leaves treated with 2.5% imidacloprid-prochloraz and Cruiser were increased,and POD activities of seedling leaves treated with 3% hymexazole-prochloraz were also increased.On the 22nd day after sowing,CAT activities of seedling leaves treated with 2.5% imidacloprid-prochloraz and 3% hymexazole-prochloraz were increased.On the 26th day after sowing,CAT activities of seedling leaves treated with Cruiser and Celest were increased.2.5% imidacloprid-prochloraz and 3% hymexazole-prochloraz significantly promoted MDA contents of seedling leaves on the 22nd day after sowing.All the four seed-coating agents promoted GSH contents of seedling leaves.Among them,the promotion effect of 3% hymexazole-prochloraz was most obvious.(2)The four seed-coating agents reduced chlorophyll contents of seedling leaves,but chlorophyll contents returned to normal level with time.(3)The four seed-coating agents showed no significant influences on φP_o values of seedling leaves,while the performance index PI_ABS values did not decline.The phenomenological energy flux ABS/CS_M values declined with time.Among them,ABS/CS_M values of seedling leaves treated with 3% hymexazole-prochloraz declined most obviously.Meanwhile,the dissipated energy DIo/CS_M values of seedling leaves treated with 3% hymexazole-prochloraz were significantly higher than that of control.The study indicated that the seed-coating agents caused stress to rice seedlings,and the defense system of plant reduced the damage to keep the seed-coating agents in safe level,but 3% hymexazole-prochloraz showed a relatively poor effect.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different water treatments[CK(with soil water content 85%~90% of field capacity),T₁(with soil water content 65%~70% of field capacity),T₂(with soil water content 50%~55% of field capacity),T₃(with soil water content 35%~40% of field capacity)] on the photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of Camellia petelotii seedlings.The results showed that:(1)All plants were dead in T₃ treatment,indicating that soil water content 50%~55% of field capacity is the threshold to water stress.(2)When increasing drought stress,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomata conductance(G_s),transpiration rate(T_r),stomatal limitation values(L_s) and actual photosynthetic efficiency of PSⅡ(Φ_PSⅡ) all significantly decreased,while the intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) and water use efficiency(WUE) kept invariable.The decrease of P_n in drought stress of C.petelotii was mainly caused by non-stomatal inhibition.(3)Compared with CK,the minimal fluorescence(F₀),maximal fluorescence(F_m),maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m) and malondialdehyde(MDA) content of leaves in T₁ treatment did not change significantly,while in T₂ treatment,F_m and F_v/F_m decreased significantly,F₀ and MDA content enhanced significantly,which indicated that the reaction center of PSⅡ of C.petelotii was not injured in T₁ treatment,while the photosynthetic apparatus was destroyed irreversible in T₂ treatment.(4)The contents of total chlorophyll(Chl),chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),carotenoid(Car) in leaves,Chl a/Chl b,Car/Chl,relative leaf water content(RWC) all decreased with increasing drought stress,while the proline(Pro) content increased under T₁ treatment and decreased under T₂ treatment.The results proved that C.petelotii was extremely sensitive to drought stress,the water deficit would restrain its photosynthesis.Intolerance to drought for C.petelotii may be an important reason to limit the spread of its population.

Abstract:The effects of heat stress on activities of photosystem Ⅱ in leaves of Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch.ex Miq.(Kuilü,a cultivar) were studied by chlorophyll a fluorescence transient and JIP-test.The results showed that:(1)F_v/F_m of leaves did not significantly change at 35-48 ℃,but decreased at 52 ℃.(2)With increase of leaf temperature,the relative variable fluorescence at J and I steps of fluorescence transient (V_j and V_i) significantly decreased,but increased at 52 ℃,the relative variable fluorescence V_k increased gradually.(3)With the increase of heat treatment time,the V_j and V_i increased gradually,but Ψo decreased gradually,indicating that the acceptor side of PSⅡ was damaged severely.In summary,activity of the donor side and the acceptor side of PSⅡ was inhibited by high temperature.The donor side was more sensitive to heat stress.JIP-test parameters can evaluate effectively activity of photosystems Ⅱ in leaves of A.arguta under different temperatures.

