Abstract:The calcineurin Blike (CBL)CBLinteracting protein kinase (CIPK) network plays a pivotal role in regulating the physiological as well as developmental processes in plants. In this study, we obtained a CIPK gene, TaCIPK16, from the wheat leaves infected by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) using in silico cloning and RTPCR. The fulllength cDNA of TaCIPK16 was 1 606 bp, which encoding 433 amino acids. Multisequence alignment showed that TaCIPK16 share high similarity with OsCIPK16 and AtCIPK16 in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. Analysis of the protein domain features indicated that TaCIPK16 contained conserved regulatory domain in Cterminal and protein kinases domain in Nterminal. Subcellular localization assays revealed that TaCIPK16 displayed a localization pattern similar to that of the GFP control, indicating a cytoplasmic and nuclear localization. Yeast twohybrid assays showed that TaCIPK16 strongly interacts with TaCBL4 and TaCBL9, respectively. qRTPCR assays indicated that TaCIPK16 was induced by Pst infection and differentially expressed during incompatible and compatible interactions between wheat and Pst. Our results suggest that TaCIPK16 has a positive role in regulating wheat resistance against Pst.

Abstract:RACE method was used to obtain the complete cDNA sequence of AmMYB1 (Genbank accession No. KU557504) from ‘Dahong’ amararanth (Amaranthus tricolor L.)，which belong to MYB gene . The AmMYB1 gene contains an open reading frame of 723 bp that encodes 240 amino acids. Comparison between the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences showed that AmMYB1 gene contains one intron. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that AmMYB1 is a typical R2R3MYB containing two consecutive MYB domains.Blast X analysis showed that AmMYB1 is relatively close to betalain biosynthesisrelated BvMYB1，with an identity of 54% .Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the AmMYB1 protein was located in the nucleus. Quantitative real time PCR results showed that the expression level of AmMYB1 was significantly higher in the red part of leaves than that in the green part，and was also higher in the leaves and stems with high betalain concentrations than that in the roots. The expression of AmMYB1 was obviously increased when exposure to light. AmMYB1 was found to be highly expressed in the red leaf variety compared with the green leaf variety. Therefore，the AmMYB1 may play positive roles in regulating betalain biosynthesis in Amaranthus.

Abstract:Late embryogenesis abundant protein(LEA) are a suite of important family proteins found in organisms, which are generally involved in osmoregulation and are expressed abundantly when subjected to environmental stresses. In this study, we isolated a novel LEA3 gene TaDRLea32 from wheat‘Zhengyin No.1’. The full length of TaDRLea32 is 668 bp, whose ORF is 570 bp, encoding 189 amino acids, and consists of 9 conserved 11mer repeating motifs; Protein prediction shows that the protein is highly hydrophilic and located in the cytoplasm, with three phosphorylation sites and has no transmembrane domain or signal peptide; Secondary structure analysis shows that the main structure is alpha helix; Homology comparison and regenerating phylogenetic tree were carried out by MEGA5.1. Expression analyses revealed that TaDRLea32 gene was induced by drought, lowtemperature, highsalt stress and also moreover, can be induced by ABA treatment. These results suggested that TaDRLea32 is an ABAdependent LEA3 gene, participating in the response process of wheat under the abiotic stresses in different mechanisms and can lay a foundation for elucidating LEA3 gene protection mechanism under abiotic stresses in wheat.

Abstract:Based on homology cloning techniques, we isolated the polyphenol oxidase gene (3 transcripts：DlPPO1a，DlPPO1b, and DlPPO1c; Genbank：KM387405, KM516087, and KM516088) from leaves of longan (‘Sijimi’ cultivar) by RTPCR and RACE．The fulllength cDNA sequence of DlPPO1a，DlPPO1b, and DlPPO1c were 1 969 bp, 1 960 bp and 1 920 bp, respectively, containing a 1 800 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encoded 599 amino acids; DlPPO1 shared high homology with PPO gene of Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, and Populus euphratica, etc. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the deduced DlPPO1 protein with conserved domains shared the typical characteristics of the PPO family. QPCR analysis indicated that during somatic embryogenesis (SE) in longan, the expression level of DlPPO1 rose from the stage of heart embryo and then reached the highest at the stage of the cotyledon embryo, which suggested that DlPPO1 might play important roles during the middle and late stages of longan SE. It was detected that DlPPO1 abundantly accumulated in longan leaves, followed by flower buds; there was lower expression in other longan tissues. After exposure to phytohormones and abiotic stress, the expression of DlPPO1 was induced by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonte (MeJA), NaCl, mannitol, and PEG treatments. Consequently, it suggested that DlPPO1 might participate in abiotic stress responsiveness.

