Abstract:Δ9 stearoyl ACP desaturase gene (GhSAD2) is a fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in the process of key desaturase gene. To clarify the gene function in biosynthesis of cotton fatty acids, we cloned the GhSAD2 gene from upland cotton, and analyzed the gene sequence features, evolutionary relationship and expression characteristics. In this study, a fulllength cDNA of stearoylACP desaturase gene was cloned from upland cotton ‘Xinluzao 33’ leaves successfully by using electronic stitching and RTPCR, which named GhSAD2 and access number was KX197920 in GenBank. The gene nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed by using NCBI and DNAMAN and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Clustalw 1.83 and MAGE 5.0 software, which would help analyze the gene evolutionary relationships among different species. Result showed that the GhSAD2 gene open reading frame had 1188bp, encoding a polypeptide of 396 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene GhSAD2 had two highly conserved histidine clusters of ferritinlike superfamily: EENRHG and DEKRH were located at amino acid 185 and 271. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GhSAD2 homologous gene evolutionary relationship with the cacao tree is very close, which is consistent with the status of the species in the classical taxonomy. qPCR showed that GhSAD2 in G. hirsutum had a much higher expression in leaves than that in stems and roots. GhSAD2 express highest at 25 days (s25) after flowering seed. GhSAD2 in leaves expression under cold stress analysis showed that the gene were upregulated under varying low temperature treatments. It has the highest expression at 6 hours treatment, and then gradually reduced. Studies have shown that GhSAD2 gene may play an important role at cotton seed oil unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. At the same time, it has a certain physiological role in the cold resistance of cotton.

Abstract:With wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) as material, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with RACE technology were used to clone a cDNA of WRKY from wolfberry, named as Lb WRKY₃. (GenBank accession No.KX196192). Meanwhile, on the basis of bioinformatic analysis, we performed the subcellular localization assays and tissuespecific expression analysis. The results indicated that: (1) Lb WRKY₃ has an open reading frame(ORF) of 1 068 bp, which encoded a protein of 356 amino acid residues. (2)Bioinformatic analysis indicated that Lb WRKY₃ protein contains the one conserved WRKY motifs, the predictive secondary structure showed that Lb WRKY₃ protein was made up of 15.82% alphahelix, 6.63% betaturn, 18.88% extended strand and 58.67% random coil. Lb WRKY₃ protein showed the highest homology identity with WRKY protein from Chrysanthemum x morifolium and Artemisia annua. (3)Subcellular localization assays showed that the Lb WRKY₃ protein was located in the nucleus. (4)Realtime PCR analysis indicated that Lb WRKY₃ was expressed in high transcript level in roots, low levels in flower. The Lb WRKY₃ gene expression could be detected during the whole period of fruit development. Interestingly, Lb WRKY₃ gene showed a high transcription level in 35 days. The expression level in the pulp was higher than that in the seed and peel . Lb WRKY₃ gene takes part in fruit development and sugar accumulation in wolfberry.

Abstract:Chalcone isomerase CHI is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin. In order to understand the synthesis mechanism of anthocyanin in O.fragrans, we detected the anthocyanin content of three O.fragrans cultivars in this study. The results showed that: (1) the anthocyanin content in ‘Chenghongdangui’ was the highest, while lower in ‘Jingui’ and ‘Zaoyingui’. (2) The fulllength cDNA sequence of OfCHI (1 069 bp) was obtained by using RACE and RTPCR methods. OfCHI encoded a deduced protein of 248 amino acids, with the relative molecular weight of 26.85 kD and isoelectric point of 6.34. (3) Multiple sequence alignment showed that O. fragrans had 68.13%, 65.86% and 63.53% similarity with Camellia nitidissima, Punica granatum and Lonicera japonica, respectively. OfCHI contained the active sites of ChI protein: Thr47, Tyr108, Met115 and Ser192. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OfCHI shared the same origin with other species, and had the closest relationship with Olea europaea OeCHI. (4) OfCHI expression was detected in different cultivars and tissues using qRTPCR. The results showed that OfCHI expression level was the highest in‘Chenghongdangui’, while lower in ‘Jingui’ and ‘Zaoyingui’. OfCHI expression was detected in flowers, stems and leaves of ‘Chenghongdangui’, ‘Jingui’ and ‘Zaoyingui’, and showed the same expression trend with the highest expression level in leaves. The study provides not only theoretical basis for the synthesis mechanism of anthocyanin in osmanthus, but also gene patent for developing new osmanthus cultivars of different flower color.

