Abstract:NACs are one of the largest plantspecific transcription factor families. Members in this family play important roles in growth and abiotic stress responses. In this study, the fulllength cDNA sequence of CiNAC1 from Caragana intermedia was cloned by PCR technique. It was 1 066 bp in length. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CiNAC1 had an open reading frame of 921 bp, encoding 306 amino acids. The calculated molecular weight of CiNAC1 was 34.57 kD and the isoionic point was 8.35. The CiNAC1 protein was a hydrophilic protein which had a conserved NAM domain in the Nterminus. It contained 26 phosphorylation sites and 7 glycosylation sites. Realtime quantitative PCR analysis showed that CiNAC1 was induced by drought, NaCl, dehydration, and high pH. Localization assays revealed that CiNAC1 localized in the nuclei, consistent with its role as transcription factor. Overexpression of CiNAC1 promoted the lateral root formation and length of the primary root. These results indicated that CiNAC1 might be related to response to environmental stress in C. intermedia.

Abstract:Here, the gene encoding DcCAD were cloned from carrot cultivar ‘Kurodagosun’ with RTPCR method. The length of DcCAD was 1 074 bp, and encoding 357 amino acids. The DcCAD may belong to hydrophilic protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DcCAD closed to CAD from tomato(XP_010314515.1). Quantitative realtime PCR analysis showed that the expression profiles of the DcCAD gene are significantly different in different tissues (root, leaf blade, and petiole) of carrot. Relative expression level of the DcCAD gene is leaf blade>root>petiole. The DcCAD gene is responsive to various abiotic stresses, such as heat (38 ℃), cold (4 ℃), drought (20% PEG) and salt (0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl). The expression level was significantly increased after high temperature or low temperature treatments, respectively. The expression levels peaked at 1 h heat treatment and 2 h cold treatment, respectively. These results suggested that DcCAD gene participate in the response process of carrot under the abiotic stress.

Abstract:CYP83A1 is a key gene in sulforaphane biosynthesis and metabolism. The full length of BoCYP83A1 was obtained from broccoli CDBY10 by the methods of RACE and RTPCR. BoCYP83A1 was 1 509 bp in length, encoded a deduced protein of 502 amino acids, and contained the conserved P450 domain. The expression level of BoCYP83A1 in different cultivars, tissues, or seedlings treated with different hormones was analyzed by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that BoCYP83A1 had the closest relationship with Brassica oleracea var. oleracea BoCYP83A1. Tissuespecific expression of BoCYP83A1 in cultivars was different: expression difference in CDBY10 was small. It showed stem>leaf>root in CDBY12，while root > stem > leaf in CDBY14. The treatments of MeJA and SA led to the changes of BoCYP83A1 expression：after the MeJA treatment，the expression of BoCYP83A1 was raised to 1.9 times of the control, and then decreased a little; After the SA treatment，the expression of BoCYP83A1 reduced quickly，and upto 0.1 time of the control at 6 h, then restored gradually to the expression level of control. The results indicated that the expression characteristics of BoCYP83A1 in broccoli cultivars were different, and BoCYP83A1 expression can be regulated by MeJA and SA. Cloning and characterization of BoCYP83A1 gene provide the theoretical basis for breeding new broccoli cultivars with high sulforaphane content.

Abstract:In this study, the relative expression of NtMTP1 was determined by quantitative realtime PCR (qRTPCR). The results showed that NtMTP1 gene was highly expressed in flowers and leaves. After treatment of 400 μmol/L ZnSO₄ for 48 h, the expression of NtMTP1 increased to the maximum, which was 3.81 folds of the control. Plantexpression vector pBI12135S∶∶MTP1 was constructed, and the recombinant plasmid was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum L. cv NC89 by means of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens mediated transformation. The qRTPCR revealed a distinct increase of endogenous NtMTP1 expression level in the overexpressing transgenic lines, which were 10.42, 7.61 and 11.84 folds of that of wild plants, respectively. Seeds of wild type and transgenic plants were treated with different concentrations of ZnSO₄. The results showed that overexpression of NtMTP1 conferred enhanced zinc tolerance. These results provide an important basis to illuminate the function of NtMTP1 gene in Zn²⁺ transport in tobacco.