Abstract:The Apillm graveolens L. variety of ‘Queen’ and the self-made nursery matrix(Caragana powder∶perlite∶vermiculite=7∶2∶1 by volume) as test materials,plugs of different size(32 cells to 288 cells/plate) were used to nurture seedlings.The effects of volume size of the root domain on A.graveolens L. seedlings growth,gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics curves under the conditions of Caragana mixed matrix were investigated to provide the scientific basis for nurturing vegetable seedlings with Caragana mixed matrix and the resource utilization theory of Caragana.The results showed that:(1)A.graveolens L. plant height,leaf number,root length,root volume,shoot fresh weight,shoot dry mass,root fresh weight and root dry weight reduce with the decrease of volume of the root domain.(2)Net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of 110.07 cm³/hole were higher by 64.13% and 18.87% than that of root volume 7.28 cm³/hole;(3)Stomatal conductance reduced with the root domain volume decreases,intercellular CO₂ concentration was not much affected by the root domain volume;Root domain too large (110.07 cm³/hole) or too small (7.28 cm³/hole) would affect the PSⅡ photosynthetic electron transfer.When the root domain volume was 25.68 cm³/hole,φ_Eo value reached the maximum,when the root domain volume reached 14.34 cm³/hole,ψ_o value was the maximum,when the root domain volume was 17.32 cm³/hole,TR_o/CS value reached maximum;when the root domain volume reached 19.21 cm³/hole,ET_o/CS value was the maximum.Therefore,the A.graveolens L. seedlings gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters change were directly affected by the root domain volume,and then affecting the photosynthesis and growth of the seedlings.

Abstract:Five dominant submerged macrophytes commonly found in Honghu Lake were collected,including Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara,Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle,Myriophyllum verticillatum L.,Potamogeton crispus L.and Potamogeton wrightii Morong.Their maximal quantum yields of photosystem Ⅱ(F_v/F_m) as well as rapid light curves(RLCs) were measured in situ by using pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer(Diving-PAM).The results showed that:The measured maximal quantum yields of V.natans (Lour.) Hara,H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle,M.verticillatum L.,P.crispus L.and P.wrightii Morong were 0.603,0.723,0.751,0.778 and 0.646,respectively.All the five species’s F_v′/F_m′ from high to low order as P.crispus L.＞M.verticillatum L.＞H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle＞P.wrightii Morong＞V.natans (Lour.) Hara.In addition,there was nosignificant difference between H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle and M.verticillatum L.,all other species display statistically significant differences;All the five species’s α from high to low order as P.crispus L.＞H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle＞M.verticillatum L.＞P.wrightii Morong＞V.natans (Lour.) Hara.In addition,there was nosignificant difference between H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle and M.verticillatum L.,while all other species display statistically significant differences.All the five species’s rETR_m from high to low order as P.crispus L.＞M.verticillatum L.＞H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle＞P.wrightii Morong＞V.natans (Lour.) Hara,and all the five species display statistically significant differences;All the five species’s E_k from high to low as M.verticillatum L.＞P.crispus L.＞H.verticillata (L.f.) Royle＞V.natans (Lour.) Hara＞P.wrightii Morong.In addition,there was nosignificant difference between P.crispus L.and M.verticillatum L.,all other species display statistically significant differences.Studies have shown that P.crispus L.and M.verticillatum L.have higher light resistance capacity as well as faster photosynthetic rate,and V.natans (Lour.) Hara has lower light resistance capacity among the five dominant submerged macrophytes commonly in Honghu Lake.

