Abstract:In the present study,we isolated an aquaporins gene designated MaPIP2-6 from banana.MaPIP2-6 ORF is 849 bp,which encodes 282 amino acids.Comparison of amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis indicated that MaPIP2-6 was closely related with OsPIP2-6.Subcellular localization assays showed that the MaPIP2-6 protein was present in the plasma membrane.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) assay revealed that the expression of MaPIP2-6 was consistent after treatment of mannitol and NaCl,a slight decline in the early treatment,and then was induced and reach the maximum,then decreased,but was inverse after treatment of cold and ABA,and that MaPIP2-6 participated in the response of abiotic stresses at transcriptional level.These results indicated that MaPIP2-6 may be involved in abiotic stress response,which lays a foundation for further investigating the function of MaPIP2-6.

Abstract:The Open Reading Frame(ORF) sequence of a histone deacetylase gene,named HDA901,was cloned from Populus trichocarpa and its sequence,sub-cellular localization and expression under salt stress were analyzed.The ORF of HDA901 is 1 245 bp,encoding a protein consisting of 414 amino acids.The isoelectric point of HDA901 protein is 5.77.Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that HDA901 shared a conserved domain with the HDACs in other plants and was relatively close to Arabidopsis AtHDA14 in evolution.Promoter sequence analysis showed that the promoter of HDA901 gene contained multiple stress-related cis-acting elements including ACE,ABRE,HSE and TC-rich repeats.Sub-cellular localization analysis showed that HDA901 was localized neither in nucleus nor in cytoplasm,but might be localized in mitochondria and(or) shuttle between mitochondria and chloroplasts.Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of HDA901 gene was in response to salt stress.Under the salt stress,the expression of HDA901 was down-regulated in stem and root,while was up-regulated in leaf.These findings indicated that HDA901 was involved in salt stress response.

Abstract:In this work,the full length cDNA of HbMKK4 was obtained from cDNA library in latex of rubber tree clone ‘CATAS 7-33-97’ by RACE.It was 1 580 base pair (bp) in length,containing a 1 059 bp open reading frame(ORF) which encodes 352 amino acid with a predicted molecular mass of 38.83 kD and pI 9.36.The deduced amino acid sequence contain S_TKc domain.Comparing expression among different tissues showed that HbMKK4 was expressed in root,bark,latex and leaves.HbMKK4 transcript levels were significantly upregulated in latex by tapping,methyl jasmonate and ethephon treatment for rubber tree.The transcript levels peaked in 2 hours by tapping,8 hours by methyl jasmonate and 4 hours by ethephon treatment,respectively.These results suggested that HbMKK4,a member of MAPK cascade,might plays a role in rubber biosynthesis via JA pathway in rubber tree.

Abstract:Using Arabidopsis thaliana(Columbia ecotype) as material,we cloned calcium-dependent protein kinase 1(AtCDPK1) gene with PCR and recombinant DNA technologies.The full length of the gene is 2 269 bp,and the sequence of bases was entirely consistent with that of the known gene At1g18890.We constructed the plant expression vector pCHF3-CDPK1 of AtCDPK1 gene,and transformed pCHF3-CDPK1 into virus-free miniature of potato cultivar ‘Favorita’ using Agrobacterium-mediated method.After plant selection and regeneration,a total of 50 regenerated plants with resistance were obtained successfully.The PCR detection showed that a total of 36 plants contained AtCDPK1 gene,and the RT-PCR analysis proved that the AtCDPK1 gene in transgenic potato plants could conduct normal transcription and expression.This research lays the foundation for further function analysis of AtCDPK1 gene in transgenic potato and breeding new drought-resistant transgenic potato.

Abstract:To investigate the role of GH3.9 in plant growth and development,we cloned the 1 750 bp full-length gene with RT-PCR method and obtained GH3.9ox-3 and GH3.9ox-9 pure lines of Arabidopsis thaliana by constructing pEGAD-GH3.9 overexpression vector and transforming A.thaliana.After treating the sowed wild-type and mutant seeds (GH3.9ox-3 and GH3.9ox-9) with blue,red and far-red light at different intensity,we found that:the growth of hypocotyls in the mutants was more sensitive to the strong light suppression comparing with wild-type.Moreover,the hypocotyls of mutants appeared to grow slower when treated different forms of white light.The mutants plant sizes and silique sizes appeared smaller.The results indicate that GH3.9 gene might play an important role in the growth and development of plants.

Abstract:Fagopyrum esculentum(buckwheat,Polygonaceae) is a multi-food-use pseudocereal with healing benefits and is growing on arid areas.(1)Based on homology and RACE method,a RD21 orthologous gene from buckwheat was isolated and identified.The RD21 homologous gene from F.esculentum transcript was 1 750 bp and contained a 1 407 bp ORF(Open Reading Frame,ORF) encoding 468 amino acids.(2)Protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses grouped FeRD21 into PLCPs subfamily members which carry a C-terminal granulin domain.(3)The protease of FeRD21 was highly conserved and harbored the conservation sites of catalytic residues Cys¹⁶⁸-His³⁰⁴-Asn³²⁴.(4)Expression analysis suggested that FeRD21 was up-regulated by salt,dehydration,ABA,and senescent treatments,which showed a different way in response to stresses with RD21 in Arabidopsis.Our results indicated that FeRD21 might be involved the stress-responsive pathways in F.esculentum.

