Abstract:The fructose1, 6bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) family plays an important role in plants stressresponse. A sikFBA1 gene was cloned based on the sequencing results of the Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir transcriptome with RTPCR method. The open reading frame (ORF) of the sikFBA1 gene is 1 077 bp which encoded a deduced protein including 358 amino acids residues. The protein sequence of sikFBA1 possesses the conserved Glycolytic domain, the typical family characteristic of FBA. Phylogenetic analysis exhibitied that sikFBA1 of S. involucrata Kar. et Kir showed the closest genetic relationship with that of Codonopsis lanceolata and they are all belonged to the FBA class I .When fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the subcellular localization assay, we found that sikFBA1 protein was present in the cytoplasm, which was consistent with the predicted results. sikFBA1 is cytoplasmic isoenzyme. Quantitative realtime PCR (qRTPCR) was performed to determine the expression pattern in 4 ℃ and -2 ℃ during the low temperature treatment. The results showed that the expression level of sikFBA1 gene was generally downregulated after treatment. Interestingly, the sikFBA1 gene showed different expression patterns between the different stress conditions of cold and freeze, cold acclimation and unacclimation respectively. These results indicated that sikFBA1 had the potential function in S. involucrata Kar. et Kir response to low temperature stress.

Abstract:4coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis pathway. In this study, Pg4CL，the homologous gene of 4CL, was obtained with RACE and RTPCR method, with ‘Punica granatum cv. Hongyushizi’ as the test material. The cDNA fulllength sequence of Pg4CL was 2 121 bp, with reduced 544 amino acids. Sequence alignment and functional domain analysis revealed that Pg4CL contained two conserved domains: SSGTTGLPKGV and GEICIRG. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that Pg4CL shared the same origin with other species, and had the closest relationship with Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ec4CL. The fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that Pg4CL expression was detected in leaves, peel, seed coat and stems. The expression in peel and leaves were higher, while in seed coat was the lowest; Pg4CL expression was detected in six cultivars of pomegranate seeds, and the expression of ‘Tunisiruanzi’ was higher, while ‘Huiliruanzi’ was lower; Pg4CL expression was detected in different development periods of ‘Fenpi’ seeds. The relative expression of Pg4CL gradually increased from 15 d-60 d, and reached a maximum at 60 d. While sharply declined from 75 d, and maintained a lower level of expression.

Abstract:Using RTPCR technique, we cloned a gibberellin receptor gene from cormels of Gladiolus hybridus named as GhGID1a (genbank accession number KU525107). The open reading frame of GhGID1a was 1 032 bp, which encodes 343 amino acids. The sequence alignment results indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence of GhGID1a was similar to the GID amino acid sequences of Agapanthus praecox，Elaeis guineensis and Phoenix dactylifera，with the similarity of 82%, 78% and 77%, respectively. 50 mg/L GA₃ could promote cormel germination, but GA₃ at 150 mg/L could inhibit germination. Realtime PCR results indicated that GA₃ treatments caused feedbackinhibition on GhGID1a expression. The GhGID1a expression gradually decreased with cormel dormancy release, which inferred that GA and its receptor gene GhGID1a participated in the regulation process of Gladiolus hybridus cormel dormancy and germination.

Abstract:Gibberellin receptor (GID) plays an important role in gibberellin signal transduction pathway, which directly affects plant growth and development. In this study, a gibberellin receptor gene, MsGID1b, was first isolated from Medicago sativa by homologous cloning. Sequence analysis showed that MsGID1b contains 350 amino acid residues with 39.839 kD molecular weight, and has high nucleotide (98%) and amino acid (99%) similarity with its orthologous gene in Medicago truncatula. Physical and chemical properties analysis defined that MsGID1b was a kind of hydrophilic protein without signal peptide and transmembrane structures. MsGID1b contains the binding site of GA, DELLA and some conserved domain of hormonesensitive lipase family (HSL) like HGG and GXSXG. Spatio and temporal expression profile investigated by realtime PCR indicated that MsGID1b expressed comprehensively with its highest expression level in root. MsGID1b was sensitive to GA₃, ABA, NaCl, PEG and dark treatments. It maintained a high transcript level under GA₃ treatment, suggesting that MsGID1b might participate in the response of abiotic stress of M. sativa.