Abstract:βcarotene isomerase (D27) is the first enzyme involved in strigolactones biosynthesis. In this study, the cDNAs encoding βcarotene isomerase (TaD27) were cloned from wheat cultivar Chinese Spring by RTPCR. Further, their expression in different tissues and under low phosphate stress were analysed by Realtime Quantitative PCR. The result showed that: (1) Two TaD27 cDNAs were cloned, which was maped on the long arms of 7A and 7D chromosome, respectively (named TaD277AL and TaD277DL). In addition, we found another locus located on chromosome 7BL encoding the third homolog (TaD277BL) by sequence analysis. (2) Each of the three TaD27s contains 7 exons composing an ORF of 828 bp (7AL), 840 bp(7BL) or 843 bp (7DL), respectively and encodes a protein containing a chloroplast transit peptide at Nterminal. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that D27s in plants clustered into three independent clades. TaD27s share a high level of identity with orthologs in other monocots such as Oryza sativa and Zea mays, as a result, they are clustered in the same clade. (3) The expression level of TaD27 is relatively high in leaves, sheaths and stems, lower in young panicles, and lowest in roots. Under low phosphate stress the expression of TaD27 in roots is down regulated to the bottom in 6-12 h firstly, and then it rises to the normal level after 96 h. On the contrary, the expression of TaD27 in leaves is up regulated in early stage and the peak is at 6h, then it continuously drops to a relatively low point at 96 h.

Abstract:Based on Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium RNAseq data, we obtained two code DNA sequences named ClHSP70 and ClHSP90 using RTPCR. Sequence analysis showed the predicted open reading frame (ORF) of ClHSP70 is 2 559 bp, encoding a protein of 852 amino acids. The conserver domain search exhibited that Nteminar contains typical NBD domain which belongs to HSP70 family. The predicted ORF of ClHSP90 is 2 094 bp, encoding a protein of 697 amino acids. The conserver domain search showed that Nteminar contains ATPasesuperfamily and HSP90 superfamily conservative structure. Bioinformatics showed that the amino acid sequences of ClHSP70 had high consistency with Glycine max and Nicotiana tomentosiformis HSP70, while ClHSP90 had high consistency with Ageratina adenophora HSP90. Realtime PCR demonstrated the expression patterns of ClHSP70 and ClHSP90 in leaves at 42 ℃. The expression of these two genes were both significantly upregulated after 0.5 h, reached the highest level after 1 h. Then the expression of both two genes decreased after 2 h, and remained at a relatively lower level after 4 h. In different plant tissues (root, stem, leaf) after 1 h at 42 ℃, ClHSP70 was highly expressed in mature leaves, lower in young, leaves, root, mature stems, young stems, and ClHSP90 was the highest in mature stems. The results showed that ClHSP70 and ClHSP90 participated the process of heat tolerance in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and laid a foundation for analyzing ClHSP70 and ClHSP90 gene function.

Abstract:Plant prolinerich proteins (PRPs) are putative cell wall proteins, which are usually associated with different abiotic stresses. The expression of SbPRP3 under abiotic stress treatments in soybean was detected by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR. The expression of SbPRP3 increased under salt treatment, while it increased firstly and thereafter declined under drought and cold treatments. Furthermore，the ORF of SbPRP3 was cloned into the plant expression vector of pRI101AN and then introduced into tobacco by Agrobacteriummediated transformation. Three positive transgenic tobacco plants were obtained. The transgenic tobacco plants were treated with salt, drought and cold stresses. The results showed that the transgenic plants maintained higher levels of proline and lower level of malondialdehyde compared to wildtype plants under salt and cold stresses. While the levels of proline and malondialdehyde in transgenic plants had no significant differences compared to wildtype plants under drought stress. These data indicated that the transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing SbPRP3 showed an increased tolerance to salt and cold compared to wildtype plants.

Abstract:To study anthocyanin transport, we isolated a fulllength gene NtAN9 (GenBank Accession No. KX356542) by in silicon cloning and RTPCR method from Nicotiana tabacum. The NtAN9 contains a 690 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 229 amino acid residues, which belongs to a putative phi class glutathione stransferase (GST) family. Its genomic structure contains 3 exons and 2 introns. Multiple sequence alignment showed that NtAN9 has highest identities (88%) with petunia PhAN9 that is an anthocyanin transportrelated GST. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NtAN9 was clustered into an anthocyanin transportrelated GST group, and was an ortholog of PhAN11. The anthocyanin content analysis and realtime quantitation PCR (qRTPCR) showed that NtAN9 was expressed in different flower developmental stages, with highest level in stage Ⅲ, but almost no expression in root, stem and leaf which are almost no anthocyanin. These results suggest that the NtAN9 function is similar with PhAN9 and might be related to the transfer and accumulation of anthocyanin in tobacco plants.