Abstract:The study is to provide reference for the application of Phyllostachys rivalis in vegetation restoration of wetland and hydro-fluctuation belt taking P.rivalis that can survive under long-term flooded conditions as memory materials.Biomass and the contents of main nutrient elements in annual bamboo rhizome roots were investigated in a pot experiment with treatments of artificial irrigation water supply(CK) and flooding six months(TR).The effect of long-term flooded conditions on nutrient stoichiometric characteristics of P.rivalis rhizome roots was analyzed.The results showed that:(1)In TR,N,P,Mg and Ca contents of P.rivalis rhizome roots in soil decreased significantly and Fe content increased dramatically compared to CK.Meanwhile,N,K and Ca contents of rhizome roots in soil were significantly lower and Fe content was significantly higher than that of rhizome roots in water.(2)In TR,C/N,C/P,C/K and P/K ratios of rhizome roots in soil were significantly higher than that of rhizome roots in CK,and C/K,N/K and P/K ratios were also significantly higher than that of rhizome roots in water.(3)There were very significant positive correlations among C,N and P contents of root in water and soil under TR.In CK,C content of root was significantly positive correlated with P,K and the N-P correlation is also significant.In view of correlation coefficient,the correlations of C-N,N-P and N-K of rhizome roots in soil under TR were weakened.Meanwhile,the correlations of C-P,C-K and P-K were enhanced.In TR,C-N,C-P,N-P and N-K correlations of rhizome roots in soil were weaker than that of rhizome roots in water,C-K and P-K correlations were stronger than that of rhizome roots in water.(4)Biomass and C,N,P,K,Mg,Ca contents of rhizome roots in TR were significantly lower 19.46%,42.04%,36.55%,41.39%,60.06% and 38.46% than that of rhizome roots in CK,Fe content dramatically increased 5.5 times compared to CK.And in TR,the nutrient accumulation in soil was significantly higher than that in water.The results indicated that the equilibrium absorption of nutrient was hindered by the long-term flooded stress in rhizome roots of P.rivalis,but the utilization efficiency of nutrient was enhanced.And the rhizome roots in soil and water had the characteristics of division of cloning.Rhizome roots in water mainly played a role in the absorption of oxygen to response to oxygen-deficient environment.It was an important ecological countermeasure of P.rivalis to adapt to long-term flooded environment.

Abstract:Pot culture were conducted to investigate K⁺,Na⁺,biomass and water content changes of different sections of beach plum(Prunus maritima Marshall) cutting seedlings,which were irrigated with NaCl solutions of 0.15%,0.29%,0.58%,0.88%,1.17% and 1.46% mass concentration.The result showed that:(1)80 days after the irrigation,with the stress increasing the Na⁺ content in roots,stems and leaves increased,while K⁺ content in roots and stems and K⁺/Na⁺ decreased.The K⁺ content in leaves was much higher than that in other organs,which remained steady during the experiment.(2)With the increasing salt stress level/time,the leaf,shoot and root dry weight showed their descending following their ascending,and an apparent consumption of dry weight was derived from the 0.88%-1.46% NaCl irrigation.(3)Water content in shoots and leaves was significantly reduced due to the continuous salt stress,but root activity and water content evaluated in an opposite direction,that shows the beach plum builds up a salt-dilution and Na⁺ storage method by accelerating its root succulence.In addition,more Na⁺ accumulates in leaves under a harsher salty condition.

Abstract:The aim of this research is to explore the microecological mechanism of healthy growth and higher yield of Amorphophallus konjac under acacia forest.The content of soil nutrition was measured by normal method.Dilution method was used to measure the number of bacteria(B),fungi(F) and actinomycetes(A) in the bulk,rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils of A.konjac under acacia forest and in the farmland.Dominant microorganisms were identified by molecular techniques.The results indicated that:(1)The number of bacteria in the bulk and rhizoplane soils of A.konjac under acacia forest markedly increased by 11.8% and 588.9%,while the quantity of fungi in the rhizosphere soil significantly decreased by 74.4% compared with A.konjac in the farmland(P<0.05).(2)The quantity and percent of beneficial microorganisms in the bulk,rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils of A.konjac under acacia forest were much higher than that of plants in the farmland,while the quantity and percent of harmful microorganisms were far lower than that of A.konjac in the farmland.In the bulk,rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils of A.konjac under acacia forest,three strains were dominant species,which included Rhizobium radiobacter,Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas mosselii.In the rhizoplane soil,the quantity of Rhizobium radiobacter and Bacillus thuringiensis were 25.7 and 13.0 times as many as the number of plants in the farmland.In addition,two fungi(Epicoccum nigrum and Penicillium verruculosum) and one actinomycete Streptomyces viridodiastaticus also were dominant microorganisms.And the quantity of dominant fungi Epicoccum nigrum in the rhizoplane and bulk soils of A.konjac under acacia forest were increased by 159.2% and 120.3% compared with the control group,respectively;while dominant species Penicillium verruculosum and Streptomyces viridodiastaticus were not detected in the corresponding soils of A.konjac in the farmland.Among which,Penicillium verruculosum was occurring widely in the bulk soil,and S.viridodiastaticus was abound in the bulk,rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils of A.konjac under acacia forest.(3)Significant difference was observed in the nutrition content of soils under acacia forest and the control group.The content of organic matter in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of A.konjac under acacia forest markedly increased by 167.6% and 39.6%,while available P and K significantly decreased by 85.6% to 91.3% and 12.4% to 13.0%.It was suggested that healthy growth and higher yield of A.konjac under acacia forest was closely related to more certain beneficial dominant microorganisms and less harmful microbes in the bulk,rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils of A.konjac under acacia forest,as well as higher organic matter content.

