Abstract:An abnormal organs mutant big size organ1 (bso1), was isolated by enthylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis strategy. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutation phenotype was controlled by one recessive nuclear gene. Compared to the wildtype, bso1 showed significant increase in seedling, flowers, pods and seeds. The detection in paraffin sections of seeds displayed that the increase of the bso1 seeds primarily due to the increase of germ cell, so the seeds of bso1 is heavier than that of wild type. The mutation loci was mapped to the region of 58kb between SSLP marker T5L19 and F28M11 on Chr.4. According to the result of bioinformatics analysis, there are no previous genes about organ development in the region. The results provide a basis for further cloning and functional analysis of bso1 in organ development, especially in seed development.

Abstract:Based on our previous study,CkLEA4,a Caragana korshinskii LEA gene induced by dehydration,salt and ABA treatments,was transferred into Arabidopsis. The transgene expression of eight T₃ transgenic plants was detected by quantitative realtime PCR and three independent overexpression lines with different transgene expression level were selected for further analysis.For the germination assays,CkLEA4 overexpression lines germinated more quickly than that of wildtype on medium containing different concentrations of NaCl,mannitol or ABA.The germination rate of wildtype and CkLEA4 overexpression lines were all decreased with the increased concentrations of NaCl,mannitol or ABA,while the germination rate of wildtype decreased more dramatically than that of the overexpression lines.The cotyledon greening rates of CkLEA4 overexpression lines were also higher than those of wildtype under 200 mmol/L NaCl,400 mmol/L mannitol or low concentrations of ABA.Altogether,our results suggested that CkLEA4 improved Arabidopsis tolerance to salt,ABA and osmotic stress during seed germination stage.

Abstract:Rop gene plays an important role in the process of symbiotic interaction between legume and rhizobium. A Rop gene Rac1 was amplified from the root cDNA of model legume Lotus japonicus and ligated to the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a. The engineering bacterium carrying Rac1 gene in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was obtained. The expression conditions of Rac1 protein was optimized, and the protein was purified by affinity chromatography. Rac1 protein expression levels of overexpression plant were detected by using the prepared antiRac1 polyclonal antibody. The results showed: (1) the prokaryotic expression vector of pET28aRac1 was constructed successfully by double enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. (2) The optimal expression condition was induction temperature at 20 ℃, time at 6 h, and IPTG concentration at 0.1 mmol/L. The recombinant protein was highefficiency expressed in the form of soluble protein. The purified Rac1 protein was obtained by affinity chromatography and detected by SDSPAGE. The band size was about 25 kD, and the bands were clear and single. (3) Western blotting analysis showed that the polyclonal antibody could specifically react with the corresponding antigen, and the titer was high. (4) Agrobacterium mediated transformation of hairy roots method was used to obtain the positive hairy roots of Rac1 overexpression plant. The total protein of positive hairy roots was extracted and detected by Western blotting. The results showed that the expression of Rac1 protein in the Rac1 overexpression plant was significantly higher than that in the empty vector control, which proved the construction of overexpression vector was effective from translation level. The results showed that the preparation of Rac1 polyclonal antibody could specificity detect the native Rac1 protein in Lotus japonicus, which will provide a powerful tool for the further study of the biological function of Rac1 in the symbiosis signal transduction pathway.

Abstract:Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger is one member of Amentotaxus in Taxaceae. Due to the close genetic relationship between A. argotaenia and Taxus sp., some researchers thought that taxol could be synthesized in A. argotaenia and testified this hypothesis using HPLC method. This conclusion was just reached based on the retention time of the peak in the extract of A. argotaenia corresponding to that of the taxol standard, but not from any mass spectra data. In this study, we analyzed the extraction of the stems and leaves of A. argotaenia with LCMS, and found that there was no taxol in the extraction. In order to prove our hypothesis, AarTSL1 gene was isolated and cloned by using the taxadiene synthase of Taxus baccata to TBLASTN the transcriptome of A. argotaenia. Functional analysis of AarTSL1 with prokaryotic expression showed that the AarTSL1 protein cannot catalyze GGPP (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate) to taxadiene, key intermedia in taxol biosynthesis pathway. Taking together, our chemical and molecular biology evidence proved that A. argotaenia cannot product taxol. Our results will be helpful to the research work on the taxonomic study of A. argotaenia.