Abstract:The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was found to positively regulate the accumulation of salvianolic acid B (SAB). This investigation further clone its cDNA sequence from hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza by using RACE technique (named as SmPPO, GenBank accession No. KF712274). The full length cDNA of SmPPO was 1 930 bp with a 1 770 bp open reading frame, encoding a protein of 589 amino acids. Two Nglycosylation sites were found in Nterminus thylakoid transfer domain, when comparing the amino acid sequences of SmPPO to other PPOs in Tubiflorae. Expression analysis of realtime PCR indicated that PPO transcript levels significantly increased in yeast extract (YE)elicited hairy roots, whereas it significantly decreased in the Ag⁺, ascorbic acid and cysteine treatments. Correspondingly, the accumulation of SAB was significantly increased in YEtreatment hairy roots, and was inhibited by the three elicitor treatments. These results suggest that SmPPO gene positively regulates the accumulation of SAB.

Abstract:Peroxidase (POD) genes were isolated from three Caragana species, C. korshinskii, C. microphylla and C. intermedia (designated as CkPOD, CmPOD and CiPOD, respectively) using homologybased cloning techniques, and their expression profiles under drought stress conditions were investigated. All of the cDNAs of CkPOD, CiPOD and CmPOD contain an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 074 bp, encoding a protein of 357 amino acids with a theoretical molecular weight of 38.7 kD. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these three Caragana PODs could be clustered into one clade with their isoforms from leguminosae, including Cicer arietinum. The PODs of C. korshinskii and C. microphylla showed a closer relationship compared to C. intermedia POD, corresponding to evolutionary history of the three Caragana plants. Real time RTPCR revealed that the expression of the Caragana POD genes was strongly induced by PEGsimulated drought stress, showing that the Caragana POD genes play an important role in resisting droughttolerance. These results may provide theoretical and experimental basis for understanding the droughttolerance mechanism of the Caragana plants and for their utilization in desert improvement and vegetation restoration programs.

Abstract:The expression profiles of 5 AGO genes（AGO1，AGO2，AGO4，AGO10 and AGO18）in different developmental stages of maize seed（Zea mays L.inbred line，‘Chang 72’）after pollination were analyzed by the method of realtime quantitative PCR.Results showed that, the expression pattern of AGO1 and AGO2 were similar during maize seed development, showing a decline trend from the 7^th day after pollination (DAP) to the 20^th DAP, with much more accumulation at the 7^th DAP.The expression pattern of AGO4, AGO10 and AGO18 were similar, with a trend of being decreased first then increased, with the lowest expression at the 10^th DAP.With our previous results of expression pattern of miRNAs during maize seed development, we found that different AGO gene families together with their target miRNAs, can involved in the regulation of maize seed development.

Abstract:In order to provide theoretical support for reasonable protection and utilization of wild apricot, we analyzed the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of four wild apricot populations from Xinjiang by using twentyseven pairs of SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers. The results showed that: (1) a total of 431 alleles (N_a) were identified based on 27 SSR molecular markers. The average number of alleles (N_a) per locus and polymorphism information content (PIC) per locus were 15.96 and 0.84, respectively. A high level of genetic diversity was revealed by Shannons information index (I, 2.21) and expected heterozygosity (H_e, 0.78) at species level. (2) The average number of alleles (N_a), number of effective alleles (N_e), Shannons information index (I), expected heterozygosity (H_e) and observed heterozygosity (H_o) were 10.98, 5.85, 1.92, 0.79 and 0.55, respectively at population level. Comprehensive analysis suggested that Xinyuanxian population exhibits the highest level of genetic diversity, whereas the population of Gongliuxian exhibits the lowest level of genetic diversity. (3) The genetic differentiation coefficient (F_st) based on Fstatistic and gene flow (N_m) were 0.05 and 5.26, respectively; Analysis of molecular variance showed that the most of the genetic variation within populations (95.4%), more than that among population (4.6%). (4) The genetic distance among population in Xinjiang wild apricot ranged from 0.06 to 0.49 with average of 0.24; the genetic identity among population in Xinjiang wild apricot ranged from 0.61 to 0.94 with average of 0.80. UPGMA cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that 4 populations could be divided into two clusters; The Mantel test showed that there was not a significant correlation between the genetic distance and geographic distance (r=0.332, P=0.16). All the results supported that the genetic diversity of wild apricot in Xinjiang was relatively abundant. Nevertheless, genetic differentiation and genetic distance was relatively lower, which resulted from the size of population, long historical evolution and frequent gene flow.

