Abstract:In this study,we screened and confirmed the candidate gene of iga-1 in the fine mapping region,which controls the dwarf phenotype of mutation of cha-2,made clear the sequence variation and expression patterns of the gene,and explored its molecular mechanism of genetic regulation.Candidate gene in the mapping region was predicted using rice annotation database,and sequence variations of the ORF,upstream and downstream were analyzed based on sequencing and sequence alignment.Furthermore,meta-analysis of the crucial motif was performed.And expression pattern was investigated using semi-quantitative PCR.(1)On the basis of early studies of fine mapping of the nuclear genes iga-1,3 ORF were predicted in this study,including 2 dnaJ chaperones LOC_Os05g26902 and LOC_Os05g26926,and another one is the dwarf gene,RGA1( LOC_Os05g26890).(2)It is found that only several SNP were detected in the LOC_Os05g26890 in the mapping region between cha-2 and wild type by sequencing of ORFs,which appear to have no alteration of amino acid coding.(3)Expression analysis results show that RGA1 was unable to express in four developmental stages of cha-2 and was revealed inactivation in genetic background of ‘Zhonghua 11’ or ‘Shisoubaimao’ with genetic stability,which therefore was identified as candidate gene of iga-1.(4)The sequences in upstream and downstream of the RGA1 were examined,and 865 bp deletion was found in the upstream of RGA1 in cha-2,which was induced the whole exon 1,part of intron 1 and upstream region of transcription initiation.We concluded that the iga-1 in mutation of cha-2 was the inactivated RGA1 without normal expression,which was caused by a large fragment deletion in the key region of transcription.

Abstract:At the present study,the binary insect-resistant BmkIT-Chitinase gene was successfully transformed into the Chinese cabbage inbred line 20-19-3 via pollen mediated transformation approach assisted by supersonic.Five transgenic Chinese cabbage inbred lines Z1-5,Z2-7,Z9-6,Z11-6 and Z20-13 were obtained.The genetic rules,transgenic expression and insect resistance of above transgenic materials were compared with untransformed control.The PCR amplification and Southern blot hybridization detection on transgenic plants and their progeny showed that:(1)BmkIT-Chitinase gene has been transformed into the genome of receptors and the transgenics can inherit stably.Most transgenics exist in multi-copy form and single copy transgenics appeared in few translines.(2)ELISA assay verified the expression of foreign gene and the expression product of BmkIT-Chitinase gene in T₄ transgenic plants were high to 0.069 μg·g^-1 fresh leaves.(3)Field insect-resistant bioassay showed that there are significant differences on insect resistance between transformed inbred lines and their control groups.The level of insect resistance activities of Pieris rapae Linnaenus and Plutella xylostella Linnaenus enhanced 2-3 degree.

Abstract:The ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase gene (ApCPS) with putative invovlment in andrographolides biosynthesis was silenced successfully in the 8-leaf stage of Andrographis paniculata through TRV virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS),which was verified by semiquatitative RT-PCR and quatitative RT-PCR.(1)Gene silencing of ApCPS resulted in decreased accumulation of andrographolides significantly with HPLC analysis.(2)In order to comprehensively investigate gene expression of andrographolides biosynthesis,the uptream genes,HMGR,DXS and GGPS were chosen to be analyzed by qRT-PCR.In VIGS plants,GGPS showed decreased trascript accumulation,which might be resulted from negetive feedback of GGPP accumulated after ApCPS gene silencing.No significant change was observed for HMGR and DXS upon ApCPS gene silencing.(3)HMGR,DXS and GGPS exhibited inducible gene expression with MeJA treatment,as well as ApCPS,indicating pleiotropic regultion of MeJA on andrographolides biosynthesis.It is the first report to characterize ApCPS involved in andrographolides biosynthesis in vivo through VIGS,which lays the foundation for further investigation of other andrographolides biosynthetic genes.