Abstract:Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f. is an endangered plant in China with important medicinal value. In this study, the genomic sequence library and microsatellite library of B. striata was set up based on Illumina sequencing. SSR primers were designed and carried out to test their polymorphism with 80 individuals from 4 wild populations. Four related species of B. striata were used to investigated their crosstaxa transferability. In addition, genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the species were also investigated. The results showed that: (1) Microsatellite sequences were abundance in the genome of B. striata, 17 841 loci were detected in total.100 pair of primers were designed, 20 of them performed high polymorphism after PCR and polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, the alleles ranged from 2 to 6 with average of 3.85 per locus. The crosstaxa transferability was also examined in 4 related species, most of 20 loci were proved amplifiable in these species. (2) The study revealed that the genetic diversity of B. striata was high (N_a=3.85, I=1.07, H=0.614 7), genetic differentiation was prominent among populations (G_st=0.43). The gene flow among populations was limited (N_m=0.867 6), the adjacent populations performed tight genetic relationship as revealed by cluster analyses of populations. The reasons for genetic construction and conservational strategies of the species were also discussed in this study.

Abstract:The paper aims to discuss the relationship between Mielichhoferia group and Bryaceae, to identify morphological synapomorphy between Mielichhoferia group and Mniaceae, to solve the problem of systematic position of Mielichhoferia group, to figure out the classification of Mielichhoferiaceae in China. Morphological characters of more than 4 000 specimens of Mielichhoferiaceae and its related groups in China were analyzed. And then, neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) tree were built based on combined trnG, rps4, trnLtrnF, and atpBrbcL cpDNA sequences of 40 specimens for 35 species. Combining morphological and molecular data in the analyses showed that: (1) not only were Mielichhoferia group and Bryaceae family in the different clades in the molecular tree, but also morphological features, such as the leaf shape, the leaf cells of the two groups were different. Mielichhoferia group should be separated from Bryaceae. (2) No morphological synapomorphy can be detected for Mielichhoferia group and Mniaceae family, although they were in the same clade in the molecular tree. The two groups were not monophyletic. (3) Mielichhoferiaceae is a natural monophyletic group. In Mielichhoferiaceae, the plants are small, stems tend to be much branched than in Bryaceae; leaves are Pohlialike in shape and areolation; gametangia are often produced on lateral branches or the base of stems; peristome is diplolepideousalternate, often reduced to one layer or rarely absent. (4) There are five genera, Mielichhoferia, Pohlia, Pseudopohlia, Synthetodontium and Epipterygium, in Mielichhoferiaceae in China, total 32 species and 2 variaties.

Abstract:For better understanding the functions and mechanism of PMEs and HGs in the growth and development of banana and in the defense of banana to the stresses, we traced the spatial and temporal abundance and distribution of banana pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and five homogalacturonans (HGs) at different methylesterification degrees (MDs) in banana leaves at different developmental stages using immunofluorescence labeling techniques. In addition, enzyme activity of PMEs was also tested. The results indicated that: (1) PMEs located mainly in the mesophyll and guard cells in tissuecultured banana seedlings. Both the level and activity of PMEs decreased with the development of the plant. (2) HGs at different MDs also mainly appeared in mesophyll cells in tissuecultured plants and their contents reduced gradually with the development of plants, though the speed varied with each other. However, the distribution of these HGs in the epidermis, the guard cells and the vein of banana leaves showed differential patterns. The MDs of HGs present in the guard cells was relatively high. These results indicated that PMEs and five tested HGs were mainly present in the mesophyll. During the development of banana leaves, the levels of these HGs showed similar trend to that of PMEs.