Abstract:Protocormlike bodies (PLBs) regeneration system has been established for several Rosa spp. More understandings on the process of PLBs formation, including what roles of vascular tissue of rhizoids play in the incipient stage, will contribute to the establishment of PLBs protocols in cut roses. We proposed a hypothesis named ‘vascular channel’: Through the vascular tissue in R. canina rhizoids, high concentration of TDZ (thidiazuron) containing in medium was quickly and largely transported to rhizoid meristem, resulting in the rhizoid meristem cells shifting their functions, which initiated PLBs development. In the present study, we provided some evidence on the rationality of this hypothesis. Both whole callusfree rhizoids and its segments were cultured either vertically or horizontally on the induction medium with TDZ, no PLBs formed. During the bridging culture, the efficiency of PLBs induction was higher in the callusrhizoids relied on apoplastic transport than symplastic transport. The TIBA (2, 3, 5triiodobenzoic acid) treatment had suppressed the elongation of vascular tissue towards to the rhizoid meristem, which finally led to a low rate of PLBs formation. Furthermore, the partial process of PLBs system was reproduced in Medicago truncatula Gaertn., their rhizoid tips derived from the rhizoid segment were induced into green ellipsoidal bodies. These findings indicated that the vascular tissue of R. canina callus  rhizoids being capable of rapidly delivering nutrients and hormones was critical for PLBs development, and it must be closed and complete from the callus to the rhizoid tip. Based on this, we proposed that the prerequisite for achieving a PLBs system of cut roses is to induce callusrhizoids or similar explants possessing a transporting system that could rapidly aggregate hormones and nutrients.

Abstract:In order to explore the correlations of the histological locations and contents of the anthocyanins and saponins of the greenpurple transitional aerial stems of Panax notoginseng, we studied the histological locations of the anthocyanins and saponins of the stem parts of the greenpurple transitional aerial stems of the oneyearold P. notoginseng plants cultivated in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province by using microscopic histochemical methods.We also determined the total anthocyanin contents (TACs) and total saponin contents (TSCs) of the stem parts by using spectrophotometry, and the saponin monomer contents of the stem parts by using high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). The results indicated that: (1) at the middle crosssections of the stem parts, the anthocyanins were located in the 2 or 2~3 cell layers outside the cortex parenchyma and the saponins mainly in the vascular bundles. (2) The main saponin monomers of the stem parts were all Ginsenoside Rb₁. Overall, from the tips to the basal parts of the stems, the TACs, TSCs and Rb₁ contents of the stem parts displayed a “singlepeaked”, “Vshaped” and “decreaseincreasedecrease threestaged” curves, respectively. The anthocyanins accumulated mainly at the middle and superior parts of the stems, the saponins at the lower and basal parts and the Rb₁ at the superior half parts. The stem parts with the highest TAC or the lowest TSC and Rb₁ contents were just located at the golden section point of the middle and superior parts of the stems. (3) The difference among the TACs of different stem parts only reached significant level, that among the Rb₁ contents reached extremely significant level, whereas that among the TSCs did not reach significant level. For different stem parts, there were different correlation characteristics between the TAC and TSC or Rb₁ contents. For the whole aerial stems, the TAC was negatively correlated with the TSC at extremely significant level, whereas the positive correlation between the TSC and Rb₁ contents did not reach the significant level. Thus, in the greenpurple transitional aerial stems of P. notoginseng, the transversal histological locations of the anthocyanins and saponins are different and, overall and lengthways, the contents of the two compounds display negative correlation. This study could provide a reference for the exploration of the accumulation correlations of the anthocyanins and saponins of the vegetative organs of P. notoginseng.

Abstract:The two samples of truffles collected in the Helan Mountain region of Inner Mongolia were studied by Anatomy and molecular biology. (1) Two strains of ascoma were tan, smooth surface, no obvious verrucous protuberance and edges. (2) Gleba of strain a is ivory, dense and vagus veins. Hyphae organization is brown; Spherical or rodshaped ascus in honeycomb arrangement contained 1-4 ascospore with package; the surface ascospore had a protuberant ornamentation and was spherical. Thickness of double wall was about 1.7 um, diameter 20 microns (including ascospore grain). (3) Gleba of strain b had cracks, loose, in addition to the above ascus and spore, also possessed a special ascus like “pocket” containing a large number of sharp, smooth, brown ellipsoidal spores. (4) Molecular evolution analysis shows that the two strains into one, but there is a relatively low approval ratings for genus Tuber. Therefore, the two strains were concluded that they might be a new record species of genus Choiromyces in China.