Abstract:To study the photosynthesis of Dendrobium officinale,we isolated a full-length cDNA of Rubisco activase DORCA(Accession No.KT205841) from this plant by the method of RT-PCR and RACE using degenerate primers designed according to the conserved region of RCA.The full-length cDNA of DORCA was 1 724 bp,with an ORF of 1 317 bp encoding 438 putative amino acids.Phylogenetic analysis showed that DORCA closed to ZaRCA(AAK25801.1).Bioinformatics analysis showed that DORCA belonged to β isoform of RCA protein and had high identities with other plant RCAs.The DORCA contained a predicted N-terminal transit peptide to chloroplast,two high conserved ATP-binding domains and multiple phosphorylation sites.The real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) results showed that DORCA was only detected in green tissues.In the 12 h dark and 12 h natural light photoperiods,maximal and minimal DORCA mRNA expression levels were detected at 8:30 and 20:30,respectively,which indicated that DORCA has the obvious characteristics of light-induced expression.

Abstract:Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) system was established in Lagerstroemia species,and 45S rDNA loci were anchored on the chromosomes of L.indica,L.caudata,L.fauriei and L.limii.The results showed that only one pair of 45S rDNA loci were found at the end of the short arms of one pair of homologous chromosomes.The karyotypes of the four Lagerstroemia species were all 2A and the karyotype formulas were 2n=48=2M+24m+22sm(L.indica),2n=48=30m+18sm(L.caudata),2n=48=2M+20m +26sm(L.fauriei) and 2n=48=2M+32m+14sm(L.limii) respectively.It is the first report on karyotype analysis with 45S rDNA loci in Lagerstroemia genus and the results will provide a cytomolecular basis for genetic research of Lagerstroemia.

Abstract:The mechanism of pollen abortion of Dianthus caryophyllus was studied under low temperature environment in winter for further research hybrid breeding.Microsporogenesis process of male sterile was histologically examined using squash technique and paraffin embedded method.The results demonstrated:(1)only few mature pollen grains in winter was followed through the initiation of the microsporocyte formation,meiosis and the tetrad developmental period,finally formed pollen.(2)61% pollen mother cells aborted in 1.5-1.6 cm of buds and 71% pollen mother cells aborted in 1.7-1.8 cm of buds.(3)Furthermore,the portion of callose of tetrad could not dissolve resulting in microspores unreleased into the chamber.In brief,abnormal pollen mother cell and tetrad are the main cause of microspore in low temperature of winter.

Abstract:Here we characterize microsporogenesis and development of male gametophytes by using paraffin sections to study the relationship between the endangered mechanism and the male reproductive development.In addition,the study provides a basic information for the protection and propagation of Diplopanax stachyanthus Hand.-Mazz.The results are as follows:(1)anthers are tetrasporangiate,and the microsporangium wall is composed of epidermis,endothecium,middle layers and tapetum.The development type of anther wall is of basic type;(2)cytokinesis during meiosis of microspore mother cells(MMCs) is simultaneous,and the tetrad is tetrahedral;(3)the nature pollen is two-celled;(4)scanning electron microscope observation shows that it is obtuse-triangular in pole view and oblong-globose in equatorial view,with three apertures.The study suggests that there is no abnormal development of male reproductive structure of D.stachyanthus Hand.-Mazz..

Abstract:To observe megasporogenesis,microsporogenesis and development of female and male gametophytes,we studied the fresh flowers of Calotropis gigantea using paraffin wax.The results were as follows:(1)Archesporial cell of C.gigantea microspore differentiated from two areas of subcutaneous tissue.The mature anther wall was composed of epidermis,endothecium (1 layer) and middle layer (2 layers),glandular tapetum (1 layer) and its development model belonged to basic type.The glandular tapetum was a secretory structure.Cytokinesis of microspore mother cells was continuously split twice.Three cells were observed in the mature pollen grain:2 small sperm cells and one large vegetative cell.(2)C.gigantea had two carpels in pistil and 1 locule in ovary.The ovule was anatropous,marginal placentation,unitegmic and tenuinucellus.The megaspore tetrads were linear and the chalazal megaspore was functional.The mature embryo sacs had seven cells with eight nucleis,and belonged to polygonum type sac.(3)C.gigantea pistil developed later than stamen,and the female and stamen developed synchronized before buds open.It was considered that the barrenness of C.gigantea was not due to male or female sterility,although some proportional abortion exists in the development of pistil and stamen.Maybe it was related to pollination fertilization.