Abstract:Ftype wheat male sterile line is a new “three lines” with karyoplasm interaction.For study the pollen characteristics of Ftype sterile line and screening its restorers and maintainers,the I₂ KI staining method is used to observe pollens of F,BNS,T,K and Vtype wheat male sterile lines at blooming stage,and using 98 hybrid combinations that Ftype sterile line was female and 98 quality wheat lines were male to detect the self seedset ratios on F₁ of combinations.Results showed that:(1) pollen sterility rate of Ftype sterile line reached 95.63% including the highest 67.66% stained aborted rate,19.32% spherical aborted rate and only 8.73% typical aborted.(2) The pollen sterility characteristics of Ftype was most similar to Ktype,the second was Vtype in 5 kinds of sterile lines.(3) In 98 hybridized combinations,11 selfseedset ratios (international) were more than 100% and 18 at 0%-10%.(4)‘Zhoumai16’,M510,‘Xinong 815’ and ‘Xinong 585’ were excellent restorer lines to Ftype sterile line.‘Tianmai 989’,‘Cunmai 4’,CY5475,M460,‘12 Luo1’ and 11GB02 were good maintainers for Ftype sterile line by backcross cultivation.Research suggests that Ftype male sterile line has thorough and stable pollen abortion and easily sought its maintainer resources and excellent restorers on fertility.

Abstract:In the present study,12 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to evaluate genetic diversity and genetic structure of Rhododendron molle G.Don in eight populations from six provinces.The results showed that:(1)A total of 260 alleles with an average 21.667 alleles per locus were amplified from 193 individuals.Average values of number of effective alleles (N_e) and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 5.425 and 0.900,respectively.This species has higher genetic diversity and gene flow among different populations.For R.molle,the Shannon’s information index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (H) were 1.768 and 0.777,respectively.(2)Comprehensive analysis suggested that Jinxi (Jiangxi Province) population exhibits great level of variability,whereas the population of Zhenghe (Fujian Province) exhibits the lowest level of variability.(3)The genetic differentiation coefficient (F_st) based on infinite allele model (IAM) was 0.142 and the gene flow (N_m) was 1.522,respectively.Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the genetic variation mainly occurred within populations (accounted for 87.71%),more than interpopulations (accounted for 12.29%).(4)The results of neighbor joining (NJ) analysis based on genetic distance and structure analysis showed that eight populations were clustered into three groups.The mantel test showed there was no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance in R.molle.Our results indicated the priority should be given to in situ conservation,natural populations in Jinxi,Zhenghe,and Jingshan (Hubei Province) deserve prior conservation.The possible formation of the high level genetic diversity and the moderate differentiation of R.molle were also discussed.

Abstract:SRAP markers were used to study the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship for providind a theoretical basis for identification and crossbreeding of genetic resources of Lycium barbarum L.in Xinjiang of China. The results are: （1）a total of 310 loci were produced by 12 pairs of SRAP primers, and polymorphic loci were 264 which accounted for 84.61% in the total amplified fragments. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of these markers varied from 0.76 to 0.93 with an average of 0.83. Mean values of observed number of alleles(Na),effective number of alleles (Ne),Nei’s gene diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index(I) were 1.846 1, 1.386 9, 0.228 0 and 0.352 0.（2）Range of genetic similarity (GS) was 0.590 3 to 0.903 2 among 30 wolfberry samples. Cluster analysis showed that samples could be divided into 2 groups and 5 subgroups accordingly at the GS of 0.70 and 0.76. The principal coordinate analysis and clustering results are basically consistent. Research shows the genetic diversity of germplasm resources of L. barbarum L. in Xinjiang was relatively abundant. The genetic difference between wild species and cultivars (lines) was relatively large,show a distant relationship, and the genetic difference among cultivars (lines) was relatively small, show a close relationship.

Abstract:In order to understand the mechanism of toxic effects of Cu²⁺ stress on the phycobionts of Ramalina sinensis，we studied the cell death of symbiont alga in the handsliced sections of the lichen thallus which were treated with 2 and 4 mmol/L CuSO₄ for 24 hours respectively by using two kinds of TUNEL reaction kit (Promega DeadEnd^TM Colorimetric TUNEL System and Roche in situ Cell Death Detection Kit). The results of the study showed: (1) the phycobiont cell vitality decreased significantly under Cu²⁺ stress detected by Evan’s Blue staining method. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the cell vitality and the Cu²⁺ stress concentration and time. (2) When Promega DeadEnd^TM Colorimetric TUNEL System was used, the TUNEL positive phycobiont cells were 50.30% and 31.21%, respectively under 2 and 4 mmol/L Cu²⁺ stress conditions. The TUNEL positive cells of phycobionts were 53.17% and 36.88%, respectively when Roche in situ Cell Death Detection Kit was used under the same Cu²⁺ stress conditions, the results of both TUNEL kits was similar. (3) Considering the results of phycobionts cell vitality which was detected by Evan’s Blue staining method under Cu²⁺ stress, it can be concluded that apoptosis (programmed cell death) of R. sinensis phycobiont were induced under lower Cu²⁺ concentration (2 mmol/L) treatment, but the cell death of phycobionts were mainly caused by the necrosis and only few programmed cell death of the phycobionts was occured while the lichen was treated with higher Cu²⁺ concentration (4 mmol/L). (4) Both kinds of TUNEL detection kit can be used for the study of apotopsis of lichen phycobionts under heavy metal Cu²⁺ stress conditions. In addition, the handsliced sections of lichen thalli were used in this study instead of the paraffin sections. The experiment procedure was simplified by avoiding the complicated experimental steps. This research will be an important scientific reference for the further understandings of lichen responses to the various metal stresses.