Abstract:The stomatal structures of leaves (bracts or fruits) from 20 genera and 29 species (9 genera and 11 species of subfamily Saniculoideae, 11 genera and 18 species of basal subfamily Apioideae). The results show that: (1) three types of stomata, anomocytic, anisocytic, and paracytic. The stomata in tribe Saniculeae of Saniculoideae are anomocytic (35%-75%) and anisocytic (25%-65%) (in the total number of stomata). The genus Eryngium has all three types, and only anomocytic type in tribe Steganotaenieae. In the basal taxa of subfamily Apioideae (except Bupleurum) the stomata are more anomocytic (75%-100%) and less anisocytic (5%-25%). （2）The stomatal features studied support to place Arctopus in Saniculeae and to move Choritaenia to Apioideae confirmed by molecular data. (3) The stomata structures of Saniculoideae are similar with those of Apioideae and Azorelloideae, but differ from Mackinlayoideae.

Abstract:Pentaploid strawberry (FxLs1137, 2n=5x=35) derived from the hybridization between diploid Fragaria viridis (male) and octaploid F. × ananassa ‘Fusanoka’ (female), and its allodecaploid (A3, 2n=10x=70) were employed for conducting proteomic analysis with two dimensional gel electrophoresis technology under observation of agronomic traits, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) readings, and the net photosynthetic rate. (1) Compared with FxLs1137, A3 showed a significant dwarf type, larger crown, increased leaf length and leaf width, much thicker in leaf, more dark green leaves, and it also has a bigger SPAD for leaf and net photosynthetic rate; (2) Protein spots of FxLs1137 and A3 analyzed using PDQuest software were mainly scattered in the isoelectric point ranging from pH 4 to 7, and molecular weight ranging from 14.4 to 66.2 kD. More than 700 expressed protein spots in FxLs1137 and A3 were detected. Expression levels of 18 protein spots changed over 1.5 fold after chromosome doubling, and 4 protein spots changed over 2.0 fold. We identified these 4 protein spots with MALDITOFMS/MS mass spectrometry technology, and results showed that the 4 proteins are major strawberry allergen Fra a 1E, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein 1, lipoyl synthase 1, chloroplastic, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinine) FQR1like. These proteins are involved in stress resistant, mRNA transport, material and energy metabolism. Results of realtime quantitative PCR of gene encoding the above four proteins demonstrated that the difference tendency of gene transcriptional expression was consistent with the proteins levels. We obtained the differentially expressed proteins in strawberry chromosome doubling, which provided tracks for further research.

Abstract:The objective of this work was to investigate the changes of differential expressed proteins in response to sunburn stress on loquat pericarp. The fruits of loquat cultivar ‘Jinzhong’ and ‘Honghouben’ sunburned for 90 min at 40 ℃ during color changing period were selected as experiment materials, among which the ‘Jinzhong’ loquat is poorer than ‘Honghouben’ at sunburn resistance. Total proteins in pericarp were separated using twodimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified using matrixassisted laser desorption ionization timeofflight/timeofflight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF/TOFMS). (1) Total 64 proteins were changed at least 2fold differences in abundance, among which 56 proteins were successfully identified with 38 in ‘Jinzhong’ and 23 in ‘Honghouben’. (2) These identified proteins were involved in stress response and defense (accounting for 30.3%), photosynthesis（14.3%）, respiration (25.0%), protein metabolism（14.3%）and some other physiological processes. (3) Compared to ‘Honghouben’, the abundance of many heat shock protein (HSP) was increased, and the abundance of proteins participating in respiration was also increased in order to generate more energy in ‘Jinzhong’. But the contents of many proteins related to photosynthesis as well as ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) were all decreased, otherwise the activity of PPO was declined in ‘Jinzhong’. It is suggested that in order to enhance sunburn resistance in loquat, the content and activity of the enzymes removing ROS may be increased, the amount of HSP may need to some extent, and respiration and photosynthesis might be kept at the normal level.

Abstract:The objective of this research was to explore the population diversity, distribution features and the antibacterial activity of endophytes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. 69 strains were isolated from the tissue of Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge，which were composed of 62 endophytic fungis and 7 endophytic actinomycetes．They were identified according to morphology and 16s rDNA．The antagonistic activities of the endophytes and some of their secondary metabolites against pathogens were also carried out. The results showed that: (1) Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. and Alternaria sp were the dominant genera among endophytes from Salvia miltiorrhiza; (2) 44 strains presented antagonistic to pathogenic bacterium or fungi, among of which，50% show antifungal activity on Escherichia coli; Some endophytes had the strongest bacteriostatic activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans，the biggest diameter of antagonism could be 25 mm; (3) The secondary metabolites of strain A232 presented strong and broadspectrum and antagonistic activity to C. albicans and Valsa mali. Based on morphology and 16S rDNA sequence, strain A232 was identified as Streptomyces luteoverticillatus.