Abstract:Comparative anatomical observation on stem and leaf of 40 common Labiatae species was performed by paraffin section technology.Typical anatomical characters of stem and leaf in dicotyledon were observed.(1)Stem were made of epidermis,cortex,and ascular cylinder.Developed collenchyma existed under the epidermis of the edge corner.Vascular tissues under the collenchyma were obviously more developed than other tissues.There were three types of stem cross section,three types of vascular bundle as well.(2)Leaves were comprised of epidermis,mesophyll and vein.As a bifacial leaf,palisade tissue and spongy tissue are apparently distinct.And the palisade tissue consists of 1-3 layer cells.Vein venter bulge was found in few species.In most of the species,main vein was more developed than lateral vein,and the others were nearly similar.There were three types of vascular bundle in vein,crescent,hemicycle and circular.The number of vascular bundle mostly was single or more in some cases.The mainly taper of epidermal hair was composed of 1-3 cells and few were rhabditiform.The results showed that,the anatomical characters of stem and leaf in Lamiaceae species is distinct whatever among the genus or species which was helpful for discussing the taxonomic position of species in Labiatae,as well as species identification.However,it can not be the determining character.

Abstract:Leaves exhibit great phenotypic plastic in both morphology and anatomic structure,and are the most sensitive organ to environmental changes.In this study,leaves of Polygonum paleaceum living at nine altitudes ranged from 3 000 to 4 600 m in Yulong Mountains were sampled.Then the morphological and anatomical structures of these leaves were studied by the paraffin section method and microscopic techniques.The aim is to reveal the adaptive strategy of this plant to different altitudes.The results showed:(1)length,width,and ratio of length to width all decrease with rising altitude,the maximum decrease rates are 84.64%,74.87% and 37.50%,respectively.(2)The leaves of this plant are bifacial,including epidermis,mesophyll and vein.The epidermis is single layer and has thicker cuticle;the palisade of mesophyll is composed by two to three layers of cells.The veins compose some vascular bundles which arrange by a discrete circle.(3)The thickness of the leaves,palisade tissue thickness,spongy tissue thickness and thickness of main vein,length of vascular bundles,and width of vascular bundles all increase with rising altitudes,the maximum increase are 38.32%,47.30%,47.39%,56.46%,173% and 337%,respectively.While the upper and lower epidermis,cell tense ratio,leaf loose degree,ratio of palisade to spongy tissue and number of vascular bundles did not correlate with altitudes significantly.In summary,this study showed the morphological and anatomical structures of P.paleaceum leaves would be changing with increasing altitudes,which would be good for plants to decrease transpiration,increase water conservation and photosynthesis ability.

Abstract:In order to provide the theoretical basis for introduction and cultivation,we compared the leaf anatomical structure,photosynthetic characteristics of Agastache rugosa from different areas.The results showed that:(1)the leaf palisade tissue compose of a long columnar cell,and the leaf spongy tissue with 4-6 layers,the lower epidermis has more stomata and non-glandular hairs,leaf stomata shape were mostly oval of A.rugosa from different areas.The A.rugosa from Chengdu had the largest stoma diameter,greatest stoma density,and the longest non-glandular,the chlorophyll contents were also significantly higher than other eares;(2)the light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point(LCP) of A.rugosa from different areas between 688.67-1 244.56 and 19.42-73.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,apparent quantum yield (AQY) of A.rugosa from Shangqiu was the highest;(3)the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of different areas A.rugosa were both bimodal curves,which appeared peak at 10:00 and 16:00.And an obvious midday depression of photosynthesis appeared at 14:00,and the photosynthesis siesta influenced mostly by stomatal limitation factor.Research showed that:among the five A.rugosa areas,the leaf structure existed significance differences,In some areas,there was a correlation between the leaf morphology and the light response characteristics.In addition,A.rugosa cultivated in Sichuan showed a better ability to adapt to the light environment and photosynthetic capacity,can be introduced as a local priority object.