Abstract:A AP2/ERF gene was isolated from Eremopyrum triticeum by RTPCR method, and designated as EtAP2 (GenBank accession no. KX622583). EtAP2 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 128 bp encoding 375 amino acids. The molecular mass of EtAP2 was 40.87 kDa with isoelectric point (PI) of 5.36. Multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that EtAP2 protein contained two conserved AP2 domains, which had close genetic relationship with AP2/ERF transcription factor in Triticum aestivum. Quantitative realtime PCR analysis revealed that simulated drought stress (15% PEG6000) treatment significantly induced the expression of EtAP2, and root is more sensitive to drought stress than leaf. The results indicated than EtAP2 might involve in response to drought stress regulation in E.triticeum.

Abstract:With tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variety ‘Micro Tom’ as test materials, we cloned the tomato Calcineurin BLike gene (SlCBL1) from ‘Micro Tom’ fruitand constructed inplant expression vector with eGFP report gene. Then we analyzed the relationship between SlCBL1 gene overexpression and tomato fruit development. The results show that: (1) compared with nontransgenic plants and empty vector plant, overexpression SlCBL1 can promote fruit mature and made tomato fruit mature for 3 to 5 days in advance. (2) The expression of tomato fruit development related genes also regulated in different degrees. Including tomatoes mature in the process of pigment synthesis genes, the path of ethylene and ripe related transcription factors have been strongly regulated, and the expression level raised about 5 to 10 times compared with control. Results show that SlCBL1 gene can promote the fruit development, and by influencing the pigment synthesis genes and ripe related transcription factors to control tomato fruit mature.

Abstract:In order to provide theoretical support for reasonable protection and utilization of Siberian apricot resources, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 13 Siberian apricot populations in Inner Mongolia through twentyseven pairs of SSR markers. The results showed that: (1) a total of 512 alleles (N_a) were identified based on 27 SSR molecular markers, the average number of alleles (Na) per locus and polymorphism information content (PIC) per locus were 19 and 0.84, respectively. A high level of genetic diversity was revealed by Shannons information index (I, 2.25) and expected heterozygosity (H_e, 0.73) at species level. (2) The average number of alleles (N_a), number of effective alleles (N_e), Shannons information index (I), expected heterozygosity (H_e) and observed heterozygosity (H_o) were 6.95, 4.48, 1.60, 0.76 and 0.56, respectively at population level. Comprehensive analysis suggested that Kezuohouqi population exhibits the highest level of genetic diversity, whereas the population of Keshiketengqi exhibits the lowest level of genetic diversity. (3) The genetic differentiation coefficient (F_st) based on Fstatistic and gene flow (N_m) were 0.12 and 1.86, respectively; Analysis of molecular variance showed that the most of the genetic variation within population (92%), more than that among populations (8%). (4) The genetic distance among populations in Inner Mongolia Siberian apricot ranged from 0.04 to 0.67, the genetic identity among populations in Inner Mongolia Siberian apricot ranged from 0.33 to 0.83. UPGMA cluster analysis, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and structure analysis showed that 13 populations could be divided into four clusters. The Mantel test showed that the genetic distance among the populations was significantly correlated with geographic distance (r=0.453, P< 0.01). All the results supported that the genetic diversity of Siberian apricot in Inner Mongolia was relatively abundant, which was related to its size of population, long historical evolution and biological characteristics. There was a moderate genetic differentiation among populations, which resulted from the geographical isolation and fragmented environments caused by current human influences.

Abstract:For conservation and utilization of Akebia trifoliata resources scientifically in Guizhou, we chose two kinds of method called AFLP and ISSR markers to analysis the genetic relationship and genetic diversity about A. trifoliata with total of 31samples. They came from part of the county or city in Guizhou Province. The results showed that: (1) with 8 pairs of primer we gained 9 252 and 11 643 amplification DNA bands, respectively，The polymorphism rates are 95.31% and 100%, respectively, meaning that the germplasm diversity is abundant in tested samples. (2) For AFLP and ISSR, the ranges of similarity coefficient are between 0.762 3 to 0.893 5 and 0.828 9 to 0.917 1 respectively, showing that the resources of A. trifoliata has a certain genetic differences between different species in Guizhou. (3) Clustering analysis told us, in the similarity coefficient of 0.85, 31 A. trifoliata resources were divided into 5 groups and 3 group, among them the No. 26, No.27, No.28, No.30 samples belong to the same group, as well as No.29 and No.31.Especially No.4, No.8 and No.26, No.27 may be the same source of germplasm，because they got the largest similarity coefficient in each other.