Abstract:We isolated and identified an organophosphatesolubilizing bacterium JYD4 from the rhizosphere of _{Taxus chinensis} var. _mairei. Molybdenumantimony antispectrophotometric method was applied to investigate the effects of carbon sources, nitrogen sources and pH environments on organophosphate solubilization capacity. We also detected the effects of temperatures and pH on the phosphatase enzyme activity produced by strain JYD4. The inoculation test in potted seedlings was carried out under the greenhouse. The results showed that: (1) strain JYD4 was identified as _{Stenotrophomonas maltophilia}. (2) The ratio of organophosphatesolubilizing circle diameter to colony diameter was 2.01. Organophosphatedissolving ability in liquid medium was 72.38 mg/L. (3) Glucose and beef extract were identified as the optimal carbon source and nitrogen source for organophosphatesolubilizing. The optimal pH was 7.0. (4) Phosphatase produced by _{S. maltophilia} JYD4 mainly located in the cell. The phosphatase could maintain stable activity in a wide temperature range (2065 ℃), only conferred high activity at pH 9.0. (5) _{S. maltophilia} JYD4 was able to improve the seedling height, ground diameter and biomass of the seedlings of _{T. chinensis} var. _mairei. The results showed that _{S. maltophilia} JYD4 is a highly effective organophosphatesolubilizing bacterium. It could significantly promote the growth of _{Taxus chinensis} var. _mairei. Results in this paper provide excellent strain for the development of microbial fertilizer of _{T. chinensis} var. _mairei, and provide theory evidences for the application of S. maltophilia JYD4.

Abstract:In order to promote the planting of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge in Semiarid area, this study took 3yearold seedlings of X. sorbifolia Bunge as materials in Loess Hilly Region in which its gas exchange and diurnal variation of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under different moisture conditions were measured and the quantitative relationship between photosynthesis and different soil moisture was analyzed. The results indicated that:(1) with the decrease of relative soil water content, the net photosynthetic(P_n),water use efficiency(WUE),maximal fluorescence under light(F_m), PSⅡ maximum light quantum yield (F_v/F_m), PSⅡ practical quantum efficiency(Φ_PSⅡ)and photochemical quenching(qP) increased at first and then decreased, minimum fluorescence (F_o) decreased first and then increased, and NPQ continued to rise. All parameters were maintained at a higher level when W_r was 44.7%-81.2%. (2) The daily net photosynthetic accumulation and water use efficiency (WUE) were at a higher level while W_r was at 58.6%-81.2%. WUE reached the maximum value when W_r was 66.6%. It is not favorable to the photosynthesis and water utilization of X. sorbifolia Bunge when the soil water content was too high or too low. (3) Gas exchange data showed that the decline of photosynthesis at noon was caused by stomatal factor when W_r was at 38.1%-81.2%, but it was restricted to nonstomatal factor when W_r was less than 31.8%. There would be photo inhibition at noon and it would damage the photosynthetic mechanism while W_r was less than 73.9%. In short, it is suitable for the cultivation of X. sorbifolia Bunge in Loess Hilly Region while W_r was at 58.6%-81.2% and it cannot grow normally while W_r was less than 38.1%.

Abstract:Diurnal variations of photosynthesis and physiological and ecological factors of peach trees with different growth types were studied by LI6400 portable photosynthetic system in different seasons. The photosynthesis characteristics of them in three seasons and the photosynthetic differences between different growth types were studied in 2015. The results showed that: (1) Among the photosynthetic ability of different growth types, the dwarf type was the highest, followed by the common type, weeping type was the lowest; The photosynthetic ability of dwarf type, weeping type and broom peach showed the following variation: spring > summer > autumn, and the normal type for: spring > autumn > summer; in the same growth type, the photosynthetic ability of long branches is generally higher than middle branches and short branches. (2) Among different growth types, the WUE of common type was the highest, and that of broom type was the lowest; the diurnal variation of water use efficiency (WUE) was a W type curve in spring and a U type curve in summer, while the curve in autumn is a broken line. The WUE in spring was the highest, and the difference between summer and autumn was little. (3) The diurnal change of P_n showed a unimodal curve in spring and autumn, but it showed a bimodal curve in summer and has a “midday depression” at noon, which caused by stomatal limitation and nostomatal factors. (4) Throughout the growing seasons, the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), stomatal conductance (G_s) and transpiration rate (T_r) were very important to the diurnal change of P_n among the physiological and ecological factors. There were some differences in photosynthetic efficiency of different growth types and that of same growth types in different seasons, which were influenced by the genotype and environmental factors.