Abstract:The effect of exogenous spermidine(Spd) on inducing resistance of Cucumis melo L.to powdery mildew was conducted with the susceptible cultivars ‘0544’,and the photosynthetic parameters,activities of antioxidant enzymes,contents of endogenous polyamines and the genes expression of polyamine synthesis and metabolism were tested in melon seedlings after pretreated with Spd then inoculated with powdery mildew.The results showed that:(1)1.0 mmol·L^-1 exogenous Spd could significantly reduce the disease index in melon seedlings resistance to powdery mildew and relieve the symptoms;(2)the genes related to polyamine syntheses and metabolism(SAMDC,ADC,ODC,Spd,Spm,PAO) were significantly induced by the exogenous Spd treatment during the seedling stage;(3)the contents of putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spd) were induced more significantly by the exogenous Spd while the spermine (Spm) content accumulated more by both the exogenous Spd treatment and powdery mildew inoculation;(4)the defense enzymes of melon seedlings such as polyphenol oxidase(PPO),peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were induced after powdery mildew inoculation,with both the exogenous Spd treatment and powdery mildew inoculation.Meanwhile,the H₂O₂ contents increased as well after the exogenous Spd treatment;(5)during the period of observation(120 h),the photosynthetic parameters were less affected after the powdery mildew inoculation.However,the photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(G_s) and transpiration rate (T_r) increased significantly by both the exogenous Spd treatment and powdery mildew inoculation.This study suggested that pretreatment melon seedlings with the exogenous Spd before powdery mildew inoculation could obviously improve the resistance of melon to powdery mildew,which might via rapid accumulation of PAs and H₂O₂ contents metabolized form polymine,and then induced the activities of defense enzymes.

Abstract:In this paper,we investigated the allelopathic effects of cinnamic acid and caffeic acid and their phytotoxic mechanism on lettuce seedlings,in order to reveal the mechanism of allelopathy by phenolic acids.The results showed that:(1)root length,shoot length and fresh weight of lettuce seedlings were all obviously inhibited by cinnamic acid at different concentrations,and the inhibition rate of root length,shoot length and fresh weight at concentration of 1 000 μmol/L was 89%,74% and 49%,respectively.Root length and shoot length of lettuce seedlings both were promoted at low concentration (0.1,1.0 and 10 μmol/L) and inhibited at high concentration (100 and 1 000 μmol/L) by caffeic acid.Besides,the growth inhibition of cinnamic acid on lettuce seedlings was obviously stronger than that of caffeic acid at high concentration.(2)Cinnamic acid and caffeic acid both had no significant effect on cell viability in lettuce root tips at low concentration (0.1,1.0 and 10 μmol/L).High concentration (100 and 1 000 μmol/L) of cinnamic acid and caffeic acid both significantly increased the number of dead cells.(3)Low concentration of cinnamic acid (0.1 and 1.0 μmol/L) and caffeic acid (0.1,1.0 and 10 μmol/L) both had no significant effect on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).When the concentration of cinnamic acid was over 10 μmol/L and the concentration of caffeic acid was over 100 μmol/L,the accumulation of ROS increased rapidly with the increasing of concentration.ROS was induced and accumulated in lettuce seedlings under the stress of cinnamic acid and caffeic acid,which leaded to the reduction of cell viability and finally affected the growth and development of lettuce seedlings.Furthermore,the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid was significantly stronger than that of caffeic acid.

Abstract:In order to understand the mechanism that cinnamaldehyde (CA) can enhance pepper resistance to phytophthora blight disease,we investigated the antifungal effect of CA on Phytophthora capsici in vitro and the controlling effect on disease development as well as the regulation of defensive response in pepper seedlings by CA.Basically,we obtained the following results:(1)the EC₅₀ for CA against isolate NJ01 used in this study was 0.81 mmol/L;CA treatment resulted in the abnormally broken mycelia of NJ01 and cell death indicated by PI staining.(2)Pepper seedlings inoculated with NJ01 alone showed obvious disease symptoms,such as black brown atrophic sub-stem,plant lodging,leaf abscission,and decreased biomass.However,pepper seedlings inoculated with CA-treated NJ01 with increased fresh weight and chlorophyll content grew well without any obvious disease symptoms.(3)Compared to the NJ01 inoculation alone,inoculation with CA-treated NJ01 resulted in the significant increases in the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes (e.g.CAT,POD,and SOD) and the contents of antioxidants (e.g.GSH and ASA).In conclusion,it can be speculated that pepper enhanced resistance to pepper phytophthora blight disease by CA may attribute to the antifungal effect of CA and CA-modulated plant defense in pepper seedlings.