Abstract:The study used fruit peel of sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars ‘Huanghua’ pear (russet fruit) and its bud mutant ‘Lühuanghua’ pear (green fruit) at 8 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) as experiment materials. the cDNA fulllength of HHT gene,which was named PpyHHT (GenBank accession No. KX131155), was cloned by conventional and nest PCR techniques. Sequence analysis showed that the fulllength of the PpyHHT ortholog consisted of a 1 335 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide containing 444 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of deduced amino acids was 49.91 kD, with an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.75, which had the highest similarity (98%) and closest relationship with that in Pyrus bretschneideri. Realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRTPCR) analysis demonstrated that the expression of PpyHHT gene in ‘Huanghua’ and ‘Lühuanghua’ pear peel were changing constantly during the key period (6-9 weeks), and significantly higher in ‘Huanghua’ pear peel than that in ‘Lühuanghua’. PpyHHT gene involved in the formation of sand pear russet/green traits, its expression level differences may play a role in the formation of sand pear skin color.

Abstract:In our study, 8 anthocyanins biosynthesis related MYB candidate genes were identified by using bioinformatics technologies and the expression profiles in different tissues and stages of fruits during the development and determined by transcriptome data and real time PCR. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 4 MYB genes were closed to MYB genes from Vitis vinifera L., Oryza sativa and Zea mays L., while only 1 MYB gene was grouped into one cluster with those from Arabidopsis thaliana and Malus domestica L.. High level of transcripts of major genes in male flower was determined by transcriptome data. Continuous downregulation expressions of MnMYBJ and MnMYB4 during the development of mulberry fruits were confirmed, while MnMYB330 had a continuous upregulation expression. Therefore, MYB genes have positive regulation and negative regulation during the accumution of anthocyanins.

Abstract:In this study, fifteen SSR primer pairs with polymorphism were used to assess genetic diversity and relationship of 60 wild tea germplasms from Qiannan prefecture. The results showed that the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 98.64%. A total of 147 observed alleles and 73.778 6 effective alleles were generated, with a mean of 9.8 and 4.918 6 per locus. Totally 280 genotypes were detected in all materials, with a mean of 18.7 for each polymorphism primer pairs. The polymorphism information content varied from 0.123 9 to 0.926 8, with an average of 0.572 5. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.470 0 and 0.602 3, respectively. The average Shannon’s information index was 1.464 4. The similarity coefficient among 60 tea germplasms was 0.205 1 to 0.863 6. When the similarity coefficient was 0.477 5, eight major groups were generated from all the accessions tested by UPGMA clustering analysis. The results showed that there were no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance among the tea germplasms, and some individuals in the same population distributed in different groups of the cluster. These results suggested that the materials used in the experiment possessed a broad genetic variation, showing a high level of genetic polymorphism among tea germplasms revealed by SSR markers.

Abstract:The genetic diversity of 50 seed watermelon germplasm from different places were analyzed by SSR molecular marker and the primary core collection was constructed by Least Distance Stepwise Sampling(LDSS).The results showed that:(1) 31 pairs of primers which showed high polymorphism were selected from 106 SSR primers, showed 115 polymorphic bands in 138 bands owning 83.33% polymorphic loci, the average of Shannon information index(I), Nei’s genetic diversity(h),effective number of alleles(N_e) and number of alleles(N_a) by POPGENE32 analysis was 0.419 3, 0.272 4, 1.458 0 and 1.981 4, respectively, which indicated high genetic diversity in 50 seed watermelon accessions. (2) The clustering result showed that genetic similarity coefficient ranged 0.57-0.91. Some germplasms distributed in different origins and far geographic distance showed high genetic similarity coefficient in 50 accessions. (3) The germplasm were sampled by the method of LDSS and ratio at 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10%, and the genetic diversity parameters of each core subset was compared. The results showed that the change of genetic diversity parameters of each core subset was not clear with the samples reduced in six samplings. But the percentage of polymorphic loci, N_e, h and I of 10 primary accessions were obtained by sampling proportion 20%. It showed that the primary core collection from 20% sampling could well represent the genetic diversities of the whole collection．