Abstract:The K326 variety of fluecured tobacco was selected as experimental material, which was field planted in Yunnan Province, Fujian province and Henan province of China. The middle leaves (leaf 11) of tobacco were collected four times during the mature leaf stage. The δ¹³C, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, LMA, photosynthetic pigment were investigated to compare different ecologic area fluecured tobacco smokes and the δ¹³C value distribution with the physiological and ecological adaptation. Important findings: (1) three ecology tobacco area δ¹³C value, total carbon, C/N, LMA, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll results showed Yunnan > Fujian > Henan；total nitrogen results showed Henan> Yunnan > Fujian；Chlorophyll b results showed Yunnan > Henan> Fujian; Content of carotenoid results showed Henan> Fujian> Yunnan. Among them δ¹³C value, total carbon, C/N, Carotenoids were similar in Yunnan and Fujian. (2) The correlation analysis suggested that δ¹³C value with total carbon were positive correlated of Yunnan, negative correlated of Fujian and Henan. In the three ecological areas, δ¹³C value and total nitrogen were negatively correlated; δ¹³C value with photosynthetic pigment was positive correlated in Yunnan and Henan, was negatively correlated in Fujian. That δ¹³C value and the smoke alkali, the nitrogen, the potassium, the chlorine assumes the negative correlation, with total sugar and reducing sugar have positive correlation. (3) Yunnan fluecured tobacco had good fragrance, medium irritation, moderate strength and the best chemical constituents’ coordination; Henan fluecured tobacco had a higher amount of aroma with heavier irritation, while Fujian fluecured tobacco showed a worse characteristic in amount of aroma and chemical constituents’ coordination. In conclusion the δ¹³C value was associated in physiological features and quality evaluation of tobacco. The study found using δ¹³C value, physiological features and quality evaluation could be used to identify fluecured tobacco aroma type and quality characteristics from different ecological tobacco areas.

Abstract:Flowering phenology is considered as an important fitness factor because it plays a crucial role in reproductive success. Hypecoum erectum is an ephemeral psammophyte with fragmented distribution in the Gurrbantuggut Desert of Xinjiang, China. Our aim is to investigate the flowering phenology of H.erectum and to better understand its reproductive features. The study was conducted in Cainan oil field which is located at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert. We selected 30 H. erectum individuals with more or less height and crown diameters in the wild population and randomly marked three inflorescences on each individual and observed them from April to June in 2015. We observed the flowering course of each individual including the first flowering date, duration, mean flowering amplitude and last flowering date and then calculated relative flowering intensity and synchrony indices. We also analyzed relationships between first flowering date, median date, duration, last flowering date, flowering amplitude and flowering synchrony, the correlation matrix between first flowering date and duration, flower number and fruit set. According to the external petal opening situation and dehiscence, the typical single flowering process for a flower can be divided into four stage, we observed the four stage of single flower including external petal color changes, the relative position of the median lobe and anthers, the pollen quantity changes in median lobe, the relative position of the stigma and anthers, the relative position of the median lobe and stigma, stigma dehiscence, and the situation of anther dehiscence. The results showed that: (1) The flowering span of the population and individual was approximately 36 d and 16 d from the late April to late May. (2) The flower numbers of the individual and inflorescence was approximately 107±60 and 10±4. The single flowering span can be divided into four stages based on the dehiscence situation of the outer petals and stigma. The single flower of H. erectum has delicate petal structure with double petals. The inner petals are composed of a median lobe and a lateral lobe. Each flower has four anthers. H. erectum exhibits a “massflowering” pattern. (3) The synchrony index was 0.748. The relative flowering intensity had two major peaks from 20% to 30% and from 50% to 70% and the skewness was 0.45. (4) Correlation analysis among the first flowering date, flowering duration, flower number, and fruit number showed that there was significant negative correlation between first flowering date and flowering duration, and there was significant positive correlation between flower number and fruit number. (5) In the natural treatment, the percent fruit set was 82.7%±0.1% and the percent seed set was 93.6%±0.8%. The two major peaks in relative flowering intensity may be a strategy to attract pollinators and increase the number of seeds to ensure reproductive success.