Abstract:Modifications of morphological and developmental growth,photosynthetic characteristics and reactive oxygen species metabolism in the receiver plant as affected by decomposing camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) leaf litter have been preliminarily revealed in the previous work.As a continuation,another pot experiment (25,50 and 100 g leaf litter was severally mixed with 10 kg soil and loaded into the pot,the control was free of leaf litter) was conducted to investigate the effects of decomposing camphor tree leaf litter on nitrogen status in the receiver plant hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) and soil,the modification of exogenous N (urea) input on these effects,and whether these effects could be explained by soil microbial N immobilization,which was hypothetically attributed to a high C/N ratio in the leaf litter.The results showed that:(1)nitrate N,soluble protein and total N in hot pepper seedlings were all decreased sharply and significantly after exposure to different doses of the leaf litter (25-100 g per pot),in at least two months.(2)The decrease of soil nitrate N was significantly consistent with that of plant nitrate N and total N with the increasing leaf litter dose,while soil microbial biomass N was generally higher treated by the leaf litter compared to the control,and much slighter alterations were found in soil ammonium N and total N.(3)N application not only elevated N nutrition level in hot pepper and nitrate N in soil exposed to each leaf litter treatment,but also decreased the inhibitory effect of camphor tree leaf litter on these indices.(4)The initial C/N ratio in the leaf litter is high (125.61±4.89),and this ratio maintained at values much higher after 48 day to 137 day decomposition than the hypothesized critical value range,located in or/and surpass which soil microbial N immobilization would occur.However,no limited growth in hot pepper was observed after application of the leaf litter that has decomposed for 120 and 135 days,though possessing high C/N ratio.It is concluded that some chemicals released during the decomposition of camphor tree leaf litter interfere with the nitrification process and decreased nitrate N in soil,resulting in reduction of N absorption and accumulation in the receiver plant.While,N immobilization caused by soil microbes,despite the high C/N ratio in the leaf litter,plays a secondary role in the effect of decomposing leaf litter stated previously.

Abstract:To investigate the response of photosynthetic apparatus to UV-B radiation,we investigated the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under artificial simulated low UV-B radiation treatment(2.4 μW/cm²),that including Chl a fluorescence transients induced dynamic curve,F₀,F_m,the parameters of PSⅡ reaction center activity(ABS/RC,TR_o/RC and ET_o/RC) and performance index (PI) in leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis,by using the pocket PEA.The results suggested that:(1)UV-B mainly influenced the acceptor side of PSⅡ system rather than its donor side because of the O-J-I-P chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves didn’t change by low level UV-B radiation.(2)The results of F₀,F_m and F_v/F_m indicated that UV-B radiation inhibited the openness of reaction center and blocked the transporting of electron from Q_A to Q_B,and that was confirmed by the decreasing of PI_abs and PI_total.Thus,low level UV-B radiation influences photochemical or non-photochemical reaction beyond Q_A as result of reduced electron transportation efficiency from Q_A to PQ.

Abstract:To detect the effect of drought on one-year-old Lycium ruthenicum seedlings,we investigated the photosynthetic pigments,photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics on four different soil contents:CK(21.18%-22.32% soil moiture),light stress(12.20%-13.82%),moderate stress(12.20%-13.82%) and severe stress(7.89%-8.73%).The results showed that:(1)the chlorophyll content and carotenoid content decreased with the decreasing soil water content.(2)Under the moderate stress,the net photosynthetic rate (P_n),the transpiration rate (T_r),stomatal conductance (G_s) decreased significantly.With the decreasing of soil water content,intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i),the water use efficiency (WUE) increased,whereas stomatal limitation (L_s) performed the inverse trend.(3)With the increasing of the minimal fluorescence (F₀) and nonphotochemical quenching (q_n) value,the maximal fluorescence (F_m),maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m),actual photochemical efficiency (Ф_PSⅡ),and photochemical quenching (q_P) decreased.It indicated that the excess energy of the leaves of L.ruthenicum is dissipated by heat,and the open degree of the reaction center is reduced to avoid the damage of the PSⅡ reaction center.It suggested that L.ruthenicum keep on vigor above the limitation of 7.89% soil moisture,and the largest WUE and the higher P_n arrive on 12.20%-13.82% soil moisture.