Abstract:The sterile line of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) with the cytoplasm of Ae. ventricosa is Ven cytoplastmic male sterile (Ven CMS), and it is one type of S^v CMS in wheat. To better understand the molecular mechanism on nucleuscytoplasmic interaction male sterility in wheat, we analyzed differential proteomics at uninucleate and binucleate stages in sterile line JI5418A and its maintainer line JI5418B. Another proteins were separated by two dimensional electrophoresis. Differential protein spots were identified by matrixassisted laser desorption /ionization tandem timeofflight mass spectrometry (MALDITOFTOF). Identification and function annotation and analysis of these proteins were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. About 2000 reproducibly protein spots could be visualized on these 2Dgels within M 19.0-100.0 kD and pI 47. Ninety eight differentially expressed proteins were found between JI5418A and JI5418B, and among these proteins 56 showed same differences at both stages. Forty one proteins were successfully identified in NCBI database. Eighteen and 23 proteins were significantly downregulated expressed in JI5418A, and JI5418B, respectively. The differentially expressed proteins involving in energy metabolism, active oxygen scavenge, ribosome synthesis and pollen wall formation existed in both sterile and fertile lines. GO analysis predicted many differential expressed proteins involved in electron transport and energy metabolism, ribosome metabolism, and active oxygen metabolism, etc. in biological process, distributed in membrane region and mitochondria in cellular component, DNA and RNA binding function and hydrolytic enzymes in molecular function. KEGG pathways analysis indicated that more proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, active oxygen metabolism and protein assembly and folding than other pass ways. It is speculated that male sterility in JI5418B might be related to energy metabolism, active oxygen scavenging process. Ribosomal protein and chaperone protein also have great roles in controlling its fertility. Male sterility in Ven CMS might be related to the regulation disorders in protein processing and material synthesis.

Abstract:The blooming of the single flower, the development of microsporangium, male gametophyte, megasporogenesis, female gametophyte and embryogeny of Swertia mileensis, a special herb endemic to Yunnan, were studied in this article. (1) The reproductive growth of S. mileensis begins at late August or early September and the bud stage is last for approximately 35 days, flowering time is last for only 2-3 days while fruit stage is the longest, approximately 40-45 days. (2) There are a series of mechanism to guarantee the cross pollination in S. mileensis, such as the versatile anther; the dichogamy in which the maturity of stamen was about 23 hours earlier than the maturity of pistil, that means the overlapping time of the mature stamen and pistil is only 1-2 hours. Furthermore a new mechanism was observed in which the stamen and pistil would change their position in space to avoid selfpollination. At first anther clings to stamen and then turn around on the back of the pistil after a 180° reversion, while filament deviate lead to the anther bent down with 210°. Section shows: anthers are tetrasporangiate. The development of anther walls conforms to the basic type and comprises of epidermis, endothecium, two middle layers and tapetum at the mature stage. The tapetum cells have dual origin and belong to the glandular type. The anther locules have degenerating tapetum nuclei in the middle which are from the early dividing and intruding of the tapetum. Two middle layers are ephemeral; endothecium reduces and epidermis persists and develops to become fibrousthickening. The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cell in meiosis is of the simultaneous type. Most of the microspore tetrads are tetrahedral and pollen grains are 2celled and 3celled when shed. The ovary is bicarpellate, unilocular with some series of ovules located at the parietal placentation. The ovule is unitegmic, enuinucellar and anatropous. The one chalazal megaspore in linear tetrad becomes the functional megaspore and the development of female gametophyte is the polygonum type. Three antipodal cells have multiseriate nuclei and distinct haustorium, and persist like a layer of “outer endosperm” just out of the endosperm nucleus layer. Fertilization is porogamous and of premitotic syngamy type. The development of endosperm conforms to nuclear type and the embryogeny corresponds to the solanum type. The embryo is at the late early heartshaped stage when seeds released from the capsule. The developed antipodal cells and suspensor structure has magnificent significance for the reproductive adaptation and evolution of the seed afterripening of S. mileensis.