Abstract:The structures of different vegetative organs and the distribution law of secretory canals in different vegetative organs of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn were investigated by paraffin section method.The results showed that:1)the taproot of P.praeruptorum Dunn was formed by periderm,pericyclic parenchyma tissue and secondary vascular tissue from outside to inside and the pericyclic parenchyma tissue was a structure that was different from the common structure of herbaceous plants in dicotyledon.The stem was composed of epidermis,cortex and vascular tissues from the exterior to the interior;the leaf was a bifacial leaf.2)There were secretory canals in all vegetative organs of P.praeruptorum Dunn,including the root,the stem and the leaf.The secretory canals were distributed in pericyclic parenchyma tissue and in secondary phloem of the root;in the stem,they were in the cortex and the pith;and in the leaf,they were in the parenchyma around the vascular.The research could offer the anatomic data for discussing the relationship between the distribution of secretory structure and the accumulation of secondary metabolites.

Abstract:In order to investigate the characteristics of carbohydrate accumulation during the expansion stage of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott microcorm, with aseptic ‘Hongxiangyu’ plantlets as material, we studied the changes of the major carbohydrate content and the relevant enzymes activities as well as their correlation under high glucose concentration. The results showed that:(1) The contents of fructose, glucose and soluble sugar all increased firstly and then decreased during the development of microcorm. The fructose content of corms reached the maximum after 27 days induction, and the highest contents of total soluble sugar and glucose appeared on the 34th day. The sucrose content represented an updownup trend, peaking on the 48th day. (2) The contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin increased with the incubation time. The total amount of starch reached the peak at late extension stage, accounting for about 76% of dry weight, and mainly was amylopectin. (3) Based on anatomical study, the starch granule density of storage tissue increased with the development of microcorm and covered the parenchyma cells in late stage. (4) Both of ADPGPase and Qenzyme activities reached the maximum on the 41st day, with 1.22 and 2.39 μmol·g^-1·min^-1,respectively. By correlation analysis between ADPGPase activity and total starch content, Qenzyme activity and amylopectin content, from shoots beginning to expand (20 d) to ADPGPase and Qenzyme activity reaching the peak (41 d), the correlation coefficient were 0.819 and 0.738, showing a significant positive correlation. The research suggested that the accumulation of starch and soluble sugar content changes were closely related to the development of ‘Hongxiangyu’ microcorm, and were regulated by related enzymes.

Abstract:The contents of sugars and the activities of sucrosemetabolizing enzymes in three different color fruits of Lycium were determined during five fruit development stages, and the correlation between sugar contents and sucrosemetabolizing enzymes activities were analyzed for exploring the difference of sugar accumulation on the physiology and illustrate the mechanisms of quality formation and regulation in Lycium fruit. Results showed that: (1) eight kind of sugars were detected in ‘Ningqi No.1’ by using gas phase chromatography (GC), seven kind of sugars were detected in ‘Ningxiahuangguo’ and four were detected in ‘Heiguo’. The main sugars were fructose , glucose and sucrose at mature stage. (2) The contents of fructose and glucose increased gradually with the fruit growth and development, and the growth rates of sugar contents in fruit developing late stage was significantly higher than that in the early stage. The sucrose and erythrose contents showed various changes during fruit development stages, and there were greatly different among Lycium at different developmental stages. (3) The activities of three sucrosemetabolizing enzymes have great difference in three different color fruits of Lycium during fruit development process. The acid invertase (AI) activity was low at fruit developing early stage and had no significant differences among materials, but it was high at late stage and had significant difference among materials. The activities of AI and sucrose phosphate synthase (SS) in three materials were higher than those of neutral invertase (NI) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) from coloring fruit phase to fruit maturity phase. The content of fructose and three sucrosemetabolizing enzymes activities in‘Heiguo’ maintained a lower level during fruit development process. (4) Fructose content and AI activity were significantly (P＜0.05) and positively correlated among three different color fruits of Lycium. The hexose (fructose and glucose ) content and NI activity were significantly (P＜0.05) and positively correlated among red and black fruits. This suggests that sugar constituents and sucrosemetabolizing enzymes activities had large differences among three Lycium, increasing AI activity was favorable to fructose accumulation and invertase played an important role in hexose accumulation in Lycium fruits.