Abstract:Rhododendron is the largest woody plant genus in the family Ericaceae, and northwestern Yunnan has been recognized as one of the diversification and differentiation centers of modern Rhododendron. However, the species classification is still a controversial issue due to their great morphological variations. The micromorphological characteristics of leaf abaxial surface have been recognized as the key identification features in Rhododendron. In the present study, the characteristics of scales and indumentums of 10 Rhododendron species from 6 subgroups in the subgenus Hymenanthes and Rhododendron collected from Yunnan Province were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, the clustering analysis was also conducted combined the results of the present study and the previous research in 45 species of Rhododendron plants to discuss the systematic significance of scales and indumentums in Rhododendron. Results showed that: (1) 8 species from subgenus Hymenanthes only have persistent indumentums in leaf abaxial surface, while 2 species from subgenus Rhododendron have densely scales. (2) The clustering analysis of 55 Rhododendron species based on the characteristics of leaf abaxial surface scales and indumentums indicated that the studied plants were divided into two clades distinctly. It is consistent with the traditional classification. Thus, we concluded that the characters of scales and indumentums of Rhododendron have an important taxonomic value at subgenus level. (3) At Subsection level, the characteristics of leaf abaxial surface scale and indumentums could be used among Subsect. Fortunea, Subsect. Maddenia and Subsect. Irrorata for classification. However, these features could not be used as key traits for classification of Subsect. Triflora, Subsect. Lapponica, Subsect. Taliensia, Subsect. Grandia and Subsect. Arborea in Rhododendron. (4) The clustering analysis also indicated that R. scabrifolium has close relationship with other species which have scales in leaf abaxial surface. Therefore, R. scabrifolium could be classified into the Subgen. Rhododendron.

Abstract:The megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of female and male gametophyte of Liriope spicata (Thunb.) Lour.were observed by the method of paraffin sections. The main results as follows: (1) the anther is four sporangiate and the development of anther wall is the basic type. The anther wall is composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. (2) The tapetum is of secretory type and the tapetal cells total breakdown at the time of pollen maturity. (3) The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cells in meiosis is of successive type. The microspore tetrads is isobilateral spore. The pollen grains are 3celled when shed. The ovary has three chamber which has two ovule that is double integuments, tenuinucellate and anatropous. The archesporial cell functions directly as the megaspore mother cell. (4) After meiosis the megasporocyte divides into linear or T type tetrads. The megaspore in chalazal end is functional one. The embryo sac is of a polygonum type. The wall of the microspore mother cells become thicker by the deposition of callose at the time of meiosis and the callose wall were degenerated at the time of microspores. This study enriched the content for research about the reproductive of Liliaceae, and provided the references to study the system evolution of Liliaceae.

Abstract:In this study, Clematis ‘Ernest Markham’ which belongs to Lateflowering Clematis was chosen as the experimental material. The procedures of microsporogenesis and male gametophyte formation of Clematis ‘Ernest Markham’ were observed by traditional paraffin section technique, and we planned to explore its characteristics of embryonic development. The results were as follows: (1) each floret of inflorescence usually had dozens of fertile stamens, and the anther has four chambers. (2) The structure of anther wall was the monocotyledonous type, which was composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. (3) The cytokinesis of microspore mother cell meiosis was simultaneous type, and most of the tetrads were isobilateral, occasionally tetrahedral. (4) The mature pollen grains were the bicellular type with three grooves. With scanning electronic microscope, the mature pollen grains which appeared spherical in shape were observed, and the exine was almost smooth or wavy. These results suggested that microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development of Clematis ‘Ernest Markham’ were normal, which could be used as the male parental variety cultivating Clematis hybrid with high ornamental value and provided the basis for the further research about the embryological features of ornamental Clematis plants.

Abstract:The study used photomicrographic technique to compare the morphological characteristics and quantity characteristics between the root and stem vessel elements of Tetraena mongolica, and used the SMA to analyze the allometric relation between the length and diameter of vessel elements, in order to discuss the adaptability of secondary xylem elements of T. mongolica to the grassland desertification area. The results showed that: (1) the root and stem vessel elements of T. mongolica are mainly pitted and reticulate catheter types, and both have no tail, and both of them have simple perforation plate; (2) the root and stem vessel elements of T. mongolica which catheter length are short grade level, and their catheter diameter are small short level and both have wide and narrow vessel elements, and stem vessel elements are more “miniaturization” than that of roots; (3) regardless of the roots or stems, their length and diameter of the catheter molecules exhibit allometric relationship, and the growth rate of vessel length is greater than that of diameter. These results are helpful to understand the adaptation strategies from catheter scale in desert area of steppe desert region.