Abstract:Three desert plants with different photosynthetic types, including C₃ plant Salsola junatovii, C₃C₄ plant S. laricifolia and C₄ plant S. arbuscula, were used to investigate the effect of soil drought stress on the ultramicrostructure of mesophyll cells under pot culture condition using transmission electron microscope. The results showed that: (1) Under the normal water state, the organelles of mesophyll cells kept integrity. (2) Under the slight drought stress, the ultramicrostructure of three plants were not damaged. (3) Under the condition of moderate drought stress, for S. junatovii and S. laricifolia, wall boundary of mesophyll cells were not clear and the thylakoids expanded, but the differences between these two plants were that mitochondria of S. junatovii firstly appeared degradation, and its inclusions were partly lost. For S. laricifolia, the outer membrane of mitochondria was deformed and the ridges were reduced. The mitochondria of S. arbuscula remained normal, but the chloroplasts slightly expanded. (4) Under the severe drought stress, the chloroplasts of S. junatovii and S. laricifolia were damaged and mitochondria were degraded. For S. arbuscula, the chloroplasts expanded, the outer membrane of mitochondria was deformed and the ridges were reduced. These results have showed that the damage degree of S. arbuscula in chloroplasts and mitochondria under different degree of drought stress was the lowest; For S. junatovii and S. laricifolia, the damage degree of chloroplasts under drought stress was similar; the mitochondria had better tolerance to drought stress than chloroplasts in S. laricifolia and S. arbuscula.

Abstract:To provide theoretical evidence to aid adaptive management of bamboo plantation operating under the background of climate change, we studied the effects of simulated elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ozone (O₃) concentrations on mineral ion uptake and transportation in bamboo. We chose the biennial Oligostachyum lubricum as experiment material, and employed the opentop chambers (OTCs) test method in conjunction with a splitplot design to simulate the different atmospheric and elevated CO₂ and O₃ concentrations, Control ［CK, (40±5) nmol·mol^-1O₃ ,(360±20) μmol·mol^-1CO₂］; elevated O₃ ［EO, (100±10) nmol·mol^-1O₃, (360±20) μmol·mol^-1CO₂］; elevated CO₂ ［EC, (40±5) nmol·mol^-1O₃, (700±35) μmol·mol^-1CO₂］ and combinations of elevated CO₂ and O₃ ［EOEC,(100±10) nmol·mol^-1O₃, (700±35) μmol·mol^-1CO₂］. Our results showed that, compared with CK treatment, EO treatment decreased significantly the Na⁺ and Fe^{（2+，3+）}concentrations in O. lubricum, especially leaf and root, and the ions transportation ability among organs, while had no changes for the Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ concentrations. EC treatment had no changes in Fe^{（2+，3+）}and Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺concentrations with the exception of the decrease significant of Na⁺ concentration, but enhanced the Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ transportation ability from branch to leaf. EOEC treatment decreased significantly the Na⁺ concentration while increased the Fe^{（2+，3+）}and Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺concentrations and the transportation ability among organs. Based on these findings, we concluded that elevated ozone influenced the normal growth of O. lubricum by decreasing the concentrations of mineral nutrient and transportation ability among organs; elevated carbon dioxide benefited the growth of O. lubricum by enhanced the Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺transportation ability from other organs to leaf; the combinations of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide increased both the mineral nutrient concentrations and its transportation ability from other organs to leaf, and maintained the balance of mineral elements, and enhanced the adaptation capacity of O. lubricum to environments with higher ozone and carbon dioxide concentrations.