Abstract:A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different pH(3,5,7,9,11)on variations of growth and ergot alkaloids concentrations in symbiont of Epichlo gansuensisAchnatherum inebrians seedling.The results showed that:1)the plant height,root length and biomass of A.inebrians had peak value under pH 7,and had significant differences (P<0.05) than the other four pH treatments,and the four kinds of growth index under strong alkaline treatment were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that under acid treatment.2)Chlorophyll content had maximum under pH 7,which had significant(P<0.05) differences higher than that of pH=3，5 and pH 11,and under strong alkaline treatment were significantly (P<0.05) more than acid treatment.Soluble sugar under five pH treatments difference was not significant (P>0.05).3)The contents of ergine under pH 9-11 had a peak value at 15 d，which had significant(P<0.05) difference with other treatments.The contents of ergonovine under pH11 had maximum at 15 d，which were significantly(P<0.05) enhanced by increasing pH.To sum up,Symbiotic seedlings grow best under neutral conditions and under alkaline conditions grow well more than that under acidic conditions.However,the accumulation of ergine and ergonovine had peak values under strong alkaline conditions.Comprehensive growth and ergot alkliold production,the symbionts can be used in the cultivation of salinealkali land greening.

Abstract:Under hydroponic conditions，Chang72 were used to study the effect of different PEG6000 concentrations（10 %,12.5%,15%,17.5%,20%,22.5%,25%）and different concentrations (5,10,15,20,25,30 mg / L) plant growth regulator 2(3,4dichlorophenoxy1)triethylamino（DCPTA）under 15.0% PEG6000 simulated drought stress on maize seedling growth and antioxidant enzyme systems. The results showed that, biomass index(dry and fresh weight of shoot and root), leaf relative water content(RWC) and SPAD value decreased after the PEG6000 treatment, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, CAT) activities ,malondialdehyde (MDA) content and osmotic adjustment substance (soluble protein, proline) accumulation increased，when PEG6000 concentration reached 15%. The indices significantly different from control; The treatment by addition of DCPTA to the hydroponic solution induced an increase in drought tolerance during subsequent exposure to 15% PEG6000 water stress. This was evidenced by the indices (biomass, RWC, SPAD, antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA content and osmotic adjustment substances) of maize seedling. We can concluded preliminarily that the appropriate PEG6000 concentration for the identification of maize drought tolerance in seedling stage was 15%; DCPTA could enhance drought tolerance of maize seedling by modulating growth, increasing osmotic adjustment substance accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities. The appropriate concentration was 15 and 20mg/L.

Abstract:With the purpose of examining the effects of light quality on flowering, the pigment content, quality and carbon metabolism of pakchoi (Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis (L) Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee) seedlings on the budding and floweringagetypes, the present study were carried out to use the cultivar ‘Suzhouqing’ as plant material, which were grown under four different light treatments including blue plus red lightemitting diodes (LEDs, B∶R=2∶7), blue LEDs (B), red LEDs (R) and fluorescent lamps (FL) for 120 days. Some indices such as flower buds, open flowers, pigments and ascorbic acid, soluble protein, sucrose, soluble sugar, and starch concentrations were determined. The results showed that. (1) with the extension of flowering time, the numbers of open flowers were significantly larger in seedlings under R and BR than that under FL. The number of flower buds was significantly larger under R and BR than that under FL at the 100^thd. However, the number of flower buds was significantly larger under B than that under FL at the 110^thd and 120^thd; (2) the photosynthetic pigment content of leaves was gradually decreased with the extension of flowering period. The concentrations of pigments were significantly higher in seedlings under BR than that under FL at 100^thd. However, the concentrations of pigments were significantly higher in seedlings under B than that under FL at 110^thd. The concentrations of pigments were the highest in seedlings under BR at 120^thd; (3) the soluble protein and ascorbic acid content in leaves decreased gradually as the flowering time was prolonged. The concentration of soluble protein was higher in seedlings under B than that under FL during the flowering periond. However, the concentration of ascorbic acid was higher in seedlings under B than that under FL at 100^thd. The concentration of ascorbic acid was higher under B and BR in seedlings than that under FL at 110^thd and 120^thd; (4) as the extended flowering, leaf carbohydrate content also gradually reduced, which soluble sugar, sucrose and starch contents were significantly higher under R than that under the other lights. Obviously, compared with the FL, LEDs is more effective for the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of pakchoi seedlings, B is conducive to the vegetative growth of pakchoi, while R and BR are beneficial to their reproductive growth. The R LEDs and BR LEDs lights can be used as the artificial light source for the pakchoi breeding, and it might promote the factory production process of pakchoi.