Abstract:The paper aims to discuss the relationship between Mielichhoferia group and Bryaceae, to identify morphological synapomorphy between Mielichhoferia group and Mniaceae, to solve the problem of systematic position of Mielichhoferia group, to figure out the classification of Mielichhoferiaceae in China. Morphological characters of more than 4 000 specimens of Mielichhoferiaceae and its related groups in China were analyzed. And then, neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) tree were built based on combined trnG, rps4, trnLtrnF, and atpBrbcL cpDNA sequences of 40 specimens for 35 species. Combining morphological and molecular data in the analyses showed that: (1) not only were Mielichhoferia group and Bryaceae family in the different clades in the molecular tree, but also morphological features, such as the leaf shape, the leaf cells of the two groups were different. Mielichhoferia group should be separated from Bryaceae. (2) No morphological synapomorphy can be detected for Mielichhoferia group and Mniaceae family, although they were in the same clade in the molecular tree. The two groups were not monophyletic. (3) Mielichhoferiaceae is a natural monophyletic group. In Mielichhoferiaceae, the plants are small, stems tend to be much branched than in Bryaceae; leaves are Pohlialike in shape and areolation; gametangia are often produced on lateral branches or the base of stems; peristome is diplolepideousalternate, often reduced to one layer or rarely absent. (4) There are five genera, Mielichhoferia, Pohlia, Pseudopohlia, Synthetodontium and Epipterygium, in Mielichhoferiaceae in China, total 32 species and 2 variaties.

Abstract:The common vetch (Vicia sativa) is an important annual legume forage at high altitudes. However, the phenomenon of pod shattering when it matured would casue serious loss of seeds. With V. sativa cultivar Lanjian NO.3 as the research object, this study analyzed dynamic changes in pod morphological, moisture content, surface structure of ventral suture, anatomical structure of ventral suture cross section during pod development in order to explore the pod shattering mechanism of V. sativa and provide theoretical basis for determining its optimal seed harvesting time in production. The results showed that: (1) When the pod of Lanjian NO.3 turned to light brown at about 25-30 days after peak anthesis, it had completed physiological maturity and its size and dry weight had reached the highest with the moisture content had reduced to the lowest. A crack appeared in the pod ventral suture at 25 days after peak anthesis and it separated completely at 35 days after peak anthesis. (2) The abscission layer cells began to disintegrate at 20 days after peak anthesis. At 25 days after peak anthesis, all the parenchyma cells of endocarp, mesocarp and exocarp began to lose water and shrink wherein the portion of endocarp parenchyma cells began to break. The abscission layer cells and the following parenchyma cells disintegrated completely. The inside cell walls of external valve margin cells broke but the outside cell walls which abnormal thickened still remained intact and connected two fruit valves which made the pod do not crack. During the period from 25 to 30 days after peak anthesis, the parenchyma cells of endocarp, mesocarp and exocarp lost water completely and their cell walls shrank together. At the same time the outside cell walls of external valve margin cells broke into two parts and the two fruit valves of the pod cracked. The research shows that the optimal harvest time of Lanjian NO.3 seeds was the period from 25 to 30 days after peak anthesis when the pod turned to light brown. The abscission layer cells and machine tensile which generated by cell water loss were the main causes of V. sativa pod crack. Conjecture that the thickening and fused cell walls of external valve margin cells were the key structure resistant to pod shattering probably.

Abstract:In this study, germinated 24h wheat seeds were inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans, samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively and 6 miRNAs (miR156, miR159, miR160, miR167, miR168 and miR403)in wheat leaves, 3 of these miRNAs’ target genes were detected using Realtime quantifying PCR. The distribution of GFPlabeled A. caulinodans in 8 d wheat leaves were detected via confocal microscopy, and relevant physiological indices were measured and compared. The results showed that: (1) GFPlabeled A. caulinodans could colonize in margin area of wheat leaves. (2) All 6 miRNAs relating to growthpromoting varied in different degrees after treatment with A. caulinodans, and soared to their peaks at 12-24 h. The peak of miR159 was 2.88 times as strong as regular expression. (3) The expression of 3 miRNAs’ target genes were corespondent to their upstream miRNA, but not restrict. (4) Physiological indices of length and fresh weight of leaves showed sensible growth promoting, the weight of leaves in 96 h showed significant difference statistically (P<0.01). The study suggested that: A. caulinodans inoculated in wheat could colonize leaves, exerting evident growthpromoting effect to wheat leaves, and miRNAs play an intrinsic role in the growthpromotion.