Abstract:The nutrition bag cultivation was used to investigate the effect of fertilization on growth and photosynthetic physiology of machilus（Phoebe zhennan）polyembryonic seedlings. In the study, three types of seedlings i.e. single embryo seedlings(D), bigger one of twin embryo seedlings (SD), and smaller one of twin embryo seedlings (SX) were selected and planted as experimental material. The age of seedlings for planting was 45 d and the rhizome was preliminary lignification. The experiment was set as three levels of fertilizer application, i.e. control (CK, 0 g per bag), medium level (M, 0.2 g per bag) and high level (H, 0.3 g per bag). Compound fertilizer was applied and the amount of fertilizer was divided into 4 parts and began to apply in early July and ended in early September with the interval of 20 d. The determination of seedling growth and physiological indexes of photosynthesis were conducted in mid of August and mid of October. The results showed that： (1) The medium level(M) of fertilization significantly promoted the height and ground diameter growth of three types seedlings, while high level(H) of fertilization showed the effect of promoting first and then inhibition, and indicated the excessive fertilization. (2) The medium level(M) of fertilization significantly promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll of three types of seedlings, prolonged the functional period of leaves, increased net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, and furthermore improve the ability of photosynthesis of the seedlings under high light intensity and the environment of high CO₂ concentration. (3) The fertilization can decrease the light compensation point (LCP) and CO₂ compensation point (CCP) of seedlings, and increase the light saturation point (LSP) and CO₂ saturation point (CSP), promoting seedlings to adapt to the environment and accumulate more organic matter. Whereas the high amount of fertilization on the photosynthetic indicators of seedlings also showed the role of promotion first and then inhibition. The results showed that synthesis of photosynthetic pigment in all machilus seedlings and photosynthetic efficiency as well as environmental adaptability are enhanced under moderate fertilizer application, which helped to promote the growth of seedlings; the medium level (M) of fertilizer application can rapidly reduce the gap between the growth indicators of bigger one of twin embryo seedlings and single embryo seedlings . and also plays a promoting role on the growth of smaller one of twin embryo seedlings. The results indicated the important significance for the conservation of machilus germplasm resources, and for the promotion of qualified rate of seedlings and reduction of the cost of raising seedling.

Abstract:With four true leaves of Daphne giraldii Nitsche as the material, we investigated the effects of various NaCl stress（50,100,150 and 200 mmol·L^-1）on photosynthetic physiological indexes as seedling photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and gas exchange parameters of D. giraldii Nitsche. based on the pots experiments in sand culture systematically. The result showed that: (1) Under a proper environmental condition(Control), the daily variation of P_n and G_s are both illustrated by doublepeak curve while the daily variation of T_r is represented by a single peak one, thus the daily variation of D. giraldii Nitsche.’s leaves is changed by a higherconcentrated NaCl stress(>100 mmol·L^-1) that causes an overall decline to the daily variation curves of P_n, T_r, as well as G_s, and an overall rise of C_i’s daily variation curve; (2) A lowerconcentrated NaCl stress（50 mmol·L^-1） has little effects on the leaf chlorophyll content and the ratio of D. giraldii Nitsche and its chlorophyll content declined significantly by a higherconcentrated NaCl stress（>100 mmol·L^-1）when the ratio had a slight decrease. (3)F_m,F_v/F_m, F_v′／ F_m′, qP, Φ_PSⅡare all declined significantly by a higherconcentrated NaCl stress（>100 mmol·L^-1）, while F₀ and NPQ are both raised significantly. The research shows that with the increasing of NaCl concentration, the reason for leading to the decrease of photosynthetic rate was mainly caused by the nostomatal factors; D. giraldii Nitsche is fairly resistible of less NaCl stress but a worse NaCl stress may damage the activity of photosynthetic apparatus, thereby surging photoinhibition and restricting photosynthesis.

Abstract:Present study determined the effect of soil moisture condition on leaf carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C), photosynthesis and current year branch growth of Reaumuria soongorica in the pot experiment. The branch growth and δ¹³C of R. soongorica growing in different degraded area were investigated, and their relationship with soil moisture content that plant stand were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) The current year branch biomass (DM), length of first grade branches (LFG), number of second grade branches (NSG), net photosynthesis rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (T^r) of R. soongorica were largely reduced as water supplies decreased in the pot experiments. δ¹³C and water use efficiency(WUE) increased as water supplies reduced, and a significant negative correlation was observed between δ¹³C and DM，LFG，NSG，P_n，G_s and T_r. (2) In the field, δ¹³C decreased from light degraded sites to severe degraded one and significantly negatively correlated with soil water content at a depth of 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm. A negative relationship was also observed between δ¹³C and biomass per unit canopy area (BCA) and number of first grade branch per unit canopy area (NCA). These results suggested that δ¹³C is a good indicator of R. soongorica response to water stress both under potted and field conditions and R. soongorica mainly utilize water in deeper soil and utilize water more efficiently in light degraded area than that in severe degraded area. This conclusion may improve understanding water use strategies of R. soongorica in the arid environments, and have practical use in grassland management and restoration.