Abstract:The AGO7 was found in many plants and was predicted to play a role in the process during growth and development of leaves in higher plants.However,it was not reported in bryophytes which was one of the oldest and the only one which had no vascular bundle in higher plants.By comparison to the amino acid sequence of OsAGO7 in rice with BLAST tool,we obtained the AGO7 protein code gene in Physcomitrella patens named PpAGO7.We also cloned the promoter sequence of PpAGO7 and analyzed its sequence characters by using online software Plant CARE and PLACE.Then the promoter analysis vector pPpAGO7-GUS was built and transferred into Arabidopsis to detect the initiation activity.The result indicated that:(1)The promoter sequence contained large amount of cis-acting elements related to the photo reaction and a plurality of elements related to the meristem and defense and oppression related elements.(2)According to the staining result of the T₂ transgenic plants,GUS staining was found in different tissues and during different growth periods.Moreover,the staining color was much deeper in the root,leaf tip,anther of stamen,stigma of pistil and seeds than in other tissues.(3)The GUS enzymatic activity of the transgenic Arabidopsis under the light intensity condition 1 000 lx or 4 000 lx was lower than that under the light intensity condition 7 000 lx or 10 000 lx.All results indicted that the cloned PpAGO7 promoter had constitutively promoting activity and was influenced by light intensity.

Abstract:200 adults of Fraxinus mandshurica were selected from Qingshan seed orchard,Heilongjiang Province to screen primers which can result in different PCR products between male and female ash.PCR primers were designed based on the SSR sites of 5 423 ESTs of Fraxinus from NCBI and 179 502 sequences of F.mandshurica transcriptome from our lab.The results showed that:(1)9 488 and 3 557 SSR sites (174.96% and 1.98% in relative frequency,repectively) were found in ESTs from NCBI and transcriptome from our lab,respectively,with a dominancy of dinucleotide repeat in SSR type;(2)208 of 232 pairs of primer got PCR products,74 of which got different products between male and female and 27 of which got products with expected size;(3)After 3 rounds of PCRs,primer 19 and 56 got different products between two sexes in 64% and 89.5% trees,respectively.These results indicated that EST-SSR is a feasible method to identity the sex of F.mandshurica.

Abstract:The Glycyrrhiza L.SSRs were searched in the expressed sequence tag (EST) database of Glycyrrhiza uralensis,and the EST-SSR primers were designed by Primer 3.0 online software.The EST-SSR fingerprint characteristics and cluster trees of four species were then analyzed to discuss the interspecific relationships among species and taxonomic status of the doubtful species.(1)Total 504 SSRs were identified from 441 EST sequences.There were 350 dinucleotide repeat sequences with 69.44% frequency,showing the dominant types in the SSRs.Both TC/AT and TA/AG types were abundant among dinucleotide repeat sequences.(2)The distinct bands were produced in PCR amplifications for all 40 random selected EST-SSR primers.The polymorphic bands were observed in 15 primers,a total of 59 alleles in the 22 materials of the Glycyrrhiza L.were observed,which appeared to be 89.44% polymorphic among these 15 primers with an average of 3.93 alleles per primers.(3)The primer 64 could amplify specific bands in 4 species.G.eurycarpa had the same alleles as that of G.inflata at 180 bp site and that of G.grabra at 220 bp site,showing the hybrid characteristics.(4)The cluster analysis of SSR data showed that when similarity coefficient was 0.82,22 materials from 4 species were clustered into 4 groups:G.uralensis in Hangjingqi,Neimenggu;G.eurycarpa and G.grabra in Bachu,Xinjiang;G.eurycarpa and G.inflata in Shihezi,Xinjiang;G.uralensis in Shihezi,Xinjiang.This cluster was in accord with the classical taxonomy.However,there was fairly large genetic differentiation in different populations of G.eurycarpa.It may be caused by the differentiation of sympatric parent species or introgressive hybridization.These results indicates that 15 primers is suitable for EST-SSR analysis of Glycyrrhiza L..It would be useful for species identification and study of genetic variation and species relationship of Glycyrrhiza L..