Abstract:The plant growth,tissues biomass and biomass allocation of two dominant species (Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Cynanchum komarovii) were observed under different grazing intensities in desert steppe.The results showed that:(1)The plant height and ground diameter of G.uralensis,and plant height of C.komarovii were decreased after an initial increase with increasing of grazing intensities,with the highest values under light grazing,and there were significantly decreased under heavy grazing.(2)Stem biomass,leaf biomass and total biomass of G.uralensis and C.komarovii were significantly affected by grazing,and decreased after an initial increase with increasing of grazing intensities.The root biomass of G.uralensis and C.komarovii showed different trends under different grazing intensities.(3)The biomass allocation patterns of G.uralensis and C.komarovii were roots>leaves>stems.With increasing of grazing intensities,the root biomass ratio of G.uralensis decreased after an initial increase,but stem biomass ratio tended to decreased and leaf biomass ratio tended to increased;while the root biomass ratio of C.komarovii increased after an initial decrease,contrary to stem biomass ratio and leaf biomass ratio.It suggests that differences in morphological plasticity and biomass allocation patterns of these two species indicated that they had different ecological strategies to grazing.

Abstract:Vegetation species composition and species diversity in response to the distance from the plots and the center of desert were explored through the vegetation field survey in the southern edge of the Badain Jaran Desert.The results showed:(1)10 families,18 genera and 20 species were recorded in the study area.The plant type was mainly xerophyte.The type of vegetation community were shrubs and herbaceous communities.(2)With the plot extends to the outer edge of the desert,the type and number of plants increased gradually.Community structure was more complex and diversified.Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index of plots increased while the dominance index decreased gradually.The index trend of shrub layer was consistent with the plots in α-diversity indices.However,the index change of herb layer was slight.The Bray-Curtis index of β-diversity showed a downward trend which indicated that the species substitution rate between plant community was gradually reduced.(3)Relationships between species diversity of plant and soil factors and the stepwise regression analysis indicated that the effects of soil organic matter and nitrogen content on the vegetation was significant,and there was a significant correlation between soil phosphorus in 20-40 cm and species diversity of plots and herb layer.

Abstract:Spatial pattern of plant populations is the result of the interaction between the biological characteristics and environmental factors,and also is the important factor which decides community composition,structure and dynamic.After an investigation on nine 900 m² plots (three plots in restoration 15 year,restoration 30 year and old growth forest,respectively),a study on the spatial distribution pattern of Castanopsis hystrix,Castanopsis echidnocarpa and Schima wallichii population and their dynamics were made by the tests of discrete distribution pattern.The results showed that spatial distribution patterns of C.hystrix,C.echidnocarpa and S.wallichii population were all the clumped distribution in all three communities.We also found that spatial distribution patterns of C.hystrix,C.echidnocarpa and Schima wallichii population were all the clumped distribution in all sampling areas except for C.hystrix in 10 m×10 m in primary forest and in 20 m×20 m in restoration 15 years community and for S.wallichii in 10 m×20 m in restoration 30 years community.The results indicated clumped distribution was the basic attribute of spatial distribution of C.hystrix,C.echidnocarpa and S.wallichii population.

Abstract:Marrubium vulgare (Labiatae) is a perennial plant,of which its dispersal unit is mainly composed of synaptospermy and seed.Our aim was to determine the morphological,dispersal behavior and germination characteristics of synaptospermy and seed,as well as discuss the ecological significance of appendage and the adaptive strategy of varied environment.Main results are as follows:(1)Synaptospermy envelops seeds in appendage,whose mass is larger than seed;the function of addpendage not only can protect seed from the mechanical damage,but also stay away form predators.(2)In natural habitat,synaptospermy could spread to a long distance easily by the wind.Indoor experiments indicate that synaptospemry spent more time than seed to landing,and had greater ability of spreading;synaptospermy is a kind of adaptive strategy of dalayed spread.The appendage is the key factor that lead to the difference of the spread ability and distance,which supports “Alternate” hypothesis.(3)There are no differences in vigor,germination percentage and germination rate (P>0.05) of synaptospermy and seed,but the water absorption rate of synaptospermy was higher than that of seed.This indicates that the appendage enable the seed to carry more water and retain it longer;the germination of synaptospermy belongs to random germination,which do not have position effect.Only part of the seeds germinated in one season,which is consistent with the intermittent germination characteristic.This characteristic can avoid the risk of destruction of population effectively.These results suggest that the morphological characteristic and the germination behavior of the dispersal unit are lower of perennial,which is related to the importance of the survival of the population.The mother plant of perennial can occupy original habitat for a long-term,keep the number of the individual of population,and the main function of appendage is spreading.