Abstract:Nutrient solution culture was used to M82 tomato salt sensitive variety as experimental materials. With twodimensional electrophoresis (2DE), we studied the salt conditions and processing tomato seedlings under salt stress protein expression profile，and identified the differences of protein separation and mass spectrometry trough tandem timeofflight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF/TOFMS) technology. The results showed that: (1) there were 20 protein spots presenting to express differentially after the total proteins were separated by 2DE. The 17 proteins of all presenting spots were upregulated，and 3 proteins were downregulated. (2) Among the 20 protein spots，the annotations of the 19 differential expressed proteins were known by mass spectrometry and protein database retrieval，Identified differential proteins took part in fructosebisphosphate aldolase，SadenosylLmethionine synthetase，glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase，etc，and three unknown functions of protein. These identified the differences of proteins involved in energy metabolism， photosynthesis，protein synthesis，redox balance and other related process，suggested that these proteins may be involved in the salt stress response of tomato，which lay a foundation for further research the mechanism to understand plant stress resistance.

Abstract:In this study, the detoxification potato plantlets plants of ‘Longshu No.3’ were cultivated under PEG4000(0, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% PEG) and gradient saline stress (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mmol·L NaCl) respectively. The root growth and the ultrastructure of mesophyll cell were observed two weeks later. The physiological and biochemical indices were measured to provided the theoretical basis for screening salttolerant and droughtresistant potato germplasm. The results showed that: with the increase of external PEG4000 or NaCl concentration, (1) the total of root length, root volume and root number were decreased. With extension of time the decrease was obvious. This decline in salt stress obviously greater than that in drought stress, explained that roots were sensitive to salt stress; (2) potato plantlet cell wall obviously thickened and plasmolysis, plastoglobuli markedly increased, numerous vesicles, chloroplasts gradually damaged to a complete disorganization; (3) potato plantlet plants leaf proline content significantly increased, the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased, while chlorophyll content decreased. In conclusion, the PEG4000 simulated drought and salt stress could cause serious damage of plant chloroplast structure and chlorophyll content significantly decreased. The more stress and the more serious damage. Simultaneously, drought and salt stress also induced that potato plantlet leaf proline content and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased and alleviated the drought and high salt stress injury.

Abstract:In the condition of potting planting in greenhouse, the effects of foliar spraying exogenous melatonin (MT，100 μmol·L^-1) on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Dendranthema morifolium ‘Jinyu Chuju’ seedlings under moderate drought stress(40% of soil field capacity), to explore the new pathway to improve the drought resistance of D. morifolium. The results showed that: (1) the drought stress could decrease the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, increase the contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar and proline, but obviously increase MDA content and relative conductivity, and significantly inhibit the growth of D. morifolium ‘Chuju’ seedlings. (2) Exogenous MT could significantly alleviate the cell membrane damage by improving the proline, soluble protein and soluble sugar contents, perform the lower contents of relative conductivity and MDA, and keep the higher chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate, in the leave of D. morifolium ‘Chuju’ seedlings under drought stress. (3) Comparing with the drought stress treatment, the shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight of exogenous MT treatment were all significantly increased. The study found that exogenous MT can effectively reduce the damage of drought stress on the cell membrane, maintain the normal function of leaf cell membrane, and keep the higher net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, by promoting osmotic adjustment substances, and thereby improve the adaptability of D. morifolium ‘Chuju’ seedlings under drought stress.