Abstract:Dendrobium huoshanense tissue culture seedlings were transplanted to field environment.In order to get better understanding of the development and officinal components in the plantlets,we investigated the changes in micro-structure of roots,stems and leaves by SEM after 2 months.The elements in these organs were analyzed by means of Energy Dispersive Spectrometer.(1)After comparing with tissue culture seedlings,we found robust post-transplantation plantlets with nearly doubled roughness of roots,the obvious velamina and root cells with significant cellulose network thickening of the velamina cell wall.The structure of epidermis,cortex,and stele developed more perfectly,meanwhile the contents of Mg,Si,Cl,S,K and Ca in roots markedly raised,among which Ca grew 2.76 times.(2)Healthy stems were characterized by several features such as conspicuous surface longitudinal depressions,compact anatomical structure,obviously scattered vascular bundles,and full stem cells with abundant inclusions.The contents of Mg,Si,Cl,S,K,Ca,Fe,Cu and Zn increased significantly,with a 3.25 times increase in K and a 4.61 times increase in Fe.(3)Leaves were found with conspicuous thickening,full stomata,and richer inclusions in mesophyll cells.A significant increase of element contents in leaves was found for Mg,Si,Cl,S,K,Ca,Fe,Mn and Zn,with a 17 times increase in K.(4)More elements were accumulated in stems than in roots and leaves before or after transplanting.In summary,plants grew more perfectly and each function enhanced.Cell content got much richer.More elements in plants and the contents of most elements increased.Those indicated good adaptability of D.huoshanense tissue culture seedlings for the transplanting environment.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effects of different night temperatures(16 ℃,21 ℃,26 ℃) on the rate and quality of healing in tube grafted tomato by microscopic inspection,we applied tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) ‘Guizhen No.1’ as rootstock and ‘Zhongza No.105’ as scion.The results showed that:(1)With the increasing temperature,the layers of callus cells and diameter were increased in the graft union.More calli were observed on 5 d at 26 ℃.The diameter of grafted seedling was increased by 9.7% compared to the treatment with 16℃.(2)With the decreasing temperature,the process of vascular connection and healing was speed up.Vascular was connected on 6 d after grafting at 16 ℃ at night.The connection period was reduced by 3 d and 6 d compared to the treatments with 21 ℃ and 26 ℃,respectively.The isolation layer completely disappeared on 9 d after grafting at 16 ℃,the connection period was reduced by 3 d compared to the treatments with 21 ℃ and 26 ℃.(3)With the decreasing temperature,translocation ability of xylem and connecting force were improved.The healing quality was increased.Compared to the treatment with 21 ℃,translocation ability of xylem at 16 ℃ was induced by 12%-24%,while connecting force increased by 20%.At the same time,compared with the treatment at 26 ℃,the grafting survival rate at 16 ℃ was higher and translocation ability of xylem was induced by 19%-32%,connecting force increased by 28%,root length,volume and average diameter were increased significantly.So in the situation of 26 ℃ day temperature,16 ℃ is the best night temperature for healing of tube grafted tomato to have strong seedlings with high grafting survival rate and excellent quality.

Abstract:To study the effects of bottle gourd rootstock-grafting on the contents of ions and endogenous hormones in different parts of watermelon seedlings under NaCl stress,we used the salt-sensitive watermelon cultivar ‘Xiuli’ as the scion,the salt-tolerant bottle gourd cultivar ‘Chaofeng Kangshengwang’ as the rootstock in this study.The self-grafted watermelon seedlings were used to be the references to avoid the procedural errors induced by grafting.Results showed that:(1)Most Na⁺ was accumulated in the shoots of self-grafted seedlings while most of Na⁺ was stored in the roots of bottle gourd in rootstock-grafted seedling under NaCl stress.The contents of K⁺ and the ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ were significantly decreased under salt stress in both self-grafted and rootstock-grafted seedlings.However,rootstock-grafted seedling had much higher K⁺ contents and the ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ as compared with self-grafted seedling under salt stress.(2)The content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the total contents of zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) were significantly increased in the roots and the shoots of the scion,while they were significantly decreased in the leaves of self-grafted seedlings under salt stress.The content of gibberellins (GA₃) was kept in the same level or enhanced by salt stress in self-grafted seedlings under salt stress.As regard to the rootstock-grafted seedlings,the contents of IAA and (Z+ZR) were increased under salt stress in all the organs while the content of GA₃ was reduced under salt stress in all the organs except the leaves.(3)The content of abscisic acid (ABA) was significantly decreased in the roots and shoots while it was remarkable increased in the leaves of self-grafted and rootstock-grafted seedling under salt stress.(4)The ratio of IAA/(Z+ZR) in the roots and the shoots of the scions were significantly increased while it was decreased in the leaves in both self-grafted and rootstock-grafted seedlings under salt stress.However,the increased and decreased extents induced by salt stress in rootstock-grafted seedling were much higher than those in the self-grafted seedlings.These results described above demonstrated that the roots of bottle gourd could play a role of trapping the Na⁺ under salt stress and then stopped the most Na⁺ flowing into the shoots,especially in the leaves of the watermelon scions.This might play an important role in stopping from the occurrence of the ion toxic in the rootstock-grafted seedlings under NaCl stress.On the other hand,the bottle gourd rootstock-grafted seedlings could maintain a much higher content of K⁺ and a higher ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ in all the organs as compared with self-grafted seedlings.This could do the favor to maintain the ion homeostasis for a plant exposed to the salt stress.Furthermore,bottle gourd rootstock-grafted seedlings had much higher contents of IAA and (Z+ZR) and a much higher ratio of IAA/(Z+ZR) in all the organs than those of self-grafted seedling under salt stress.This might also take part in the salt adaptation of grafted-watermelon seedlings under NaCl stress.