Abstract:In order to explore the effect of different habitats on the species diversity and modular biomass of riparian herbaceous vegetation, we conducted an investigation using the typical sampling method in the Wenjiang section of the Jinma River, Sichuan.Thestudy site was divided into five habitat types, i.e., the flood land (seldom disturbed by sand mining but by some other human activities), the gravel land(formed with the change of water level after sand mining), the reed land(formed by the rolling of vehicles and covered with reeds later), the S.arundinaceum land(the high ground not affected by the water level and covered with S.arundinaceum later),the sand land (formed after sand mining). The results suggested that: 1) a total of 113 herbaceou species belonging to 32 families and 80 genera, was recorded across all types of habitats, among which the number of herbaceous species was the highest (i.e., a high species richness) in the sand habitats, with a total of 59 species belonging to 21 families and 46 genera, while the numbers of plants belonging to the families of Gramineae and Compositae were similar in all the types of habitats; 2) the species diversity index and evenness index were relatively small in the S. arundinaceum and reed lands, while the dominance index is relatively large compared with other habitats, indicating a extremely uneven species distribution, weak concentration ratio and uniformity, and extremely unstable species community; 3) The modular biomass was the lowest in the flood land, and the highest in the S.arundinaceum land, with significant difference in the root and stem dry weight than that in the other habitats; 4) compared with the other habitats, the species diversity in the sand land is relatively high, and the species distributes evenly with high modular biomass, indicating that the sand land is suitable for the growth of riparian herbaceous plants.

Abstract:In order to understanding the characteristics and evolution trend of Caragana intermedia plantation herbaceous vegetation systematically and the response of soil nutrients in desert steppe, we used spatiotemporal substitution method, toke natural meadow as control, constructed three C. intermedia age as research sequence, and investigated inside and outside of different soil vegetation and shrubs and analyzed the relationship between them. The results showed that: （1）with the increasing of the planting years of C. intermedia, different groups of plants showed different trends to the overall important values: a significant increase in grasses, a significantly reduce in legume, and the weed species increase after the first decrease.（2） α diversity: the biodiversity index including Richness (S) Shannon Wiener index (H) had a highest value in 16a outside shrub (P<0.01). Evenness index (J) and Dominance index (P) did not showed significant trend in different stand ages. （3） β diversity: The change of Cody index（β_c）and MorisitaHorn(CMH) similarity index indicated that: the species of 16 a, 25 a and 37 a were quite different, while the differences were relatively small between 25 a and 37 a. The composition between 37 a Caragana forest and natural grassland species were similar. The β_ws index had the highest value in 25 a. （4）There was a significant “fertile island effect” of soil carbon and nitrogen in Caragana intermedia forest. The soil organic carbon had a significantly influence on community group for different artificial Caragana forest. The effect of soil nitrogen on plant diversity was not significant in shrubs interior while was significant in shrubs external. The study illustrated that: the positive effect of soil nutrient succession could improve the plant diversity in C. intermedia forest and enhance the degree of replacement of plant species. However, plant community succession had a trend from presence to natural meadow on later (37 a). The vegetation succession direction of C. intermedia forest was uncertain.

Abstract:In this study, we selected four typical communities: Caragana korshinskii，Artemisia ordosica，Stipa breviflora and Agropyron mongolicum in desert steppe of Ningxia as the research objection, by analyzing the distribution characteristics of soil LOC fractions: microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and easy oxidation organic carbon (EOC) at different soil depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm) in different community types ,in order to probe into the relationship between soil LOC fractions and soil enzyme (invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase) activities. Results show that: (1) the soil SOC and MBC, EOC content in four typical communities declined with the increasing of soil depth, which in surface layer (0-5 cm) were significantly(P<0.05) higher than that in deep soil(5-10 and 10-15 cm), whereas DOC content increased fristly and then decreased with the increasing of soil depth. In the same depth, the soil LOC fractions in shrub (C. korshinskii and A. ordosica) were higher than that in herbs (S. breviflora and A. mongolicum); (2) The soil enzymes (invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase) of four typical communities generally showed a declined trend with the increasing of soil depth, fluctuate appeared at local depth of soil, but at same layer, the soil enzyme activities did not presented the same distributioncharacter in different community types. (3) The soil LOC fractions of four typical communities except for DOC, other indicators were showed significant (P<0.05) correlation with SOC, and has a certain correlation with soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass entropy and organic carbon activity, which indicated that soil LOC fractions not only depend on the total organic carbon(TOC), but also closely related to soil enzyme activities.