Abstract:The pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of different nitrogen forms and ratios on the nitrate and nitrite accumulation and quality of Platycodon grandiflorum. The results showed that:(1) When NH⁺₄N/NO^-₃N was 25∶75, the contents of nitrate and nitrite reached their minimum values.The nitrate accumulation increased constantly during the cultivation process of P. grandiflorum.In contrast，while the nitrite accumulation decreased during the cultivation process of P. grandiflorum.(2) The content of Vc was the highest at the NH⁺₄N/NO^-₃N ratio of 0∶100. And the contents of soluble protein, amino acids,Fe,Mg,Cu were the highest at the NH⁺₄N/NO^-₃N ratio of 75∶25.(3) The contents of N,Cu,Mn and Zn had their maximum values under amidenitrogen treatment.(4) The total flavonoids content decreased with the increasing of NO^-₃N. At the NH⁺₄N/NO^-₃N ratio of 25∶75, the platycodin contents and polysaccharide contents of P. grandiflorum reached its maximum values. Studies had shown that: proper application of different nitrogen forms decreased the nitrate and nitrite contents and increased the quality of P. grandiflorum and the best treatment was the NH⁺₄N/NO^-₃N ratio of 25∶75. It was worth noting that nitrogen fertilizers should not be used before the harvest time of P. grandiflorum.

Abstract:In order to clarify the effects of different concentrations of manganese(Mn) soaking on photosynthesis, root system, root vigor and biomass of wheat seedling, this paper performed pot experiment at the four manganese gradients of 0 g/L ,0.03 g/L,0.06 g/L and 0.12 g/L,using wheat variety ‘Xinong 979’ as the material. The results showed that:(1)Within the range 0-0.06 g/L of Mn soaking, the photosynthetic pigment, net photosynthetic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(G_s) and water use efficiency(WUE_L) of leaf were enhanced and intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) was declined with increasing Mn amount. Among them, the promotion effect of 0.06 g/L of Mn soaking was mostly obvious; when Mn application level was higher than 0.06 g/L, the trend declined in P_n, transpiration rate(T_r), G_s, C_i; (2) Total root length, surface area, root volume, root vigor were the greatest in wheat seedlings under 0.06 g/L treatment, which was showed significant differences to control; (3) The trend of upground dry weight, root and rootshoot ratios in wheat seedlings appeared as single peak curves, which was the greatest under 0.06 g/L treatment. Moreover it showed significant differences to control. In general, appropriate concentration Mn soaking could improve the function of wheat leaf photosynthetic capacity and development of root under seedling stage. However, soaking wheat seeds by higher concentration Mn, would decrease growth of wheat seedling. Therefore in a comprehensive consideration of photosynthetic characteristics,root system and biomass, we propose that the optimal manganese soaking concentration is 0.06 g/L in the local with lack of manganese.

Abstract:We investigated the effects of actinomycetes on the growth and antioxidative characteristics of perennial ryegrass under drought stress,using soil inoculating actinomycetes agent and pot experiment.Results showed that:(1)actinomycetesinoculated treatment significantly promoted the plant growth under drought stress,of which root tiller number and root fresh weight were significantly increased by 35.00% and 37.47%,respectively(P<0.05);(2)the contents of total chlorophylls and carotenoid were significantly increased by 12.02% and 10.38% with actinomycetesinoculated under drought stress;(3)the three main antioxidative enzyme activities of SOD,POD and CAT were increased by 12.72%,2.38% and 24.83%,respectively,while SOD and CAT activities showed significantly increased with actinomycetes inoculation.These results indicated that actinomycetesinoculated in drought soil improved the contents of total chlorophylls and carotenoid,enhanced the antioxidative characteristics of perennial ryegrass,and thus significantly promoted the plant growth by increasing plant biomass.

Abstract:To clarify the physiological characteristics of switchgrass as an introduced species in semiarid region, we investigated its leaf fluorescence characteristics when mixed with old world bluestem at five densities (i.e. 0∶8, 2∶6, 4∶4, 6∶2,8∶0) under shortterm water stress ［soil moisture contents declined from 80% to 20% FC (field capacity is 80%) and then rehydrate to 80% FC］and two nitrogen treatments (N₀ and 0.1g N·kg^-1 addition) in a pot experiment. Results showed that: (1) The maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), PSⅡ actual quantum yield (Φ_PSⅡ), apparent electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of switchgrass decreased gradually with soil water drying, and recovered to the same level as with the control plants in the second day after rewatering. (2) ETR value of switchgrass was significantly higher in monoculture under both N fertilizer treatments, and qP value was significantly higher in monoculture than those in mixture under nitrogen addition treatment, and vise versa for nonphotochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ) value, indicating that the activity of PSⅡ reaction declined in mixture, and switchgrass had higher competition ability under mixture. (3) Φ_PSⅡ and qP values of switchgrass increased 13.64%-23.53% and 6.12%-11.11%, respectively, and NPQ value decreased 9.76%-12.82% under N addition treatment, which indicated that N could improve the light energy use efficiency and competitive ability of switchgrass. Our results suggested that switchgrass have strong adaptation when mixed with old world bluestem under different soil water and N application treatments, and N addition could increase its competitive ability to the component species.