Abstract:In order to understand the adaptation mechanism of olive to cold stress,we investigated cold stress (5 ℃,0 ℃,-5 ℃,-10 ℃) and ordinary temperature culture(18 ℃,control) with in vitro leaves of 6 olive varieties which planted at Longnan District,Gansu Province.The physiological and biochemical index related with cold hardiness were measured.By the method of subordinate function,comprehensive evaluation on the cold resistance of different varieties was made.The results indicated that:(1)The in vitro leaf relative conductivity of different varieties increased as temperature decreased,presenting “S” type curve change pattern.By using the logistic equation,the half lethal temperatures of the 6 olive varieties were obtained.The values were between -6.687 ℃~-3.706 ℃,and increased according to ‘Picholine’＜‘Pendolino’＜‘Leccino’＜‘Ascolana Tenera’＜‘Ezhi 8 ’＜‘Frantoio’ sequence.(2)The in vitro leaf chlorophyll contents of olive varieties decreased gradually as stress temperature decreased gradually,while the soluble sugar content generally increased,meanwhile the contents of soluble protein,proline,malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of SOD,POD,CAT generally increased first and then decreased.(3)Under -10 ℃ cold stress,compared with normal temperature control,the leaf chlorophyll contents of ‘Picholine’ and ‘Pendolino’ declined slightly,the osmoregulation substance contents and protective enzyme activities increased greatly,and MDA contents increased slightly,meanwhile ‘Frantoio’ and‘ Ezhi 8’ were reversely varied.(4)The 6 olive varieties cold resistance order(‘Picholine’＞‘Pendolino’＞‘Leccino’＞‘Ascolana Tenera’＞‘Ezhi 8 ’＞‘Frantoio’ ) was identified by the average degree of membership hardiness (cold resistance comprehensive evaluation value) was in contrast with that of the half lethal temperature order.The results indicated that,under cold stress,‘Picholine’ and ‘Pendolino’ could relieve the stress of peroxide damage by increasing the osmoregulation substance contents and protective enzyme activities,showed stronger cold resistance ability.Both the half lethal temperature based on relative conductivity and the comprehensive evaluation based on subordinate function analysis could accurately appraise cold resistance of olive varieties.

Abstract:A barren dryland cultivation experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 to study the effects of spraying oligochitosan on leaf senescence,pod yield and kernel quality using ‘Huayu20’(HY20) and ‘Huayu22’(HY22) as materials.Devised 4 oligochitosan concentrations are 0 mg·kg^-1(T0),50 mg·kg^-1(T₁),100 mg·kg^-1(T₂) and 200 mg·kg^-1(T₃),respectively.The results showed that:(1)Spraying different concentrations of oligochitosan significantly increased chlorophyll content and SOD,POD,CAT activities,reduced the content of MDA of leaf at pod filling stage.Spraying oligochitosan significantly increased the pod yield by improving the pod number per plant and single pod weight.(2)Different concentrations of oligochitosan all improved the fat content but reduced the protein content of HY20,while improved the protein and fat content of HY22 at the same time.When the concentration of oligochitosan was 50 mg·kg^-1,it could significantly improve the O/L(oleic acid/linoleic acid) radio of HY20.The relative content of oleic acid was dramatically improved and the linoleic acid content sharply reduced for HY22,when the concentration of oligochitosan was 100 mg·kg^-1.Comprehensive showed that the most suitable concentration of oligochitosan to HY20 was 50 mg·kg^-1 and to HY22 was 100 mg·kg^-1 in barren dryland and the yield could be significantly increased and the kernel quality be also improved.

Abstract:The seedlings of Isatis indigotica in hydroponic cultivation,which seeds were planted in media,were treated by N deficiency and N recovery,and the growth and contents of nitrogen metabolites were analyzed to study the effect of N deficiency and N recovery on growth and nitrogen metabolism of I.indigotica seedlings,and so as to increase the yields,quality and nitrogen utilization.The results showed that:(1)The content of chlorophyll,nitrate,indirubin,glutamine synthetase (GS) activity were the largest,and plant height,main root diameter,fresh weight and dry weight of root,fresh weight and dry weight of leaf and root activity were minimal under the normal treatment.(2)N deficiency could increase main root diameter and dry weight of root,improve the root activity and the activity of nitrate reductase (NR),promote the accumulation of free amino acid in the leaves.Meanwhile,it reduced the GS activity,the contents of nitrate,soluble protein and indirubin in leaves and free amino acids in roots.There were almost no influences to the content of indigo in leaves under N deficiency.(3)N recovery enhanced the weight of plant height,root length,root fresh weight,leaf fresh weight,dry weight of leaves,improved its root activity and reduced the NR and GS activity.Compared with normal process,N recovery reduced the contents of nitrate nitrogen in leaves,improved the content of soluble protein,indigo in leaves and free amino acids in roots.There were little influences to the contents of free amino acids and indirubin in leaves.These results indicated that N recovery after N deficiency was beneficial to the leaf growth and the increasing of indigo of I.indigotica seedlings.

Abstract:Water and fertilizer are two key factors for promoting plant growth.Our objective was to select appropriate water and fertilizer management measure for promoting plant growth and stress resistance of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.‘Hanyuan’ (ZBMH).With the ZBMH seedling as test material,a pot experiment was conducted to study the coupling effects of water and fertilizer on physiological characteristics of stress resistance,and the subordinate function was applied to comprehensively evaluate the impact of water and fertilizer on stress resistance.Water levels included 30%,50% and 70% field water capacity (FWC);fertilizer application levels included NPK,1/2 NPK and no fertilizer,and N,P₂O₅ and K₂O fertilizer application rate in NPK was 150,60 and 150 kg·hm^-2,respectively.Results showed that:(1)The base diameter (D),height (H),soluble sugar and protein,chlorophyll and free proline contents,peroxidase and catalase activities,and subordinate degree of stress resistance (SDSR) in leaf increased with the fertilization increase,but firstly increased and then decreased with the soil water content increase,and the highest values were observed in 50% FWC.On the contrary,relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content in leaf decreased with the fertilization increase,while firstly decreased and then increased with the soil water content increase,and the lowest values were observed in 50% FWC.(2)The SDSR significantly and positively correlated with D,H and D²H of ZBMH seedling (P＜0.05).The relationship of SDSR (y) with soil water content (x₄) and fertilization level (x₅) can be described as y=-1.662-0.001 085x₄²-0.17x₅²+0.100 7x₄+0.420 8x₅(n=27,R²=0.989).The optimal combination of water and fertilizer was 46.4% FWC,185 kg·hm^-2 of N,74 kg·hm^-2 of P₂O₅,and 185 kg·hm^-2 of K₂O.It was suggested that appropriate soil water content and fertilizer application is important to promote plant growth and stress resistance of ZBMH seedling.