Abstract:With the method of Illumina MiSeq sequencing, we investigated the seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in the rhizosphere of Clematis fruticosa in the arid sunny slopes of the Daqingshan Mountains. By the methods of redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test, we also analyzed the relationships between AMF and soil and plant factors. It would provide important scientific basis to further discuss the response of C. fruticosaAMF symbioses to climate changes in different seasons. The results indicated that: (1) Spore density of AMF was no significant difference among seasons, but colonization rate and arbuscule abundance of AMF had a decreasing trend from spring to autumn. (2) A total of 163 AMF OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were detected in three seasons, 116 OTUs, 76 OTUs and 70 OTUs were detected in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. (3) AMF richness (Observed OTUs and Chao 1 index) and diversity (ShannonWiener index and Invsimpson index) of summer and autumn were significantly lower than that of spring, but there were no significant differences between summer and autumn. (4) Principal coordinate analysis and PERMANOVA analyses indicated that AMF community compositions of summer and autumn were significantly different from that of spring, while the difference was not significant in summer and autumn. (5) RDA analysis showed that sampling season, plant coverage, plant diversity, soil moisture content and soil organic matter significantly influenced ShannonWiener index, Invsimpson index, Chao 1 index and Observed OTUs of AMF. Mantel test indicated that sampling season was the driving factor to affect community composition and colonization rate of AMF, but had no significantly influence on spore density, soil organic matter was the driving factor to influence spore density.

Abstract:With Didymodon tectorum collected from the main mine of Baiyun obo as experimental material, we studied the effect of different disinfectants and different concentrations of plant hormone 6BA and IAA, respectively on callus induction and differentiation. It showed that the best disinfectant for D. tectorum gametophyte is 75% alcohol immersion for 30 s and 0.1 g/L mercuric chloride for 90 s. Using Knop medium to culture the upper stemleaf segments of D. tectorum, and a low concentration of 6BA (0.1 mg/L) promotes callus differentiation and gametophyte formation. However, high concentration of 6BA (1.0 mg/L) restrains the callus formation. IAA helps protonemata germinate.

Abstract:In order to establish a twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)protocol for proteomic study of desert chlorella (Chlorella sp. TLD6B), we compared the performances of protein extraction methods from desert chlorella betweenTCA/ acetone precipitation method and Trisol extraction. The chose pH gradient gel strips and protein loading volume were also optimized. Our results showed that: (1) trisol extraction could obtain high pure protein. The improved 2DE system for desert chlorella was come out as follows: we distinguished 726 proteins with linear IPG strips of 24 cm in length with the pH ranges from 3 to 10, 500 μg loading volume, 80000 Vh of IEF time. We distinguished 1230 proteins with linear IPG strips of 24 cm in length with the pH ranges from 4 to 7, 1 000 μg loading volume, 80 000 Vh of IEF time. (2) Ten randomly selected protein spots were identified by using MALDITOF/TOFMS to confirm the establishment of twodimensional electrophoresis protocol could be used for primary analysis of desert chlorella proteome.

Abstract:Based on the literature review and examination of specimens from herbaria, as well as field work, a review on brief taxonomic history of Theligonum macranthum in QinlingDabashan Mountains of Shaanxi Province was given. The results showed that T. macranthum was perennial herbs rather than annual one. We agreed with the treatment that Theligonuum japonicum Okubo et Makino shoud be reduced to T. macranthum Franch. as a new synonym.

Abstract:The family Ranunculaceae has played an important role in the evolution of angiosperms. However, agreement is lacking on the systematic relationships of many genera within Ranunculaceae. In recent twenties years, molecular phylogenetic studies discovered that previous classifications system based on morphological characteristics were quite difference with the molecular phylogeny. The vast majority of the subfamily defined by morphological traits was not supported by molecular systematic. Besides, several genera determined by morphology, such as, Cimicifuga, Souliea, Hepatica, Pulsatilla, Batrachium etc., were detected to be synonymies according to molecular analysis. At the mean time, molecular systematics studies also established genera in the family, such as, Gymnaconitum etc. Through molecular systematics study, a total of ten genera were reduced, and two genera were established in China. However, the relationships between many groups within Ranunculaceae are still in question. The phylogenetic framework of subfamily. Ranunculoideae and tribe Delphinieae still needs to further study. In the present paper, recent advances in molecular phylogenetics of Ranunculaceae are summarized and some problematical issues within the family are discussed.