Abstract:Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the four famous woody oil species across the world with important nutritional and pharmaceutical values. In order to reveal the relationship between drought resistance and photosynthesis characteristics, we conducted pot experiments to investigate the effect of drought stress on the photosynthetic characteristics of seven introduced olive varieties including Picholine, Picual, Manzanillo, Koroneiki, Frantoio, Arbequina and Coratina, which had been filtered the suitable for growth in the semiarid region of the Southwest of Sichuan Province. The results showed that: (1) the leaf relative water content (LRWC) of all the tested olive varieties was significantly reduced with the intensification of the degree of drought stress (P<0.05); At the later period of stress (25 days), the cultivars showed different levels of wilting symptom compared to control. Among them, Coratina showed the highest water loss rate while Manzanillo slightly affected, indicting the Manzanillo leaves exhibited a higher water retaining capacity compared to other cultivars under drought stress. (2) The concentrations of photosynthetic pigment in all the tested olive varieties were significantly decreased with the increasing duration of drought stress (P<0.05), which was mainly resulted from the rapid degradation of chlorophyll than biosynthesis; the Chla and Chlb contents in Arbequina, as well as Car content in Picholine were significantly declined after 25 d drought stress (P<0.05), while the Chla content of Manzanillo was not decreased obviously (P>0.05). (3) The photosynthetic parameters of the cultivars varied in response to drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) in leaves decreased, while the water use efficiency (WUE) increased with the drought. In addition, the drop of P_n, T_r and C_i of Frantoio and G_s of Picholine were higher than those of other varieties, while slightly decreased in P_n, G_s and C_i and sharply increased in WUE was observed in Manzanillo. Our research showed that under the persistent drought stress the olive seedling leaves were substantial loss of water and the photosynthetic pigment structure was destroyed and decomposed, as well as stomatals closed and photosynthesis decreased. Among the tested olive varieties, Manzanillo shows excellent adaptability to drought stress and is suitable for planting in the semiarid region of the Southwest of Sichuan Province.

Abstract:The carbon sequestration ability, water use efficiency (WUE) and other photosynthetic physiology characteristics for different aged of Phyllostachys pubescens individuals were analyzed at two canopy layers with a LI6400 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that: (1) the daily average net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and the transpiration rate (T_r) of P.pubescens were lower for upper canopy leaves than those of lower canopy leaves regardless of bamboo age during the culm elongation period. During the shoot development period, the upper canopy leaves had a higher P_n value at each time point and a higher daily average P_n than that of the lower canopy leaves regardless of bamboo age. Meanwhile, the T_r value for upper canopy leaves of 2 yearold bamboo was higher at each time point than that for lower canopy leaves. The vertical change of stomatal conductance (G_s) for different age groups was consistent with that of T_r, regardless of the growing season. (2) A reduction of photosynthesis at noon was observed at different canopy layers of 3 yearold bamboo and the upper canopy of 2 yearold bamboo during the culm elongation period, while it only occurred in the upper canopy of 2 yearold bamboo during the shoot development period. (3) The daily average of WUE in the culm elongation period increased along with canopy height regardless of age. While, the daily average of WUE decreased with increasing canopy height during the shoot development period for 2 yearold individuals. So, the canopy height had obvious effects on bamboo leaf photosynthesis and WUE, which also impacted by growing seasons. There was negative relationship between G_s and WUE for bamboo with all ages and canopy layers. We wanted to explore the variable stomata behavior of moso bamboo at different ages during its important growing seasons and in order to improving WUE and lay the foundation for further mechanistic research on water use strategy for bamboo. (4) The chlorophyll a/b values decreased with the decrease of canopy height in different growing seasons. While the chlorophyll content of all ages of bamboo was increased with the decrease of canopy height. The vertical variation of leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area within canopy was consistent with that of leaf net photosynthetic rate regardless of the growing seasons. The results indicated that the leaf morphology and nitrogen content in the different canopies could change with the growth environment in different growing seasons, and make full use of light energy to improve the photosynthetic capacity. Our data could provide a scientific basis for developing sustainable cultivation technologies and enhancing moso bamboo timber production and carbon sequestration.

Abstract:This study aimed to investigate the expression of Wdreb2 and Wlip19 in ten different varieties of wheat leaves under drought stress, and lay a foundation for wheat drought resistance mechanism. Primers were designed according to gene sequences, using wheat leaves under different degrees of drought stress (including 0,3,6,9,12 and 24 h) as experimental materials, and 26S rRNA as the internal control. The florescent realtime quantitative PCR was used to detect relative expression levels of Wdreb2 and Wlip19 in different varieties of wheat. RTPCR results showed that, the expression of Wdreb2 and Wlip19 gene in drought sensitivity wheat leaf significantly lower than that in drought tolerant wheat under drought stress. There are some differences in response time and express trends in different varieties. These results indicated that the different expression levels of Wdreb2 and Wlip19 in different varieties of wheat under drought stress were related to the drought resistant ability.