Abstract:Transgenic and non-transgenic sweet potatoes were used as experimental material under 15% PEG-6000 simulated water stress condition.Response of lipid peroxidation,photosynthetic and antioxidative system during water stress in transgenic sweet potato lines (TS) overexpressing IbOr and non-transgenic line (NT),were studied to explore the physiological mechanism of transferring gene increase the drought stress tolerance of sweet potato.The results showed that:(1) As water stress time extended,chlorophyll,carotenoids,photosynthetic parameters such as:Photosynthetic net rate (P_n),Stomatal conductance (G_s),Intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i),Transpiration rate (T_r) in TS lines and NT plants decreased obviously,while,transgenic sweet potato lines keep higher level than that of NT plants.(2)O^-·₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of NT were higher than that of TS under normal condition and water stress.The results indicate that transgenic lines have lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and smaller lipid membrane damage than that of NT plants.(3)After 24 h water stress,the activities of SOD and POD enzyme increased,and 48 h later,the enzyme activities reached the maximum,while,which in TS lines is significantly higher than that in NT plants.So we can conclude that overexpression IbOr gene could effectively reduce damage degree of sweet potato under the condition of water stress.The tolerance to water deficit may be achieved mostly by improving the antioxidant ability of sweet potato.

Abstract:In order to understand effects of strong wind-sand flow blowing on growth properties of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica seedlings and its photosynthetic responses,we conducted a field wind-sand flow blowing experiment with 18 m·s^-1 wind speed (wind-sand flow intensity 173 g·cm^-1·min^-1) and a time gradient of 10 min,20 min and 30 min in the Spring,2013 in the Horqin Sand Land of Inner Mongolia.The results showed that:(1)With increase of wind-sand blowing time,amount of plant height growth slowed down,amount of stem diameter growth accelerated,number of fallen leaves increased.The amount of plant height growth decreased by 52.63%,amount of stem diameter growth increased by 233.30%,and fallen leaves index increased by 466.70%,respectively,in the 30 min treatments compared to the CK.(2)Wind-sand flow blowing did not changed the diurnal variation pattern of photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂,but resulted in decrease of the daily maximum photosynthetic capacity and increase of the maximum daily transpiration rate,which decreased by 22.69% and increased by 11.89% in 30 min treatments compared to the CK,respectively.(3)With the increase of wind blowing time,the leaf temperature,RWC,daily mean photosynthetic rate and WUE tended to decline,which decreased by 0.60%,4.37%,28.57% and 31.58%,respectively,in 30 min treatments compared to the CK.The daily mean transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration tended to increase,which increased by 6.25%,6.67% and 12.60%,respectively,in 30 min treatments compared to the CK.The results suggested that the photosynthesis was inhibited,transpiration water consumption increased,and water use efficiency decreased while P.sylvestris var.mongolica seedlings were stressed by continuous sand flow blowing.The decrease of photosynthetic rate resulted mainly from decrease of leaf temperature and leaf water content,and the increase of transpiration rate was mainly due to increase of stomatal conductance.In order to adapt to the continuous blowing sand flow stress,P.sylvestris var.mongolica seedlings reducded the height growth rate,speeded up growth rate of stem diameter.

Abstract:In this experiment,the flue-cured tobacco variety namely ‘K326’ was taken as experimental material.The glutamine synthetase inhibitor (glufosinate-ammonium) of 0.005% and 0.01% (mass fraction) was sprayed over the leaves in the 7th day to technical maturing stage,respectively.The curing characteristics were studied in the process of roasting tobacco.The results revealed that the contents of chlorophyll,carotenoid and activity of polyphenol oxidase reduced;the water loss rate and MDA content of leaves increased;the proportion of yellow leaves increased and variegated tobacco decreased.This study showed that flue-cured tobacco leaves were more easily turning yellow,the easy curing potential and leaf coloring characteristics were improved,reduced the browning reaction’s happening.However,high concentration of glutamine synthetase inhibitor accelerated the rate of leaf water loss which is bad for fixing color.The percentage of green tobacco increased and the appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf reduced.

Abstract:Alleviatedeffects of exogenous nitric oxide on oxidative damage in Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.seedlings were studied under water stress.The results showed that 100-500 μmol·L^-1 SNP(sodium nitrop russide,NO-donor) can alleviated the different degree oxidative damage under water stress,with the activities of superoxide ismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX) and the content of ascorbic acid(ASA) were increased in seedling’s leaves.The study showed that 300 μmol·L^-1 SNP have the significantly effects and relatively high concentration(700 mmol · L^-1 SNP) can not play a relief role,meantime there are certain toxic effectson M.hupehensis seedings.