Abstract:Two varieties of Vicia sativa L. with different Cd tolerances (Cdtolerant variety L3, Cdsensitive variety ZM) were studied to compare concentrations of ascorbic acid (AsA), activities of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) isoenzymes and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) isoenzymes, and APX gene expression in response to Cd treatment in the roots. Results showed that: (1) Cd treatment significantly increased the concentrations of AsA and dehydroascorbate (DHA) in the roots of both L3 and ZM. Cd treatment also tended to increase ratio of AsA/DHA in L3, but to decrease the ratio in ZM. At the same Cd treatment, L3 roots had higher AsA concentration and AsA/DHA ratio than that of ZM. (2) Four isoforms of DHAR were obtained in L3 and ZM roots by native PAGE and their activities generally increased with increasing Cd concentration. DHAR1 was obtained only in L3 and DHAR4 only in ZM. At equivalent Cd concentrations, the total activity of DHAR was higher in roots of L3 than that in ZM. (3) Eleven APX isoforms were obtained in both L3 and ZM roots by native PAGE. APX1, 2, 4 were induced by Cd treatment only in ZM and the activity of APX8 was more significantly induced in L3 than that in ZM. An APX gene was cloned and subjected to RTPCR analysis. The gene expression level was upregulated under Cd stress in the roots of both varieties. These results suggested that concentration of AsA, activities of DHAR and APX, and APX gene expression level increased in response to cadmium stress in the roots of two V. sativa varieties. It is possible that the more effective AsA recycle in the roots of L3 contributed to its higher AsA concentration than that in ZM, and this could be related to its stronger protection from ROS generation and finally contributed to its higher tolerance to Cd stress.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects on physiological characteristics and growth of loquat under drought stress, we conducted a pot experiment of 4 treatments which were CK, light stress (LS), moderate stress (MS) and severe stress (SS) by using 3yearold ‘Dawuxing loquat. The results showed that: (1) Plant height, stem leaf biomass and root biomass were inhibited under drought stress. (2) The chlorophyll contents increased under light and moderate drought stress, the leaf relative water content (LRWC) and chlorophyll contents decreased significantly following the lack of the relative water content of soil. (3) Net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) showed decreasing trends significantly and G_s was the most sensitive one to drought stress. However, intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) increased and then declined with increasing drought stress. Water use efficiency (WUE) got the minimum under severe stress. (4) With water stress intensifying, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and peroxidase (POD) activity decreased after an initial increase. Catalase (CAT) played a pivotal role at light stress, while reduced at severe stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content enhanced significantly under moderate stress for 10 days. (5) Free proline (Pro) content increased when drought stress was fortified and was the highest after severe stress for 10 days. However, soluble protein (SP) content had no significant difference under the late of drought stress. The soluble sugar content peaked in the later of severe stress and had significant difference with the contrast. The results proved that loquat leaves enhanced their tolerance and adaptability by controlling the activities of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic adjustment and protective enzyme system under light or moderate stress, though the water deficit restrained its photosynthesis. The membrane system and photosynthetic system of loquat were damaged and enzyme activities affected so that the growth of loquat were badly inhibited with the increase of drought stress.

Abstract:During over wintering period, with the flower bud, trunk cambium and branch as material, we determined the cold hardiness indexes, antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD), soluble protein content and relative conductivity, of different organs and tissues, simultaneously monitored the orchard air temperature and trunk cambium temperature, evaluated the cold resistance of different organs by using membership function method, analyzed the effect of air temperature on cold hardiness indexes and cold resistance of Xinjiang Korla fragrant pears different organs. Results showed that: (1) There was a difference between the changing trend of different organs same cold hardiness indexes and the same organ different cold hardiness indexes with the changes of air temperature, but generally the air temperature and cold hardiness indexes were negatively correlated; the cambium temperature difference and cold hardiness indexes were positively correlated. (2) Soluble protein content and cold hardiness indexes were positively correlated; SOD,CAT and POD activities are positively correlated, among them CAT and POD had relatively good correlation level. (3) While comprehensively evaluated the cold hardiness of different organs by using subordination function method CAT activity and soluble protein content had the biggest contribution. The cold hardiness sequence of different organs was flower bud> northunexposed cambium >branch> southexposed cambium. It was found that the POD and CAT activities expressed relatively high under the condition of relatively low temperature and intensively cambium temperature changes, SOD was the most sensitive protective enzyme to cambium temperature changes and freezing injury; during whole winter, the organ with the strong cold resistance contained relatively higher soluble protein content and lower relative conductivity; there was relatively well correlation between the changes of cambium temperature and cold hardiness indexes. Under certain condition it can indicate the certain organism cold tolerance.