Abstract:The responses of hydraulic transport efficiency and safety to nutrients and water addition are the foundation for probing the mechanisms of extensive acclimation in Pinus tabulaeformis. Using the newlydeveloped centrifuge method and taking three treatments as control (CK, no fertilization, natural precipitation), N and P addition (F, fertilizers were applied with the application rate as 120 kg/hm² pure N and 60 kg/hm² pure P per year, natural precipitation), N and P addition plus irrigation (FI, fertilizers were applied with the application rate as 120 kg/hm² pure N and 60 kg/hm² pure P per year, 100 mm water was irrigated excluding local precipitation), we studied the responses of transport efficiency and vulnerability to embolism of currentyear stems in Chinese pine seedlings to nutrients and water addition. The results indicated that: (1) N and P addition raised basal diameter, canopy size and aboveground biomass, but had no effect on specific hydraulic conductivity (K_s), leaf specific conductivity (LSC), Huber value, embolism resistance (P₅₀) and safety margin comparing to the control. (2) Concurrent addition of N, P and water increased plant height, basal diameter, canopy size and aboveground biomass, no difference between treatments was found for K_s, LSC and Huber value, but P₅₀ of FI treatment increased by 0.2 MPa and safety margin also narrowed. These results suggest that nutrient addition had no obvious effect on transport efficiency and safety; water addition did not affect transport efficiency but increased the vulnerability to embolism. The reason was mainly related with longer tracheid length and lower implosion resistance in FI treatment.

Abstract:The HPLC fingerprint of Phyllanthus urinaria from different habitats, different harvest times, different parts was determined and compared by RPHPLC. The comparative study was done with the HPLC fingerprint of Yexiazhu Capsules also. The representative HPLC fingerprint of P. urinaria was established. The results showed: (1) There were 18 mutual peaks, four of which were identified by reference substance. The similarity of 11 samples from different habitats was in the range of 0.89 to 0.99. (2) The similarity of 7 samples from different harvest times was greater than 0.94. The peak area of most mutual peaks increased with growth period, the highest was in 5 October. It was suggested the best harvest time was on early October annually. (3) The similarity of samples from different parts was analyzed and evaluated. The similarity of leaf and fruit was higher in the range of 0.98 to 0.99, and the similarity of root and stem was in the range of 0.86 to 0.87. Lower content of components in root and stem brought about the difference in similarity. It was suggested only collecting the aerial parts. (4) The chemical constituents of Yexiazhu Capsules were nearly consistent with that of reference herb of P. urinaria, but the peak area of some peaks varied very much because of processing of Yexiazhu Capsules. So, this method is simple, accurate, and reproducible, which can be used for the quality control and evaluation of P. urinaria and its Chinese proprietary medicines.