Abstract:Based on the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,we investigated the light responses of PSⅡ photochemical efficiency,photochemical and non-photochemical quenching processes in flag leaves of booting stage with three local varieties of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).The results showed that:(1)There was a difference of chlorophyll (Chl) content among three local wheat varieties,but the maximum quantum photochemistry efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m) had no significant difference among them.(2)As the increase of light intensity,the PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v′/F_m′),PSⅡ actual photochemical efficiency (Φ_PSⅡ),PSⅡ photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P) and the fraction of PSⅡ reaction centers that are opened (q_L) all exhibited a decreased tendency.Under low light intensity,F_v′/F_m′,Φ_PSⅡ,q_P and q_L of wheat flag leaves decreased from ‘Humai 12’ through ‘Huzhuhong’ to ‘Humai 13’.Under the middle and high light intensity,changes of F_v′/F_m′ values in three varieties tended consistent,but the values of Φ_PSⅡ,q_P and q_L in ‘Huzhuhong’ were slightly higher than that of other two.(3)The values of PSⅡ non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ),apparent electron transfer efficiency (ETR),the quantum yield of quenching due to light-induced processes and non-light-induced processes (Φ_NPQ and Φ_NO) tended to increase with the increasing of light intensity.Under low light intensity,the NPQ and Φ_NPQ decreased from ‘Humai 13’ through ‘Huzhuhong’ to ‘Humai 12’,changes of ETR in ‘Huzhuhong’ and ‘Humai 12’ tended consistent,value of ETR in ‘Humai 13’ was the lowest among three varieties.Under the middle and high light intensity,NPQ and Φ_NPQ decreased from ‘Huzhuhong’ through ‘Humai 13’ to ‘Humai 12’,the ETR showed a decreased tendency from ‘Huzhuhong’ through ‘Humai 12’ to ‘Humai 13’.During the whole changes in light intensity,Φ_NO decreased from ‘Humai 13’ through ‘Humai 12’ to ‘Huzhuhong’.The study suggested that ‘Huzhuhong’ showed strong adaption to high light intensity environment among three varieties.Moreover,‘Humai 12’ had more higher capacity of solar energy usage than ‘Humai 13’ but weaker than ‘Huzhuhong’.‘Humai 13’ was more sensitive to the changes in light intensity than the other two,and it had weaker excitation energy dissipation capacity than ‘Huzhuhong’ but better than ‘Humai 12’.‘Humai 13’had more higher ability of thermal dissipation at low light intensity.

Abstract:The field trail was conducted by setting five different planting densities 37.5×10⁴(Treatment A,TA),45.0×10⁴(Treatment B,TB),52.5×10⁴(Treatment C,TC),60.0×10⁴(Treatment D,TD) and 67.5×10⁴(Treatment E,TE) plants·hm^-2,under drip irrigation by using of randomized block experimental design in 2012 and 2013 summer soybean(‘Heihe 43’) growing seasons,and the leaf SPAD,leaf area index(LAI),specific leaf area(SLA),photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of summer soybean were observed.The result showed that:(1)The leaf SPAD value of summer soybean was less affected by density in seedling stage,but had significant differences among different treatments after seedling stage and increased with higher density in the whole growth period of summer soybean.(2)The LAI was also improved along with higher density in the two trials,and reached the highest in the seed filling period,and the maximum value of 2012 and 2013 in TE were 6.24 and 5.56,which was Significantly higher 18.41% and 36.17% than that of the lowest treatment TA at the same period.SLA increased with higher density,too,and had significant differences in the early and late growth stages while the difference was relatively small in middle growth stage.(3)The net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r) and stomatal conductance(G_s) were increased firstly then decreased with density increase.P_n and G_s reached maximum in the pod-filling period,but T_r reached maximum in the flowering period;intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) was first decreased and then increased with density increase,TC was the lowest both in 2012 and 2013,185.70 μmol·mol^-1 and 179.61 μmol·mol^-1,respectively.(4)Treatment C obtained the highest yield of 3 205.04 kg·hm^-2(2012) and 3 142.53 kg·hm^-2(2013),which was higher 1.42%-14.26% and 1.08%-27.65% in 2012 and 2013,respectively.Therefore,the summer soybean with optimum density was beneficial to light utilization for the high chlorophyll content,and the optimum LAI without plant canopy closure of suitable density ensured the gas exchange between internal and external,which improved the photosynthetic rate and yield.