Abstract:Taking 11 Brassica napus L. varieties of different suitable areas as material, we examined the photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic pigment contents and key enzyme protein contents in leaf and silique of plants during reproductive growth period, also investigated agronomic characters, relationship between yield and photosynthesis of the plants; The study aimed to explore main factors affecting photosynthetic efficiency of leaves (siliques) and seeds yield per plant, thus elaborating a theory evidence to systematically assess rape variety with high yield and high photosynthesis efficiency. Results showed that: (1) Net photosynthesis efficiency was hardly correlative among leaves and siliques, and net photosynthesis efficiency of leaves was far higher than that of siliques. (2) Net photosynthetic efficiency of leaves not significantly positivecorrelated with chlorophyll a+b and carotenoid contents（correlation coefficients were higher）, and, not significantly negativecorrelated with PEPC, RuBisCO protein content of leaves, or the correlation coefficients among net photosynthetic efficiency and PEPC, RuBisCO protein contents were lower. Correlation coefficients of net photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents, photosynthetic stomatal conductance of silique (shell) were higher. Photosynthesis pigment contents were first principal factor influenced photosynthesis efficiency of leaves and silique. (3) Leaf area, silique number and silique surface area significantly correlated with seeds yield of rape plant. These indexes were attributed to first principal factors influenced the seeds yield; similarly, net photosynthetic efficiency of leaves and seed number per silique were attributed to second principal factor influenced the seed yield. Significantly, leaf area and biological yield was correlated, the silique surface area, leaf surface area and leaf net photosynthetic efficiency were statistically attributed to primary or second principal factors influenced biological production of a rape plant. Thus leaf area and silique number per plant are primary indexes, and leaf net photosynthesis efficiency, chlorophyll content of leaves and silique shell, and, seed number per silique are second indexes in assessing rape variety with high light efficiency and high yield.

Abstract:A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Mn, Zn and Fe on variations of ergot alkaloids contentin symbiont of Epichlo gansuensisAchnatherum inebrians. The results showed that: (1) The contents of ergine and ergonovine under Mn²⁺ 5.0 mmol·L^-1 had a peak value at the 3rd week，which had significant(P<0.05) difference with other Mn²⁺ treatments, but the contents of ergonovine under 0.01 mmol·L^-1 had a peak value at the 6th and 9th week. (2) The contents of ergine had maximum under Zn²⁺ 7.0 mmol·L^-1 at the 3rd , 6th and 9th week , and the contents of ergine was significantly (P<0.05) higher at the 3rd week than those at the 6th and 9th week. (3) The contents of ergonovine had maximum under Fe²⁺ 21.0 mmol·L^-1 at the 3rd, 6th and 9th week. The contents of ergine had a peak value under 6.0～12.0 mmol·L^-1 at the 3rd, 6th and 9th week , and the contents of ergine was significantly (P＜0.05) higher at the 3rd week than those at the 6th and 9th week. The contents of ergonovine had maximum under Fe²⁺ 0.0 mmol·L^-1 at 3rd and 6th week, but under 0.03 mmol·L^-1 had a peak value at 9th week. So，high concentrations of Mn, Zn and Fe elements is helpful to stimulate the drunken horse grass infected by endophytic fungi to accumulate tow ergot alkaloid for a short time treatment.

Abstract:To clarify the effect of stoichiometric of soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the photosynthetic characteristic of wheat, we conducted a pot experiment with 16 different NP levels to examine the characteristic of photosynthetic gas exchange and fluorescence parameters of ‘Zhenmai168’ in response to different NP treatments. Our results showed that: (1) The chlorophyll content of the wheat leaves increased with an increase of soil available N and P. (2) Photosynthesis (P_n) exhibited a continuously increasing trend with decline of soil N/P ratio under the condition that soil available N was less than 258.4 mg·kg^-1. In contrast, photosynthesis (P_n) firstly showed an increasing trend and then decreased under higher N level with 308.4 mg·kg^-1. (3) F₀, F_m, qP and Φ_PSⅡ values of wheat increased 7.27%-20.00%, 5.28%-16.15%, 6.64%-20.92% and 6.95%-18.82%, respectively, and NPQ value decreased 7.42%-25.63% under decline of soil N/P treatments with the same level of available N. Our results suggested that both of P_n and Φ_PSⅡ of Zhenmai168 reached the highest level and showed strong light energy use efficiency under higher NP level condition with 2.88 value of N∶P ratio.