Abstract:By using heat-resisting,late-maturing purple pepper‘7036’and heat-sensitive,early-maturing green pepper‘9050’,we studied the effects of heat stress on POD isozyme and DNA methylation expression.The results indicated that:(1)as for POD expression,one more band existed in treatment without heat stress in pepper‘7036’,and different change tendency of POD activity existed in two peppers.(2)With the time extending,percentage of non-methylation and full-methylation increased,whereas percentage of half methylation and total methylation decreased in pepper‘7036’,and only percentage of methylation in the treatment of heat stress for 7 days(T₇) showed similar changing tendency in pepper‘9050’,while its absolute values of full-methylation and half methylation ratio were significantly less than those of‘7036’.(3)As regards to methylation profiles of T₇ treatment,higher ratio of C type band of hypomethylation existed in pepper‘7036’and B type band of hypermethylation showed in pepper‘9050’.The results above showed that,recovery of POD activity,declining in percentage of half methylation and rising in percentage of full-methylation rapidly,and hypomethylation were relevant to resisting heat stress in purple pepper‘7036’.

Abstract:The aim of this work was to investigate the efficiency of film/gauze covering on anti-chilling for pineapple in winter.The micro-environmental air temperature and humidity,light intensity,as well as soil temperature of the three treatments,namely film mulching and gauze covering (FM+GC),film mulching (FM) and no film-mulching but gauze covering (NF+GC),were compared with control (no film-mulching,NF).Also,the growth tendency of pineapple plants and fruits,as well as quality,color aspects and aroma components of pineapple fruits were monitored and compared.The results indicated:(1)FM+GC,FM and NF+GC increased the micro-environmental air temperature when compared with control.FM+GC and NF+GC increased the air humidity around one day.By FM,the air humidity was increased before 10:00 and then slightly decreased after 11:30.FM+GC and NF+GC decreased the light intensity,while NF slightly increased.FM+GC,FM and NF+GC increased the temperature of soil.(2)FM+GC,FM and NF+GC promoted the initiation of newly growing leaves and increased their length.FM+GC,FM and NF+GC increased the longitudinal and transverse diameters as well individual weight of pineapple fruits.No significant differences were observed when compared the TSS,TA (Titratable acidity) and TSS/TA ratio of the three treatments with control.(3)FM+GC and FM increased the values of L^*,a^* and b^* of pineapple skin,whereas,NF+GC decreased.FM+GC increased the values of L^*,a^* and b^* of pineapple pulp and NF+GC decreased,while,FM increased L^* and decreased a^* and b^*.(4)FM+GC decreased the total content of ester aroma components and increased that of alkene components,while,the change tendency was inverted by FM and NF+GC.This present work suggested that Film/GC covering effectively prevented the pineapple from chilling and promoted the growth of pineapple plants and fruits in winter.Film/GC covering slightly affected the quality properties of pineapple fruits.GC covering negatively affected the coloration and the aroma components of pineapple fruits ripened in winter-spring seasons in some degree.

Abstract:Soil types have important influence on the biomediation of Cs contaminated soil.In order to investigate how soil types affect the absorption and transfer of Cs in Gynura cusimbua (D.Don) S.Moore,we cultivated G.cusimbua in four types of soils which are Purplish,Paddy,Red and Yellow from Sichuan Province,respectively,and then soils were treated with different concentrations of CsCl (0,20,40,80,120 mg·kg^-1) after three-leaf stage.The Cs content in roots,stems and leaves were analyzed after 10,20 and 30 d,to explore the possible correlations between the bio-enrichment of Cs,soil pH value and soil bio-available potassium.The results showed that:(1)in four types of soils,Cs content was significantly positively correlated with the treatment concentration and time,and there were obviously differences in G.cusimbua among the different organs,and the order of Cs content from high to low was roots,leaves and stems,which mean that the organs of G.cusimbua had accumulation ability of Cs.(2)In different soils,the bio-enrichment coefficient and transfer factor of G.cusimbua were quite different at each treatment stage.The G.cusimbua’s abilities of bio-enrichment and transfer increased at low concentration before 20d,and then decreased.Meanwhile,in the four soils,G.cusimbua’s bio-enrichment of down-ground parts outweighed its up-ground parts,and plant had the highest accumulation of Cs in Yellow soil.(3)There were some correlations among the bio-available potassium,soil pH value and cesium accumulation of G.cusimbua.Compared with other three soils,G.cusimbua had the highest Cs accumulation in Yellow soil because of its natural soil pH value and low concentration of bio-available potassium.