Abstract:The mature Tapiscia sinensis,Quercus fabri and Betula luminifera which grew in the Yushe National Forest Park of karst plateau area were selected as experimental materials.Differences of photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization traits between these three species were analyzed through the determination of photosynthesis,chlorophyll content,chlorophyll a fluorescence (Chlf),carboxylation efficiency (CE),respiration rate (Resp),carbonic anhydrase activity (WA) and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C),so as to select appropriate plants for community construction,finally achieve the recovery and restoration of this ecological environment.Results showed that:(1)T.sinensis,Q.fabri and B.luminifera were widely distributed.The optimal soil pH for T.sinensis was 4.5-5.5,while Q.fabri would prefer neutral to sub acidity soil and fertile acidic erinaceous soil was good for B.luminifera.Q.fabri and B.luminifera were resistant to drought and barren,but T.sinensis was not resistant to drought and high temperature.(2)P_n,T_r and G_s of leaf of T.sinensis were significantly higher than that of Q.fabri and B.luminifera.The P_n,T_r and G_s in B.luminifera and Q.fabri were only 69.5%,48.2%,66.7% and 28.6%,21.7%,22.2% of T.sinensis,respectively.The chlorophyll content of B.luminifera was twice of that in T.sinensis and Q.fabri,but WUE of them had no significant difference.(3)Net photosynthetic rates in leaves of these three plant species increased as CO₂ concentration increased,but the CO₂ compensation and saturation points between these three plant species were significantly different.CO₂ compensation points of T.sinensis and B.luminifera were lower than 50 μmol·mol^-1,while compensation point of Q.fabri was between 250-300 μmol·mol^-1.CO₂ saturation point of T.sinensis was approximately 1 200 μmol·mol^-1,B.luminifera was approximately 2 300 μmol·mol^-1,while saturation point of Q.fabri was significantly higher than 2 300 μmol·mol^-1.(4)CE,Resp and CA activities of these three plant species were in the order:T.sinensis>B.luminifera>Q.fabri;while δ¹³C of T.sinensis was the lowest,while the values of δ¹³C of B.luminifera and Q.fabri were higher.CE,Resp and CA activities in Q.fabri and B.luminifera were only 5.1%,25.7%,4.0% and 45.3%,54.6%,6.8% of T.sinensis,respectively,and they varied significantly with different plant species.The values of δ¹³C of Q.fabri and B.luminifera were significantly higher than that of T.sinensis.The results indicated that T.sinensis could obtain inorganic carbon from atmospheric CO₂ or intracellular bicarbonate by CA with higher activity and its CO₂ utilization ability and inorganic carbon assimilation efficiency was also higher,as a result,its production was higher.B.luminifera could only absorb inorganic carbon from atmospheric CO₂,but it had higher CO₂ utilization ability,its production was lower than that of T.sinensis but higher than that of Q.fabri.Q.fabri could only absorb inorganic carbon from atmospheric CO₂ too,its CO₂ capture and utilization ability was also lower than that of T.sinensis and B.luminifera.Its requirement of inorganic carbon was the least.So it grew slowly,and its production was the lowest.

Abstract:In order to adapt the ecological adaptation of fine root of gap border trees at preliminary stage,we studied the 34-year old Cupressus funebris plantation in central Sichuan hilly region,researched the first five orders of fine root dynamic rules of fine root morphology and biomass of different size of gaps (50 m²,100 m² and 150 m²) and C.funebris plantation (Ⅳ) at the first year.The main results were found as follows:(1)The fine root morphology and biomass of different root orders of C.funebris plantation have obvious change rule.The specific root length(SRL) and root length density(RLD) of the first order root were the largest,but the average diameter,average root length and biomass of the first order root were the smallest.The SRL and RLD of the fifth order root were the smallest,but the average diameter and biomass of the fifth order root were the largest.Fine root biomass and average diameter of C.funebris significantly increased with increase in order(P<0.05),while SRL and RLD decreased.(2)Compared with C.funebris plantation (Ⅳ),fine root of gap border trees(GBT) have insignificant average diameter,increase average root length and SRL,reduce RLD and biomass at the same root order.(3)GBT at the gap of 150 m² highly raised Matter Distribution of low root orders,with increasing SRL and decline RLD,to use underground forest gap in a more quality way.In conclusion,with the renew of herbs and shrubs the forest gaps have increased pressure of root to competition soil spaces,expansionary growth and heterogeneous exchange of fine root morphology and biomass.

Abstract:To explore the quantitative characteristics of Quercus glandulifera var.brevipetiolata population in Foping National Reserve of Qinling Mountains,the age structure of the population was analyzed.A time-specific life table was constructed,then the survivorship curve and the mortality curve of the population were analyzed,and survival analysis and spectral method were subsequently conducted,which was based on the data from flied experiment and was carried out by means of space-for-time substitution.The results showed that:(1)There were abundant young and middle-age individuals in the population,while few old ones.The age structure of Q.glandulifera var.brevipetiolata showed reversed-J-shaped distribution and therefore it belongs to the growth type.(2)There were two peaks of mortality in Ⅰ(DBH 0-5 cm) and Ⅵ(DBH 25-30 cm) age classes.The life expectancy showed the highest value in Ⅱ(DBH 5-10 cm) age class.The survivorship curve is the Deevey type Ⅱ,which is indicated that the population was in a stable state.(3)The population dynamics showed periodic and the minor period coexist with the main period.The results suggest that Q.glandulifera var.brevipetiolata population showed a steady increase.

Abstract:Based on the 0.1°×0.1° resolution map of vegetation type,soil texture and meteorological data,the atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2) was driven to simulate the net primary productivity (NPP) in Qilian Mountains region from 1958 to 2008,and the response of NPP to climate change were also analyzed in our paper.The results shows that:owning to the increasing of temperatures and precipitation effects,the vegetation(evergreen coniferous forest,deciduous coniferous forests,grasslands,shrubs,farmland) NPP in Qilian Mountains showed an increasing trend in total during the past 51 years,and the rate of increase were:farmland>evergreen coniferous forest>coniferous deciduous forest>grassland>shrub.Changes of vegetation NPP were positively correlated with the changes of temperature and precipitation,and the effects of temperature change on vegetation NPP is greater than that of precipitation,and temperature change effects turns out to be the dominant factors to NPP changes in Qilian Mountains.On the whole study region,the annual average temperature increased 0.043 ℃ per year,the average rate of increase in precipitation is 1.355 mm·a^-1,under the combined effect of temperature and precipitation,the vegetation NPP in Qilian Mountains showed an increasing trend in total during 1958～2008,the average increase rate was 0.718 g·m^-2·a^-1.