Abstract:Twelve dominate landscape plants,Galium odoratum,Canna indica,Iris tectorum,Paeonia lactiflora,Ligustrum lucidum,Osmanthus fragrans,Cinnamomum camphora,Magnolia grandiflora,Photinia serrulata,Nerium oleander,Euonymus japonicus,Lonicera japonica and Viburnum odoratissimum in Xi’an,Northern China.However,the distribution of soil nutrients in the rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere areas and ecological stoichiometry of landscape plants in this region have been largely unknown,This paper discusses the rhizosphere effects and ecological stoichiometry of twelve landscape plants in Xi’an.The results were as follows:(1)the content of soil C,N,and P in rhizosphere were higher than that of nonrhizosphere,while pH was lower than that of nonrhizosphere.The soil C,N,and P of different landscape plants showed significant enrichment and pH showed significant loss.(2)The content of soil C,N,and P presented the obvious “surfaceaggregation”,which gradually declined with the increasing soil depth.(3)The content of soil C,N,and P in the same organs showed arbors>shrubs>herbs,and in the same landscape plants showed leaf>stem>root,which suggested that the landscape plants had its own absorption migration,accumulation characteristics.(4)As to soil stoichiometric,soil C/N showed arbors>shrubs>herbs,and had no significantly difference (P>0.05),soil C/P and N/P showed herbs>arbors>shrubs,the lower C/P and N/P preliminary showed the landscape plants more easily restricted by N and P in the soil under the natural conditions;As to plant stoichiometric,leaf C/N showed shrubs>herbs>arbors,C/P,N/P showed herbs>shrubs>arbors,and had no significantly difference (P>0.05).(5)Correlation analysis showed that the leaf C,N，C/N,N/P had significant correlation with soil C,N，C/N,N/P (P<0.05),which illustrated the demand for nutrition elements of the landscape plants basically consistent with soil nutrients,while the content of soil P had no effect with plant leaves P.

Abstract:Based on the research methods that simulated warming effect on plants of tundra plan (ITEX), we used four kinds of plants at alpine Kobresia humilis meadow: K. humilis, Elymus nutans, Oxytropis ochrocephala, Gentiana straminea, set a big(OTC1) and a small(OTC2) warming room, to determine the carbon, nitrogen and their stability isotopes(δ¹³C,δ¹⁵N) content changes after three years of warming. The result showed that: in addition to the C/N ratio of K. humilis was reduced by 14.1% in small warming room (OTC2), the C/N ratios of the other three species were all increased in the two warming rooms than that in the control, while the differences were all not significant(P>0.05). The δ¹³C of the four kinds of plant leaves was between -24.12 ‰ ~ -28.34 ‰, the δ¹³C of K. humilis leaf was increased with raising temperature, while the δ¹³C of O. ochrocephala and G. straminea was reduced with the raising temperature. The δ¹³C change of K. humilis leaf reached significant level(P<0.05).The δ¹⁵N of K. humilis and G. straminea were all increased in the two warming rooms than that in the control, the δ¹⁵N change of G. straminea reached significant level (P<0.05); the δ¹⁵N change of E. nutans reduced 18.7% and 26.9% in OTC1 and OTC2 respectively, while the differences were all not significant (P>0.05); the δ¹⁵N change of O. ochrocephala was reduced by 11.0% in small warming room (OTC2) than that in control, while increased by 2.8% in big warming room (OTC1) than that in control. It is observed that the carbon, nitrogen and their stability isotopes (δ¹³C,δ¹⁵N) of different functional group of plant species have different response patterns and rules to shortterm warming.

Abstract:Our study aimed to determine the relationship between the environment factors and these variation patterns.Also,we examined the difference of variation patterns between forest community and understory herb layer only.The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used for testing the relationship between 9 environment factors and species composition data.A correlation test was determined the relationship between environment factors and species α diversity.Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to analyze the importance of environment factors on plant functional traits.We also tested the Pearson correlation coefficient of community α diversity and functional traits between forest community and understory herb layer.We found that:1) 9 environment factors had a poor power to explain the change of both forest community and understory herb layer.However,the axis 1 of CCA could distinguish the altitude range of each plot in both modes.2) Along the elevation,the ShannonWiener index of forest community at first increased and then decreased while the ShannonWiener index of understory herb layer decreased monotonously.3)The ShannonWiener index of both community and herb layer was independence to slope and woody species layer cover degree(WCD).The axis 1 of RDA which related to altitude could explain 71.2% of total trait variation for forest community and 54.7% for understory herb layer.The variation pattern of plant max height value (H_max) of forest community and herb layer was different.