Abstract:We measured plant traits and floral traits of Meconopsis integrifolia at different altitude populations (4 452 m, 4 081 m, 3 681 m), collected ripe fruits in the end of flowering and counted seed production per fruit to estimate the overall phenotypic selection differential and selection gradient. We used oneway ANOVA analysis to estimate variations of plant traits, floral traits and seed production per fruit at different altitude populations. We evaluated phenotypic selection (selection differential and selection gradient) on plant traits (plant height and leaf size), floral traits at different altitudes populations using multi linear regression model. The results showed that: (1) there were significant reducing of plant traits, floral traits and seed production with the increasing altitude. The higher altitude, the lower plant height, the smaller leaf size, the lower number of flower per plant, the smaller floral size and the lower seed production per fruit were in population. (2) We found significant differences on phenotypic selection of plant traits and floral traits at different altitude populations. In particularly, there were significant selection differential and selection gradient on number of flower per plant and floral size in population 3 (3 681 m); however, plant height, leaf size and number of flower per plant were more likely to be chosen in population 2 (4 081 m); interestingly, selection differential and selection gradient on leaf size and number of flower per plant were marginal significant in population 1 (4 452 m). (3) Our results indicated that divergent altitudes might lead to different phenotypes, floral traits were more likely to be chosen at lower altitude. By contrast, plant height and leaf size were more likely to be chosen because of rare pollinators and resources limitation at higher altitude.

Abstract:The fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of biological development stability has a close relationship with environmental conditions. The Ligustrum lucidum and L. quihoui were selected as experimental materials, which are commonly urban greening tree species in Xi’an. The mature leaves of these plants were sampled from 9 air environmental monitoring sites. The leaf halfperimeter, halfwidth, and halfarea were measured and the each FA was calculated, which the vein is symmetry axis. The response characteristics of 2 kinds leaf FA to envrionmental air condition were researched, and the potential of leaf FA as an air quality indicator was explored. The values of fluctuating asymmetry of perimeter, width, and area (abbreviated as FAP, FAW and FAA, respectively) were 0.051, 0.063 and 0.082 for L. lucidum, respectively. The FAP, FAW and FAA of L. quihoui were 0.043, 0.082 and 0.102, respectively. The each FA showed significant differences between different plant species sampling sites and enviromental sites. There were close relationship between the FAP and air SO₂ concentrations for each plant species. The leaf FA has high sensitivity to different environmental conditions, and it has the potential as a biological monitoring indicator. However, the choice of suitable species for monitoring, leaf characteristic indexes, the number of samples, FA and characteristics of pollutants relations should further research.

Abstract:To explore the phosphatesolubilizing ability of endophytic fungi and their plant growthpromoting potential, we evaluated the phosphatesolubilizing capability of endophytic fungi from ancient Sophora japonica leaves in Zhougongmiao by the method of dissolved phosphorus cycle and molybdenumbule, and detected the effects of inoculated sterile host plantlet on chlorophyll, soluble protein contents, SOD and POD activities. The results showed that, there were 28 out of 55 fungi strains from ancient S. japonica leaves with phosphatesolubilizing capability, and twelve strains among twentyeight endophytic fungi displayed strong capability of dissolving phosphate of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ by a test of phosphatesolubilizing capability, they were Pestalotiopsis sp.(ZG7), Fusarium sp.(ZG9, ZG23, ZG32, ZG36 and ZG53), Aspergillus sp.(ZG15 and ZG34), Alternaria sp.(ZG39 and ZG51), Trichoderma sp.(ZG42) and Epicoccum sp.(ZG48). Two strains with strong phosphatesolubilizing capability were then picked up, ZG15 and ZG34, belonged to Aspergillus spp..Their diameter of phosphorus solubilizing circle (d) and d/D (D, colony diameter) were both higher than that of others，and their solubilization of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ accounted for 1 238.28 mg·L^-1 and 941.22 mg·L^-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of others and control (P<0.01). Four strains (ZG7, ZG9, ZG15 and ZG48) from different genera were inoculated into aseptic S. japonica seedlings bottle to ensure their contact upon with each other. Mycelium was observed infecting into the cortex cells and around the surface epidemical cells of root tissue; under the treatment by Aspergillus niger ZG15, S. japonica seedlings chorophyll content, soluble protein content, SOD and POD net activities were all obviously higher than that of control (P<0.05), so, ZG15 could maintain healthy seedling growth and improve seedling resilience, which showed a great potential for ancient S. japonica protection and a potential application as an organismfertilizer for forest tree.