Abstract:Emmenopterys henryi seed rain and soil seed bank in Baotianman Nature Reserve were observed. Seeding experiments at different microhabitats were conducted, and the dynamics of seed germination and seedling growth were investigated. The results showed that: (1) there are differences in time duration and peak period of E. henryi seed rain at different age classes. Obvious differences in seed rain intensity were also observed. (2) E. henryi seeds of 20-50 age class exhibit an obviously lower satiation rate than that of other age classes. The seed density of the E. henryi seed bank is obviously lower than that of other age classes. However, different types of seeds exhibit uniform horizontal and vertical distribution rules. Approximately 80% of E. henryi seeds disappear before germination. Rotten seeds exhibit the highest density (9.81 particles·m^-2), whereas fully grown seeds exhibit the lowest density (1.94 particles·m^-2). (3) Outdoor experiment of growing seedlings shows no obvious differences in germination and seedling survival rates of fully grown seeds at different age classes. E. henryi germination rate is approximately 16.93%. However, only approximately 3.86% of seedlings exhibit more than five months of life. Different microhabitats show a clear influence on the survival rate. Forest gap is the most suitable microhabitat. This study demonstrates gathering and seeding of E. henryi seeds artificially at the original habitat in the next April, cleaning ground covers under female crown and edge, increasing coverage of edge space to reduce loss, and improving light conditions for germination and growth to benefit the growth of the seedlings root system and promote its natural regeneration.

Abstract:In this study, we tested the breeding system characters of Clematis fruticosa Turcz., which were selected in the natural population at Lanzhou Beishan. And also, by changing flower direction from facing down to up, we studied the visited insect attracting, pollen quantity and quality changing, seed setting ratio changing, and the seed characters of C. fruticosa. The results showed that:（1） in natural, the P/O of C. fruticosa was 9 579.5, which showed out an obligate crosspollination breeding system; bagging experiment results showed that the C. fruticosa was selfcompatible, and had a mixed breeding system which combined with selfing and crossing, but no apomixes was tested. （2) The main pollinators of C. fruticosa were Amegill aparhypate and Apis cerana; after flowers artificially erected. The visit frequencies and stay time/visit/flower did not differ significantly with the natural, but the pollen numbers after rainwash decreased significantly, and as well as the pollen vitality after exposed to solar radiation, which indicated that flower direction changing could decrease the male fitness. （3) After the flower direction changed, the seed setting ratio of C. fruticosa decreased greatly, and the persistent styles of the downwards flowers were significantly longer than that of upwards, but the seed sizes and seed weights did not differ significantly, which indicated that the flower direction changing could decrease the female fitness, and also could influence the seed dispersal of C. fruticosa. The results suggested that the flower drooping of C. fruticosa could not influence the effective pollinators, but could significantly increase the male and female fitness, which may act as an effective adaptive strategy for the reproductive success of C. fruticosa.

Abstract:The ephemeral plants formed their own unique ecological stoichiometry characteristics under the extreme habitat conditions. Taking the ephemeral plants in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert as the research object，this thesis aims at analyzing the stoichiometric characteristics of leaf biogenic elements of 66 plots，109 plant samples and 42 species in the study area to clarify the stoichiometric characteristics and allometric relationships of the main ephemeral plants in the individual scale，population scale and the community scale，and reveals the main limiting elements which restrict the growth of ephemeral plants in southern Gurbantunggut Desert. The results were as follows：(1) on the 3 scales，the K content of the ephemeral plant leaves was higher than that of the national average，while the content of P and N was lower than that of the national average level and N∶P mean values were less than 14. The Ca contents of individual scale and population scale is lower than that of the national average，while the Ca content is higher than that of the national average level under community scale. (2) The correlation among the elements of the individual scale is CaMg highest，KMg second，and CaS minimum，and the growth rate of each element is significantly deviated from 1，which showed the allometric growth of the various elements and the growth rate of Mg > Ca > K > P > Fe > N > S. (3) The rate of CaMg in the population scale was 0.82 (close to 1)，which showed that the two elements are roughly constant growth. The growth rate of each element is Ca＞K＞P＞S＞N＞Fe. In addition，the Ca was the largest，which indicated that plants could get more Ca to prepare for flowering and reproduction during the period of plant biomass large accumulation. (4) The goodness of fit of each element on the community scale is higher than that of the individual scale and each elements have significant allometric growth realationship. The growth rate is K＞Ca＞Mg＞S＞P＞N＞Fe，which showed that the utilization rate of distinct elements is not same. The result found that the southern Gurbantunggut Desert ephemeral plants were restricted by N and P but more susceptible to N limitation. It also verified that the species with high consistent biological characteristics and the same ecological adaptability will have higher goodness of fit in the community scale.