Abstract:10 sample plots were set along a gradient of aridity in the alpine meadow, the Dongda Mountain in Southeastern Tibet. Species Kobresia pygmaea and K. humilis were selected as the study materials, and liner regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the amount of leaf and numerical value of other components of plants, such as amount of ramet, diameter of base stem, amount of root and length of root. The slopes of liner regressions were used to measure the effect of tillering, germination ability of leaf, effect of root branching and root elongating. The results showed: (1) leaf amount and numerical value of other components of the two Kobresia plants were significantly positive liner correlated (P< 0.01). (2) With aggravation of aridification, ramet amount of K. pygmaea increased, while that of K. humilis decreased. For two plants, the tillering effect decreased, which indicated that leaf amount of per ramet reduced due to the aridification. (3) Diameter of base stem and germination ability of two plants decreased with aggravation of aridification. Germination ability of K. pygmaea was in correspondence with drought gradient; there was no regular variation of germination ability of K. humilis along the gradient of aridification, but it decreased to an extreme value when habitats presented to be very dry. (4) For plant K. pygmaea, its amount and length of root both increased; for plant K. humilis, its root length increased, but root amount showed irregular variation; the effect of root branching and root elongating both decreased along the gradient of aridification. In summary, this study showed that the most suitable habitat for Kobresia plants was marsh land with shallow water. K. pygmaea can better adapt to aridification and distributes at a wide range by lowering germination rate of leaf for decreasing transpiration, increasing ramet amount for increasing the spatial occupation ability, and increasing root amount and length to enhance the ability to absorb soil water, while K. humilis responses to aridification only by lowering germination rate of leaf and increasing root length, which shows a weak adaptation to arid habitat and distributes at a narrower range.

Abstract:The method to construct pepper core germplasm based on phenotypic data was studied with 603 accessions which were divided into 5 groups by the fruit shape index.Four types of sampling proportion methods in group,six overall sampling scales and two sampling methods were compared by the phenotypic data of 28 characters.The main results were as follows:(1) The proportions of materials selected by proportional ratio,square root ratio,logarithm ratio and diversity ratio in primary core germplasm were 24.2%, 22.2%, 21.1% and 17.8%, respectively,which illustrated that the best proper sampling proportion within group was based on index of genetic diversity which enabled the sampled number or proportion from different groups tend to balance.(2) The index of genetic diversity (I) of the core germplasm established according to the method of genetic diversity index proportion reached maximum and the ratio of phenotypic retained (RPR) reached 98% when the over all sampling scale increased to 15%.Although the proportion of phenotypes retained,coefficient of variation (CV) and the coincidence rate of range (CR) all increased gently,the genetic diversity index of the preconcentrated core germplasm decreased accordingly when the overall sampling scale increased to over 20%.So 15% of the overall sampling sizes were more appropriate.(3) Using logarithmic ratio method and diversity ratio,under 15% of the total sample size,the I,RPR,CV and CR of the core germplasm constructed by cluster sampling were much higher than that by random sampling.(4) Based on the optimized sampling scheme,the core germplasm of 91 accessions of pepper germplasm were established.

Abstract:The wild apple forest of Malus sieversii endemic to Toli and Emin Counties, Xinjiang, were surveyed by sampling method of typical sampling methods. Based on the survival analysis, and with space (diameter at breast height, DBH) instead of time (age of tree), we constructed the age structure and static life tables, and drew the curves of survival. With the time series models, the forecast development trend of the population was also predicted. Results showed that: (1) The individual number of the middle level（20＜DBH≤30 cm） in M. sieversii population was relatively stable. While the individual numbers of saplings (DBH≤15 cm) in M. sieversii population was many, but was unstable. The big（30＜DBH≤40 cm) and old (DBH＞40 cm) trees in M. sieversii population were significantly reduced as a result of physiological aging, interspecific competition and environmental factors. (2) The estimated survival curve roughly showed the form of DeeveyⅠ. Dynamic performance prophase and midterm slow growth, relatively stable ,later period recession. (3) Time sequence prediction models for different populations after 10,20 and 30 years indicated that the number of old individuals would increase and that young individuals would decrease, both 2 populations showed apparently aging tendency.