Abstract:Mature leaves collected from Vitis davidii, V. amurensis, V. heyneana and V. chunganensis were used for chloroplast isolation and cpDNA extraction in this study. The two methods were the column plant chloroplast DNAout and modified highsalt lowpH method, and the results were compared with each other. (1) Both methods had separated the chloroplast of Chinese wild grapes, but the modified highsalt lowpH method obtained higher concentration and less impurity of chloroplast than that of column plant chloroplast DNAout. So the modified highsalt lowpH method was more suitable for chloroplast isolation. (2) The value of OD₂₆₀/OD₂₈₀ of cpDNA extracted by the column plant chloroplast DNAout was between 1.28 and 1.36, and the concentration was between 4.2 ng·μL^-1 and 7.8 ng·μL^-1, which did not meet the demand of subsequent chloroplast genome sequencing. In contrast, the value of OD₂₆₀/OD₂₈₀ of cpDNA extracted by the modified highsalt lowpH method was between 1.84 and 1.90 and the concentration was between 2 514.4 ng·μL^-1 and 4 133.7 ng·μL^-1, so the cpDNA extracted in this way was extremely highquality and pure. As a result, the cpDNA extracted by the modified highsalt lowpH method meet the demand of subsequent chloroplast genome sequencing. As a conclusion, the modified highsalt lowpH method isolated intact chloroplast and extract highquality cpDNA of Chinese wild grapes simply and quickly. And the cpDNA meet the demand of subsequent chloroplast genome sequencing. It was also a critical step to make further research of chloroplast genomes of Vitis L.

Abstract:Ombrocharis dulcis is a rare and endemic species in Hunan, which belongs to Ombrocharis, a monotypic genus of Labiatae. Since the type specimens were collected by H. HandelMazzetti from Yunshan, Wugang City, Hunan Province in August 1918 and published as a new genus and species in 1936, O. dulcis has not been collected for long time. Recently, this species has been rediscovered in Ningyuan County, Tongdao County, Daoxian County and Xinning County of Hunan Province. The rediscovery of which is over nearly one hundred years. The description of O. dulcis is revised based on the recent collections and photos. We redefine that the calyx pattern is 3/2 and the corolla color is white.

Abstract:In the observation of diatom samples from Jiuzhaigou Valley Natural Reserve. two species of Eucocconeis (Bacillariophyta) are new records of China. They are Eucocconeis alpestris (Brun) LangeBertalot and Eucocconeis laevis (strup) LangeBertalot. Those two species were observed using LM and SEM, and taxonomic characters and habitat were described.

Abstract:Specimens for this study were collected from Mt. Tianshan in Xinjiang, China. In the laboratory standard methods of morphological, anatomical and chemistry analyses were used. As a result, three species of the Lichen Genus Psora Hoffm. were found. Among them, Psora cerebriformis W. A. Weber, and Psora luridella (Tuck.) Fink are new to China. Detailed descriptions with comments and photos are provided.

Abstract:Aster sinianus Hand.Mazz. (Asteraceae: Astereae) is a perennial endemic herb in the adjacent areas of Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, where two new distributions of A. sinianus Hand.Mazz were found through the field acquisition and habitat observation. And this species has been confirmed further to have become extinct in its typelocality, the Yuelu Mountain of Changsha, capital of Hunan Province. Hence, to recover the populations in the typelocality, several A. sinianus plants were transplanted back to the Yuelu Mountain from Shashi Town of Liuyang City. The morphological studies show that in previous literatures there are some inaccurate descriptions of this species, such as the descriptions of its basilar leaves, plant height, stem leaves,paleates and altitude, etc. Based on the observation of its morphological traits, this paper studied the systematic status of A. sinianus, and its karyotype was reported for the first time as well. The research results show that A. sinianus is diploids with a karyotype formula 2n=2x=16m+2m(SAT),belonged to 1A type. The paper provides some valuable information for the revision of its taxonomic status and the species conservation.

Abstract:Miniature Ping (mPing) is a prominent member in Touristlike superfamily of Miniature InvertedRepeat Transposable Elements (MITEs). It is the first active MITEs identified in the rice genome and one of the few MITEs which keep low copy numbers and maintain mobilization under natural condition. Therefore, it is an irreplaceable material for the study related to transposon. This paper comprehensively demonstrates research progress of mPing through analyzing its structure, transposase donor, activation characteristics, and its influence on genome, looking forward to lay foundation on advanced research of transposition mechanism of MITEs and the further development and utilization of mPing.