Abstract:With the aim of investigating the effects of biochar and nitrogen input on the season variation of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) fluxes，we measured CO₂ and CH₄ cumulative emission, CO₂+ CH₄ emission intensity in dry farmland. A field experiment was performed over two years to measure CO₂ and CH₄ emissions by continuous observation using static chamber technique. Soil temperature and moisture were also measured at the same time. Three treatments were laid out with three replicates per experiment: C₀N₀ (no biochar, no N), C₀N₁ (no biochar, 225 kg·hm^-2), C₁N₁ (50 t·hm^-2 biochar, 225 kg·hm^-2). The results showed that：（1） the dry spring maize farmland was source for CO₂ under three treatments during the experimental period. The rates of CO₂ emission increased and peaked on the 22th June 2014 and the 1st July 2015 during the maize growing season. The rates then decreased and were maintained at a relatively low level during the fallow season. Biochar and nitrogen amendments decreased the CO₂ flux and cumulative CO₂ emission during the maize growing season. （2）The flux and cumulative CO₂ emission were significantly lower in C₁N₁ treatment than that in C₀N₀ treatment during the two spring maize growing seasons. （3）There was significantly positive correlation between CO₂ flux and soil temperature. Both exponential equation and quadratic equation could be used to simulate the relationships, of which the correlation of 10 cm temperature was better than of 0 cm temperature. The CO₂ flux had negative correlation with soil moisture. （4）The CH₄ flux was between -16.08-73.96 μg·m^-2·h^-1 for all of the treatments, and was sink for CH₄ . Biochar and nitrogen amendments increased the CH₄ flux and cumulative CH₄ emission during the maize growing season which were also affected by annual environmental factors. The CH₄ emission had positive correction with soil moisture but negative with soil temperature. The addition of biochar and nitrogen could reduce CO₂ and increase CH₄ fluxes and cumulative emission from dry farmland. Comprehensive consideration of two aspects, a reasonable addition of nitrogen and biochar would be beneficial for controlling greenhouse gas emission from dry farmland. Briefly, biochar and nitrogen amendment significantly increased the yield of maize, while reduced CO₂+CH₄ emissions intensity significantly.

Abstract:Alsophila spinulosa is a mesozoic ancient relic species which under the second-grade state protection. A. spinulosa and its habitat is the protection object of Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve of Guizhou. This A. spinulosa population is one of the populations with the most abundant and the largest distribution. Ecological and floristic methods were used to study the species diversity, floristic elements, life form spectrum and community structure. The results show that: （1）a total of 122 species, 96 genera and 60 families were found in the community, among them there were 17 fern species, belonging to 14 genera and 12 families, 2 gymnosperms belonging to 2 genera and 2 families, and 103 angiosperms belonging to 80 genera and 46 families; （2） the families and genera floristic composition was complex with various types, the floristic characteristics were mainly influenced by pantropic, followed by temperate, which reflected its transitional characteristic; （3）the main life form distribution was phanerophytes, about 57.38%, which reflected that the phanerophytes lifeforms were the dominant in midsubtropical forest; （4）vertical stratification was obvious, trees with the height between 4 m and 12 m had the highest proportion about 76.64%, shrubs with the height between 2 m and 3 m had the highest proportion of 69.78%, and herbs with the height between 0-0.2 m had the highest proportion, the level is obvious; （5）Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens and A. spinulosa were the dominant tree species; A. spinulosa was the dominant species of shrub layer; Dryopteris erythrosora and Selaginella uncinata were the main herbs. The result of species richness analysis was tree layer < shrub layer < herbaceous layer. Diversity index and uniformity analysis shown aggregated distribution for tree layer and its relatively simple composition. The distribution forms of shrub and herb layers were uniform with low abundance.

Abstract:Two T. chinensis communities, from Niushiping and Lishuzhou in Taoyuandong National Nature Reserve, are studied by using the methods of plots for the composition and structure of the communities, using ShannonWeiner index, Simpson index and Pielou index for species diversity of every layers and using diameter class frequency distribution of T. chinensis to analyze the age class frequency distribution and the regeneration of the target population. The results are as follows: (1) since the evergreen plants are dominant, the physiognomy of the two communities show some seasonal changes of dark green in summer and light yellowgreen in autumn and winter. (2) Twentysix species in 21 genera of 13 families compose the T. chinensis community of Niushiping and the T. chinensis community of Lishuzhou contains 22 families, 30 genera with 36 species. Their proportions of temperate genera of seed plants are higher than that of tropical genera, which shows the subtropical montane property of geographical elements. (3) The vertical structure of above two communities can be divided into three layers, i.e. tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer and the tree layer includes three sublayers, i.e. upper layer, middle layer and lower layer. (4) ShannonWiener index and Simpson index arrange as lower layer of tree > middle layer of tree > shrub layer > upper layer of tree in both communities, and Pielou index of middle layer of tree and lower layer of tree is higher than that of upper layer of tree and shrub layer in both communities. (5) The dominant populations of the T. chinensis community in Niushiping are Rhododendron ovatum, T. chinensis, Camellia cuspidata and Rhododendron latoucheae while the dominant populations of the T. chinensis community in Lishuzhou are Schima argentea, T. chinensis, Rhododendron latoucheae and Rhododendron hypoblematosum. (6) According to the age frequency distribution and the survival analysis, the T. chinensis population from Niushiping is a declining population and unable to regenerate itself because of lacking of enough younger age individuals; the T. chinensis population from Lishuzhou is a increasing population with a certain number of younger age individuals and relatively reasonable age structure while the high canopy density could be a limiting factor that challenge its natural regeneration. In conclusion, we suggest that in situ conservation and proper human intervention are necessary for the T. chinensis community of Niushiping and further monitoring is essential for the T. chinensis community of Lishuzhou.