Abstract:Using the young segments of Menyanthes trifoliata L.as explants transferred to MS medium with different concentration hormone(6-BA/NAA) can introduce the calli,buds and root growth.The study found that explants cultured on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA after 10 days can be observed in light green calli tissue.Calli transferred to MS added 4.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.3 mg/L NAA for 2 weeks produce buds.Only the calli with buds could induce roots to form the complete regeneration plants.The most suitable root inducing medium is MS medium added 0.3 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L NAA.Plant micropropagation technology successfully established regeneration system of M.trifoliata L.in this experiment,and it provides a new way for the large-scale production of M.trifoliata L.strains.

Abstract:Impatiens blepharosepala Pritz.ex Diels and Impatiens oxyanthera Hook.f.were reported as two newly recorded species from Yunnan Province,China.Morphological descriptions and photos of two plants were provided,and the voucher specimens were kept in Herbarium of College of Life Science and Engineering,Chongqing Three Gorges University.In this report,flower color of I.blepharosepala Pritz.ex Diels is white and I.oxyanthera Hook.f.has puberulent,slender and branched stems with puberulent leaves,which is different from documentary description.This report may enrich the morphological description of the two species.

Abstract:In the present paper,a new record species Salix rorida Laksch.with a new record section Sect.Daphnella Ser.of the genus Salix (Salicaceae) was described from Altay,Xinjiang,China.This species occurs near the mid-upper stream of Habahe River and its two tributaries,on river bank and artificial channel shore,about 900-1 500 m above sea level.It can be characterized by following features:leaves 3-8 cm long and 0.8-2.5 cm wide;female individuals with bracts oblong,obovate-oblong,obovate-elliptic or obovate,apex acute,and with 3-4 glands on both sides of bract base;male individuals with bracts obovate or obovate oblong,apex acute,rarely sunken,with 2-3 obscure glands on the base of some bracts occasionally.The flowering period ranges from April to May,and fruiting period from May to June,respectively.

Abstract:Five species of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.,collected from southern and central Tianshan Mts.and Altay Mts.,are reported.Among them,Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flrke ex Spreng.) Th.Fr.,and R.macrosporum Rsnen are new to China,R.grande (Flrke ex Flot.) Arnold,R.lecanorinum Anders,and R.riparium Rsnen are new to Xinjiang.The morphological,anatomical,chemical and ecological descriptions of these species are given.Photos of Rhizocarpon species occurred in study area of Xinjiang are also presented.

Abstract:Marrubium vulgare (Labiatae) is a perennial plant which its dispersal unit is composed of synaptospermy and seed. Our aim was to determine the morphological，dispersal behavior and germination characteristics of synaptospermy and seed, also discuss the ecological significance of appendage and the adaptive strategy of varied environment. Main results are as follows: (1) Synaptospermy means seeds in appendage, which mass is larger than seed; the function of addpendage is not only can protect seed from the mechanical damage but also stay away form predators. (2) In natural habitat, synaptospermy could spread to a long distance easily by the wind, indoor experiments indicate that synaptospemry spent more time than seed to landing, and had more ability of spreading; synaptospermy is a kind of adaptive strategy of dalayed spread, the appendage is the key of the difference of the spread ability and distance, which support “Alternate” hypothesis. (3) There are no differences in vigor, germination percentage and germination rate (P>0.05) of synaptospermy and seed, but the water absorption rate of synaptospermy was higher than seed, this shows that the appendage can affect seed to carry more water and retain it longer; the germination of synaptospermy belongs to random germination, which do not have position effect, only part of the seeds germinated in one season, which accord with the intermittent germination characteristic, this characteristic can avoid the risk of destruction of population effectively. These results suggest that the morphological characteristic and the germination behavior of the dispersal unit are lower of perennial, which relatived to the importance of the survival of the population. The mother plant of perennial can occupy original habitat for a long-term, keep the number of the individual of population, and the main function of appendage is spreading.