Abstract:In order to investigate the production mechanism of oil flax under different coordination with water-nitrogenous fertilizer,we used ‘Longyaza 1’ to as material to elucidate the effects of nitrogen and irrigation interaction on dry matter accumulation,distribution and grain yield of oil flax.The split plot design was employed with main plot of water(W₁,irrigation amount was 60 mm at stem stage;W₂,irrigated at stem and flowering stage,and irrigation amount was 60 mm and 40 mm;W₃,irrigated at stem,squaring and flowering stage,and irrigation amount was 60 mm,40 mm and 40 mm),sub-plot of nitrogen fertilizer(N₁,0 kg·hm^-2;N₂,75.0 kg·hm^-2;N₃,112.5 kg·hm^-2;N₄,150.0 kg·hm^-2).The results showed that:(1)the irrigation amount and N application rate has a significant effect on dry matter accumulation and distribution,and there was extremely significant interactive effect between irrigation and nitrogen rate on grain yield,moreover,irrigation rate played a more important role than nitrogen rate.(2)Compared with other treatments,dry matter distribution in grains at maturity stage and contribution of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grains under the same N application levels were markedly raised and grain yield was significantly increased by 10.51%-27.99% in W₂.(3)The contribution of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grains at N₃ levels under the same irrigation conditionswas significantly increased by 7.90%-42.43%;at the W₂ and W₃ irrigation level,the grain yield of N₃ treatment was the largest,but over-fertilization of nitrogen caused significantly reduction of yield with a drop of 7.96%-9.62%.Therefore,water and nitrogen coordination played a key role in dry matter accumulation and distribution,which was closely related to the grain yield;the nitrogen rate of 112.5 kg·hm^-2,irrigation amount of 60 mm and 40 mm at stem and flowering stage in the whole growth period was optimal combination of irrigation and nitrogen for the higher grain yield of oil flax under the conditions of this experiment.

Abstract:Soil moisture is the dominant limiting factor of desert-wetland ecosystems in the inland.Based on the traditional and geographical statistics methods,we measured soil moisture ranged from 0 to 200 cm depth to find the rules of their spatial distribution characteristics,and surveyed some associated environmental factors such as altitude,soil texture and related vegetation indices in desert-wetland ecosystem at Xihu district,Dunhuang National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province,which may be helpful to vegetation restoration,protection and sustainable management in wetland ecosystem at extreme arid areas.The main results were as follows:(1)the coefficients of variation,Nugget variance,sill,range and spatial dependence were ranged from 36.51% to 88.65%,0.007 to 0.098,0.112 to 0.549,116 to 453 and 76.6% to 97.6%,respectively,and all their variables were at a medium variation level and a high heterogeneity and strong spatial autocorrelation was appeared.(2)The variability of soil moisture in the deep soil profile at 60 to 200 cm was higher than those in the shallow layer at 0 to 60 cm,which kept much more differences at different layers,especially in some small scales.(3)The altitude was a dominant factor that influenced the variation of deep soil moisture trend.(4)The relationships between soil texture and soil moisture in deep soil at 60 to 200 cm were stronger than those of shallow layers at 0 to 60 cm,otherwise,which did not comply with the factor of altitude;there were a great positive correlation between the herbage coverage and the soil moisture in shallow soil layers,but a negative correlation between the root biomass of shrub and the soil moisture in deep soil layers.

Abstract:The community characteristics of Fagus hayatae and species diversity in Micangshan Nature Reserve (32°29′-32°41′N,106°24′-106°39′E) of Sichuan were studied on the 20 m×30 m forest plots.The results indicated that:(1)there were 129 vascular plant species belonging to 83 genera and 48 families in the F.hayatae community and Rosaceae was the dominant family.The north temperate,pantropic and east Asia-north America disjuncted distribution were the dominant floristic distribution types,which had the characteristics of the north and south.The main life-form spectrum distribution was Phanerophytes (61.16%) and Geophyta (23.14%),with relatively fewer other life-form spectrum,which was consistent with the geographieal location of F.hayatae community distributed in Micangshan Mountain.(2)F.hayatae was the single dominant species,and its important value was 42.37%.The Shannon-Wiener index of the shrub layer in the community was 0.97,significantly higher than that of tree layer and herb layer,which reflected the abundance of species in shrub layer.(3)In age structure of F.hayatae population,the individual of Ⅰ and Ⅱ occupying 24.05%,Ⅳ and Ⅴ accounting for 54.81%,which showed the poor natural regeneration in the population.(4)The community structure similarity analyses showed that F.hayatae communities could be divided into 4 groups with significant differences in species composition.The results showed that the characteristics of F.hayatae community and species diversity in Micangshan Nature Reserve have obvious regional features due to the inland.