Abstract:A field survey was carried out in the Liuxing Tiankeng of Leye, Guangxi, to collect plant community data. Sampling plots were set up using quadrat method at the middle and the bottom of Liuxing Tiankeng for the census of canopy trees and understory plant community. Species composition, community structure, and diversity were analyzed using quantitative ecology methods and the specieshabitat association was explored. The results are as follows， (1) 60 canopy trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) = 10 cm were found from the sampling plot, which belonged to 13 families, 17 genera, and 18 species, and the stem density was ≈188 plant/hm². In the understory layer, 94 plant individuals of 43 species from 28 families and 38 genera were recorded, and the stem density was 23 500 plant/hm². The species diversity in the community was rich, and ShannonWiener diversity index and evenness index was relative high. The family and genericlevel diversity of canopy trees was very high, reflecting the ancient and isolated nature in the community composition. (2) The dominant family was Lauraceae in Liuxing Tiankeng, which consisted of 4 species and 14 individuals in the canopy layer; while in the understory, it comprised 3 species and 7 individuals, of which 2 species were shared by the canopy layer. Families dominant in the understory layer with rich species were Euphorbiaceae (4 species), Compositae (3 species), Pteridaceae (3 species), and Dryopteridaceae (3 species). However, the specieslevel dominance was not obvious in the Tiankeng plant community. (3) The plant community in the understory layer encompassed various growth forms, with the majority of shrubs, the least of graminoids, and the less abundant tree seedlings, reflecting that the habitat in Liuxing Tiankeng provided abundant resource niches, and that the trees could not regenerate well with seedlings and saplings. (4) A high percentage of large trees existed in Liuxing Tiankeng. Of the 60 trees recorded, tree DBH ranged from 17.0 cm to 104.0 cm, with 34 trees having > 30 cm DBH, accounting for 56.6% of all the trees. These findings showed that Tiankeng forest community was primitive and free from human disturbance. (5) Twoway indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) showed that plant community in the understory layer was more sensitive in response to habitat heterogeneity. However, none of the existing distribution in the canopy and understory layer could entirely separate the habitats at the middle and the bottom of Liuxing Tiankeng. These results will provide the baseline data and theoretical basis for further research on the occurrence, succession, and ecological adaptation of the plant communities in the karst Tiankengs with such special habitats.

Abstract:Species richness and distribution are closely related to topography factors (altitude, slope grade, slope aspect, slope position), and study their relationship of Qizimei Mountains Nature Reserve is important to maintain and restore the plant diversity and the management of forest. Phytosociological method was used to investigate plant communities in Qizimei Mountains Nature Reserve. Furthermore, the regression analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were used to study the effect of topography on species richness and distribution pattern. The results showed that: (1) there were 633 plant species and it was belonging to 133 families and 316 genera. And it contained 118 species of trees, 150 species of shrubs and 365 species of herbs in 40 sample plots(20×20 m²). (2) The results of curve fitting indicated that the species richness was highly significantly correlated to altitude and slope (P＜0.05), the species richness increase with increasing altitude and had a tendency with slope gradient that was after reducing first increase and then decrease. (3) The plant life form showed, at all altitudes, tree species richness was consistently lower than that of shrubs and herbs. Moreover, shrub species richness was higher than that of trees and herbs in low and midlow altitude zones. Besides, species richness of herbs in middle and high altitude areas was larger and higher than that of trees and shrubs. (4) Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the topographic factors had a great effect on species distribution (P = 0.002＜0.01) , and according to the impact intensity ranked as altitude＞slope＞slope position＞slope aspect, which indicated that altitude is the most significant factor for affecting the distribution of species in Qizimei Mountains Nature Reserve.