Abstract:In the arid desert region downstream of the Tarim River, we selected Yingsu, Kaerdayi, Alagan, Yiganbujima four different sections. Through the four typical sections of the underground water level monitoring and calculation, determination of radial growth of Populus euphratica, with the method of mathematical statistics, comparative analysis of different cross section of the radial growth of P. euphratica and the relationship between the groundwater depth, quantitative study of P. euphratica growth reasonable levels, we provided a theoretical basis for the healthy growth and lower Tarim River Populus recovery. The results are as follow: (1) After 2000, the four sections of Populus ring width has increased significantly. Yingsu section has the most obvious changes in tree ring width. Yiganbujima section has the most gentle ring width changes. Before 2000 (to exclude the interference of artificial water), Populus ring index changes are significant differences, the most obvious ups and downs for the Yiganbujima section. Alagan section is the most gentle, Kaerdayi section has a clear downward trend.（2）In four radial sections, Populus growth and significant negative correlation with groundwater level. A regression model of radial growth of Populus and groundwater level found: four sections fit through the 0.05 level to test the equation, fitting better relationship. (3) Populus radial growth decrease with the decline in the four sections of the groundwater level. The sensitivity was first increased, then decreased. Groundwater level corresponding to the maximum sensitivity are: Yingsu section 5.38 m, Kaerdayi section 6.66 m, Alagan section 7.81 m and Yiganbujima section 7.84 m. Populus radial growth in four sections differ in response to the sensitivity of groundwater level changes. Populus growth sensitive groundwater level range is between 5.4-7.8 m.

Abstract:Based on field investigation and documents collection, we counted endemic seed plants in Chongqing, and analyzed their floristic characteristics. The results were as follows: (1) There were 153 endemic seed plant species in Chongqing, which belong to 97 genera and 40 families. Most of them were herbaceous plants, about 103 species, followed by shrubs and trees. (2) The geographical compositions were complex and diverse. There were 6 distribution types and 1 subtype for families, 8 types and 10 subtypes for genera. According to ecological function regionalization of Chongqing, the endemisms were divided into 11 types. (3) At the level of family, tropicsubtropic elements occupied 57.14%, whereas temperate elements occupied 42.86%. At the level of genus, tropicsubtropic elements occupied 23.53%, whereas temperate elements occupied 64.71%. Transitional characteristic is obvious. (4) The distribution centersis obvious and the abundance order was: Jinfo Mountain evergreen broadleaf forest biodiversity conservation ecofunction region>Daba Mountain biodiversity conservation and water and soil conservation ecofunction region>outskirts headwaters>hydrofluctuation belt constructed wetlands.

Abstract:During the research of algal diversity of the Aershan National Geological Park,Inner Mongolia,a new record genus of chrysophtes,Stipitochrysis Korshikov,was observed.The detailed taxonomic description with photos is provided for this genus and the species Stipitochrysis monorhiza Korsikov.The voucher specimens are deposited in the Lab of Algae and Environment of Shanghai Normal University.

Abstract:Base on the survey of cytological data from Polygonateae,we reviewed chromosome numbers and their variations of taxa from the tribe Polygonateae,including their polyploidization and aneuploidization events,and the correlation with phylogenetic relationships and geographic distribution.The tribe includes ca.100 species from four genera of Maianthemum,Disporopsis,Heteropolygonatum,and Polygonatum.Polygonatum shows a wide variation of chromosome base numbers mainly from 8 to 16 with both polyploidization and aneuploidization simultaneously,quite different from the other three genera with stable basic chromosomal numbers,i.e.,Maianthemum (x=18),Heteropolygonatum (x=16),and Disporopsis (x=20).Chromosomal data support the recognition of the 4 genera in the tribe,each showing a distinct chromosomal pattern.We also find that a decreasing trend of chromosomal basic number of taxa in the tribe.The chromosomal evolution of the tribe is dominantly on the diploidy level with less polyploidization and the aneuploidization events are only found in Polygonatum.Cytological data are highly consistent with the phylogenetic relationships and provide useful implications for the evolution of the tribe.

Abstract:Many researchers found that stress environment induced the formation of polyploidy plant. Simultaneously, it might be the stress that acted as a key factor to select polyploidy plants to survive in that rigid environment. The size of cells and organs in polyploidy plants were always larger, but not of the size of the whole plant. Polyploidy plants had increased resistance in some major stress environments such as low temperature, high temperature, drought, salinity and pathogenic stress. The elevated resistance to stress was achieved due to changing the cell dimension and structure, changing the membrane system, enhancing the osmotic substances, elevating the activity of antioxidative system, altering the gene expressing and epigenetic changes. However, there were also researchers showed that the stress resistance of polyploidy plants was shrunk down. We could not illustrate the mechanism of stress resistance of polyploidy plants unless do more detailed studies. This article presents a review on the formation and characteristics of polyploidy plants and its response and regulation mechanisms under stress conditions.