Abstract:The karyotpes were analysed via squash method in Prunus triloba and 4 related species which are P.persica L.,P.mume Sieb.,P.cerasifera ‘Pissardii’and P.armeniaca L..The results showed that the chromosome numbers of cultivar P.triloba ‘Ziyan’ was 42,while other P.triloba materials’ numbers were 64(2n=8x=64).All related species were diploid(2n=2x=16).Asymmetry index ranged from 57.68% to 63.08%.The relative length component of P.triloba ‘Ziyan’ was 2n=6L+9M₂+24M₁+3S.Among related species,P.triloba had the closet relationship with P.persica.

Abstract:The pollen viability and the daily changes of 2 wild tobacco resources(Nicotiana alata,N.gossei) and 1 cultivar(K326) were measured by TTC method.The receptivity of stigma was measured by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method,and the stigma receptivity changes of different flowering days were measured by pollination test.The reproductive characteristics of 3 tobacco resources were analyzed by estimating pollen ovule ratio(P/O),hybrid breeding index (OCI) and pollination test.The results showed that:(1)The pollen viability of N.gossei(74.9%) was significantly higher than that of K326(52.2%) and N.alata(45.3%),but there was no significant difference between K326 and N.alata.The daily changes of pollen viability of 3 tobacco resources showed bimodal curves,the peaks at 13:00 and 15:00,respectively.Both the lowest daily pollen viability of 3 tobacco resources and the highest daily temperature appeared at 14:00.(2)The stigma receptivity of K326 was significantly higher than that of N.alata’s and N.gossei’s,but there was no significant difference between the 2 wild resources.The optimal pollination periods of different resources were different.Stigma receptivity of N.gossei might maintain highly from before 1 day to after 4 days of flowering day.The optimal pollination period of N.alata was 2-3 days after flowering day,while the optimal pollination period of K326 was from before 1 day to after 1day of flowering day.(3)The reproductive type of K326 was self-compatible,with some outcrossing phenomena.N.alata and N.gossei were mainly outcrossing.But N.gossei was self-compatible,and the self-compatibility of N.alata was poor.The results indicated that the stigma receptivity of wild resources significantly influenced their fecundity.Low seed-set rate of N.alata was mainly due to self-incompatibility,otherwise the lack of effective pollination was the main reason causing low seed-set rate of N.gossei.

Abstract:Taking the aseptic seedling of ‘Shepody’ potato which bring virus as materials,38 ℃/4 h heat treatment for 4 weeks,stripping with one leaf primordia of potato meristem,inoculated to 24 kinds of MS solid medium add to different hormone combinations,statistical the callus induction rate of meristem and differentiation seedling rate after culturing 30 days by 22 ℃/16 h;RT-PCR detected the virus-free rate of meristem regeneration of three kinds of potato viruses(PVX,PVY,PLRV) and potato spindle tuber viroid(PSTVd).The results showed that the best meristem differentiation medium was MS+1.0 mg/L ZT+0.2 mg/L NAA+2.0 mg/L GA₃,the callus induction rate was 76.25%,differentiation seedling rate was 26.25%;the rate of detoxification of regenerated plantlets three potato virus PVX,PVY and PLRV were 69.4%,91.7% and 100%,respectively.The virus-free rate of potato spindle tuber viroid was 8.3% and the secondary shoot tip virus-free rate was 20.8%.

Abstract:Three conventional cultivars of onion JQS-1,MST-140 and Red beauty were used as materials to observe the statistical changes in the number of onion floral organs.The results showed that:(1)Normally,a single onion floret consisted of 6 stamens.However,the number of stamens decreased to 5 in lot of abnormal florets.In contrast,the number of stamens increased from 7 to 11 in part of onion flowers.The normal anthers produced abundant pollens,which were uniformly dispersed in anther.However there were a lot of pollens with irregular shape in the abnormal anthers;(2)Some flower with abnormal pistil were also observed,for example,the number of ovaries were decreased to 2 or increased to 4 or 6.Meanwhile the number of stayle was increased from 1 to 2 or 3;(3)Normal flower consisted of 6 tepals,but abnormal flower contain 5 to 10 tepals.It contains synchronous and non-synchronous types of variation in the changes of tepals and stamens number.These studies may offer some basis for the researches on diversity of floral organ development,rich the patterns of floral development and the classification and system development of plant.

Abstract:Orchidaceae for the study of taxonomy in Lhasa river basin from Xizang(Tibet),a newly recorded genus in Xizang (Frigidorchis Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) and subordinate the newly recorded species was recorded in Xizang[Frigidorchis humidicola (K.Y.Lang & D.S.Deng) Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen],and the taxonomic feature pictures of the newly recorded species are provided.

Abstract:Lonicera reticulata Champ.var.cordifolia W.B.Xu is reported as a new variety from Guizhou Province,China.It differs from the typical variety,Lonicera reticulata Champ.,by having bracts 1-1.5 cm long,much longer than calyx tubes,and leaves ovate-cordate,up to 10 cm wide,distinctly cordate at base.Holotype is appointed in this paper,and the associated species in the same environments are described.