Abstract:Based on sampleplot survey to the Populus euphratica in the lower reaches of Tarim River, we established the model between biomass and factors such as DBH and height; Besides, the distribution of biomass of P. euphratica was analyzed in the district; Finally, the total biomass was assessed based on the area of P. euphratica forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River. The results are as follows: (1) biomass model of P. euphratica: B=128.09(D²h)^0.6318（R²=0.892），which was high in precision, and the discrepancy between measured value and simulated value was nonsignificant (P>0.05), thus the model could be used to assess the biomass of P. euphratica. (2) The biomass presented a trend that the biomass declining was relevant to the distance from river; P. euphratica distributed within 700 m of river; and the biomass of this area accounted for 91.37% of total. (3) The biomass per unit area was 416.613 kg·hm^-2 in the lower reaches of Tarim river and the total biomass was 2.474×10⁴ t.

Abstract:Jinpenshan nature reserve is located at the junction of Longnan County, Nanquan County and Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province. It is the transition zone between Wuyi Mountains and Nanling Mountains. The nature reserve possesses a variety of species and complex geographical floristic elements. Based on field studies and relevant scientific literatures, this study has statistics and analysis the families, genera and species in Jinpenshan. Results showed: (1) 1 474 species of wild seed plants, distributed in 659 genera of 161 families are found in Jinpenshan. Among them, there are 7 gymnosperm species belonging to 7 genera of 6 families, accounting for 8.43% of total gymnosperm species in Jiangxi (83). Floristic analysis showed, there are 1 467 angiosperm species belonging to 652 genera of 155 families, accounting for 33.58% of total angiosperm species in Jiangxi (4 369). (2) The families of tropical and temperate distribution patterns make ups 64.22% and 35.77% of the total family number (removal Cosmopolitan, the same below), respectively. Tropical distribution is in the dominant position. While at genus level, the tropical and temperate distribution patterns make up 50.95% and 47.55%, respectively. They are nearly equal. At species level，the tropical and temperate distribution pattern makes up 33.98% and 37.15%, respectively. While 419 species endemic to China，accounting for 28.88% of total species in Jinpenshan. （3） The flora possess lots of monotypic and oligotypic genera, with an ancient origin. There are 212 genera of oligotypic genera, accounting for 32.17% of the total, 374 genera of monotypic genera, accounting for 56.75% of the total and 537 genera of minor genera, accounting for 36.43% of the total. （4） Compared with the nearby 6 plant floras, there is a closer relationship between Jinpenshan and Wuyi montains than that of Nanling mountains. More tropical elements was observed in Jinpenshen than that of Yangbiaofeng of Wuyi mountains.

Abstract:This study first found Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. in Xizang, which belonged to Caesalpinia Linn. 11 newly recorded vascular plants species and 2 varieties were also reported: Botrychium daucifolium Wall. (Ophioglossaceae), Pteris kiuschiuensis var. centrochinensis Ching & S. H. Wu (Pteridaceae), Clematis urophyllaFranch. (Ranunculaceae), Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.(Tiliaceae), Sida szechuensis Matsuda (Malvaceae), Urena lobata var. chinensis(Osbeck) S. Y. Hu (Malvaceae), Ludwigia hyssopifolia(G. Don) Exell (Onagraceae), Ludwigia ovalis Miq. (Onagraceae), Mosla dianthera(Buch.Ham.) Maxim. (Lamiaceae),Limnophila sessiliflora(Vahl) Bl. (Scrophulariaceae), Asystasia neesiana(Wall.) Nees(Acanthaceae), Lobelia zeylanica Linn. (Campanulaceae), Pothos repens(Loureiro) Druce (Araceae). These findings further contribute to the richness of plant flora in Xizang, and provide new insights into the relationship between vascular plants and their neighboring flora.

Abstract:Seven newly recorded species of Achnanthidiaceae from Great Xing’an Mountains were reported in this paper. They are Rossithidium petersennii, Psammothidium acidoclinatum,Psammothidium grischunum,Psammothidium subatomoides, Psammothidium ventralis, Platessa conspicua,Platessa lutheri. Morphological features of these species were described in detail and the habitats of sampling sites were given. The Chinese description of the genus Rossithidium is provided.

Abstract:Two varieties, Paris fargesii var. latipetala H. Li et VG Soukup and Paris axialis H. Li var. rubra H. H. Zhou, K. Y. Wu et R. Tao, are reported as new records of Sichuan, China. P. axialis H. Li var. rubra is an endemic taxon of Guizhou Province with one isolated habitat. The discovery of new distribution in Sichuan is of important significance on phylogenetic evolution and migration of genus Paris L.