Abstract:The basic work for the system establishment about genetic transformation,cell fusion and regeneration is to formulate efficient protoplast isolation system.The influence of different factors such as enzyme liquid combination,mannitol concentration,enzymatic hydrolysis time and centrifugal speeds on the isolation and purification of protoplast from tartary buckwheat ‘YU 6-21’ mesophyll cells were studied.The results showed that the optimal enzyme solution for protoplast isolation was 1.5% cellulase R-10+0.5% macerozyme R-10+0.5 mol/L mannitol+20 mmol/L MES+20 mmol/L KCl+10 mmol/L CaCl₂+0.1% BSA.Fifth to sevevth true leaves,which were removed the lower epidermal layer with tape,were incubated in enzyme solution for 4 h at 25 ℃ in dark,and centrifugal speeds was 900 r/min for protoplast collection.The protoplast yield amounted to 6×10⁶/g fresh weight and the vitality was up to 90%;Dual-luciferase reporter vector was used as the reporter gene and protoplasts were regarded as the receptor to measure protoplast transformation efficiency,when the concentration of PEG4000 was 20% and transfection time was 20 min in dark,the high luciferase activities of Photinus pyralis and Renilla reniformis could be detected,indicating that dual-luciferase reporter vector can be successfully loaded into protoplasts.The study provide technical basis for tartray buckwheat protoplast transient expression system and genetic manipulation.

Abstract:Aglae samples were collected from Yalong Bay Forest Park of Hainan Province,Dajiu Lake Wetland of Hubei Province and Xingkai Lake Wetland of Heilongjiang Province.Taxonomical research was done on the diatom.Five species of Gomphonema (Bacillariophyta) were reported as the newly recorded taxa of China in this paper.They are Gomphonema acidoclinatum Lange-Bertalot & Reichardt,Gomphonema hasta Metzeltin,Gomphonema kobayashiae Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot,Gomphonema latipes Reichardt and Gomphonema occultum Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot.Comparative descriptions of morphological features among similar species were given.

Abstract:In June 5th to 6th 2015,three species of plants were found at the elevation between 747 to 772 around Xirang Village,BeiBeng Township,Medog County of Tibet,and specimens of them were collected.By identification,they were Balakata baccata,Artocarpus heterophyllus and Bombax ceiba.B.ceiba was the first recorded plant of Bombacaceae in Tibet.Balakata baccata and Artocarpus heterophyllus were the newly recorded of plant species to Tibet.The discovery of three plants enriches the flora of Tibet,and deeply proves the thesis that the rain forest also distributes in the southeast of Tibet.

Abstract:Auxin response factors (ARFs) are key mediators of auxin responses,of which ARF5/MONOPTEROS(MP) plays a role in the regulation of many growth and development processes in Arabidopsis.In this article,we review recent progress in studying the regulatory functions of ARF5/MP,with a particular emphasis on its roles in mediating auxin signaling in hypophysis specification,vascular development and shoot apical meristem maintenance,as well as the structural and functional conservation of ARFs,thus provide a valuable reference for studying the molecular mechanisms of auxin signaling in plants.

Abstract:Tropane alkaloids,including atropine,hyoscyamine,anisodamine and scopolamine are important anticholinergic drugs.Insight into molecular regulation mechanism of biosynthesis on tropane alkaloids in some Solanaceae herb and developing plant bioreactor to improve tropane alkaloids producing,especially scopolamine is becoming a hot pot in recent years.In this review,we summarized progress on tropane alkaloids biosynthesis tissues,molecular regulation and bioreactor technology.In addition,we discussed some problems in this field and looked forward its development in the future.