Abstract:A new record species Peltigera monticola Vitik. was identified from the northwest of China, based on morphological and chemical analysis, and a phylgenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence was also carried out. It was distinguished by its numerous laminal phyllidia, often pruinose, along the margin or cracks, marginal parts tomentose, tufted rhizomes with pale near margins and darkened towards center. Detailed description and discussion with allied species were provided.

Abstract:Based on the systematically taxonomic study of the genus Pohlia Hedw. in China, this paper revises a species of the genus with toruloid gemmae growing on the rhizoids, Pohlia lutescens. Morphological characters, geographical distribution and habitat of this species were discussed. The comparison among P. lutescens and its related species, P. cruda, P. hyaloperistoma and P. nutans, were also conducted. The result of identification of specimens shows that the distribution range in China of P. lutescens is expanded from five to ten provinces. Meanwhile, the distribution map of the species in China is provided.

Abstract:Since Bryhnia Kaurin (Bryophyta: Brachytheciaceae) has been reduced to a synonym of Brachythecium Schimp. s. str., the genus does not exist yet. In this paper, five species of Bryhnia distributed in China were revised. Results are as follows: B. hultenii E. B. Bartram, B. novaeangliae (Sull. & Lesq.) Grout and B. trichomitria Dixon & Thér. are transferred into Brachythecium s. str. as Brachythecium hultenii (E. B. Bartram) Min Li & Y. F. Wang, B. novaeangliae (Sull. & Lesq.) A. Jaeger and B. trichomitrium (Dixon & Thér.) Huttunen, Ignatov, Min Li & Y. F. Wang; Bryhnia brachycladula Cardot is transferred into Myuroclada Besch. and reduced to a synonym of M. longiramea (Müll. Hal.) Min Li, Y. F. Wang, Ignatov & Huttunen; Bryhnia serricuspis (Müll Hal.) Y. F. Wang & R. L. Hu is transferred into the genus Pseudokindbergia Min Li, Y. F. Wang, Ignatov & B.C. Tan. and treated as a synonym of P. dumosa (Mitt.) Min Li, Y. F. Wang, Ignatov & B. C. Tan.

Abstract:Corybas himalaicus (King & Pantl.) Schltr. and Galeola faberi Rolfe are reported as newly recorded species in Xizang. Corybas himalaicus is different from other species in genus for the lip apical margins erose, petals adnate to lateral sepals at base, 7-8 mm long, spurs black red. Galeola faberi is different from other species in genus for the sepals narrowly elliptic, lip with scattered lamellate appendages and margin irregularly incised. The voucher specimens were preserved in the herbarium of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants (GXMG).

Abstract:Markerassisted selection (MAS) technology could realize direct genetic selection, but it must base on QTL mapping. Genomic selection (GS), as the newest MAS method, has much advantage compared to traditional MAS technology，especially QTL mapping not necessary. In this paper, the factors affecting prediction accuracy of GS were reviewed, including training population type, prediction model, marker number, population size, population structure, hereditary of traits and so on. The application of GS in maize breeding was also introduced as well as hybrids performance prediction. We then predicated the future research and application of GS in maize breeding.

Abstract:Mitogenactivated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules found in all eukaryotes, including fungi, plants and animals.A MAPK cascade generally consists of three components:a MAPKKK (MAPKK kinase), a MAPKK (MAPK kinase) and a MAPK, and they play essential roles in abiotic stresses, hormones, cell division and plant growth and development.In this article,we outlined the compositions,biological functions, inactivation of MAPK cascades,which aimed at providing some references basis for the research of MAPK mediated signal transduction mechanisms.