Abstract:The fungus Villosiclava virens infects dominantly rice stamen filaments and some lodicules resulting in rice false smut. Here we examine the ultrastructures of the cell walls of various organs in rice spikelets around the anthesis to explore the specificity for infection. The inoculation was performed in rice cultivar, ‘Yongyou 12’, a high susceptible cultivar, and the infected spikelets were sampled at 5, 10, and 15 days after inoculation. The results showed that: (1) the stamen filament cells could elongate integrally for 4-6 folds, and the peripheral cells in top of lodicula could elongate significantly during flowering. (2) Microfibrils in those cell walls arranged loosely and could be clearly distinguished with transmission electronic microspcope. Conversely, the cell walls in ovaries, stigmas, and anthers were compact and the microfibrils could not be discerned. (3) The pathogen could grow in different orientations in both cell gaps and cell wall middle lamella in the stamen filaments, but its extension in the lodicula was limited mainly in cell gaps. This indicates that the structure and components of middle lamella in filaments and lodicula are different. (4) Cytochemical labeling revealed that there was less cellulose and no β1,3glucane in the cell walls of stamen filaments. These suggest that the ultrastructure and components in cell walls and middle lamella in various organs in rice spikelets are highly related to the specificity of infection by the pathogen

Abstract:The morphological traits and ultrastructure of Camellia oleifera leaf were observed, using resin embedding technology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The results indicated that: (1) The abnormal leaf was proliferative tissues of infected young leaf, compared with normal leaves. The thickness of the swelling leaf increased 3 to 5 times, the cell volume increased 3 to 8 times, and the number of cells increased 1 to 2 times. (2) Hyphae exist in the lower epidermis to layer 4~7 in the intercellular then epidermis exfoliated from the lower surface of the leaf at later stages. (3) Several abnormal phenomenons such as the rupture of chloroplast membranes, the decrease of the numbers of internal thylakoid membranes of chloroplast and the damaged structure of organelles were observed.

Abstract:Sexual system, ovule development and abortion of selfpollinated fruits in Xanthoceras sorbifolium were investigated through direct observations, light and scanning electron microscopy to understand why a very small proportion of flowers give rise to mature fruits, based on the samples of male and bisexual flowers in different developmental stages. The results indicated that: (1) the plant bears a large proportion of male and a limited number of bisexual flowers and exhibits cryptic monoecy. (2) There are five unique golden hornlike appendages in a flower. Mature pollen grain is spheroidal, tricolporate and parasyncolporate, with verrucate ornamentation. The flowers are mainly windpollinated. (3) The dry stigma is trilobed and the surface is densely covered with filiform papillae at anthesis. (4) The ovoid and amphitropous ovule contains a long curved embryo sac that is embedded within the massive nucellar tissue. After fertilization, a radially stretched bulge is produced by local periclinal and anticlinal divisions of the outer integument between the micropyle and the chalaza at the raphal side, which extends into the embryo sac perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. The fertilized embryo sac forms a sink into which water and soluble materials are draw. Two cotyledons of the young embryo reach the vesicle of the chalazal end of the embryo sac by growing along the neck of the micropylar end of the embryo sac. (5) In the early development of the embryo, the twin cotyledons are symmetrical. The cotyledon having the longer radium of curvature becomes much larger than the other cotyledon after 35 days after pollination (DAP). The liquid content of the vesicular embryo sac contains free nuclear endosperm and a slight amount of cellular endosperm before 23 DAP, during which the fresh ovules are edible. (6) Postzygotic abortion of selfpollinated ovules and young fruits occurs at various stages of development. The studies indicated that many sexual reproductive features of X. sorbifolium are shared with other members of Sapindaceae，but the plant is characterized by some unusual features in the family, such as occurrence of floral appendages and large ovule number per locule.

Abstract:Selecting different habitats eight mosses as the experimental materials in Baiyun Obo rare earth mine, respectively Jaffueliobryum wrightii (Sull.) Ther., Didymodon constrictus (Broth.) Saito, Bryum argenteum Hedw, Didymodon tectorum (C.Muell.)Saito, Syntrichia sinensis (C.Müll.) Ochyra, Didymodon nigrescens(Mitt.) Saito, Pterygoneurum kozlovii Lazarenko and Tortula atrovirens (Smith) Lindb. With the same species from Helan Mountain and Sanggendalai as control, we compared the plant branching and stemleaf morphological and anatomical characteristics with the microscopics to explore the effect of rare earth elements on the growths of bryophytes. The results showed that: (1) the differences between two regions were significant in four index: plant height, stem width, leaf length and leaf width. But nonsignificant in leaf lengthwidth ratio and leaf cell lengthwidth ratio. (2) Three mine area mosses in leaf length and leaf width indicated same results: West mine>Main mine>East mine, the difference was significant between West mine and East mine; and the stem width irregular in three mine areas. (3) The main factor to the mosses growth was the rare earth element contents and influenced mainly through the leaf.

Abstract:DELLA proteins works as a repressor and GID1 is the soluble receptor in GA signaling pathways, but currently little is known about interactive sites of GID1DELLA in conifers. we cloned two DELLA proteins (PtDPL; PtRGA) from Pinus tabuliformis named PtDPL and PtRGA. Sequence analysis showed these two DELLA proteins have DELLA and GRAS specific domains and their evolution distance both are between the rice and lycophyte, and they also have GID1DELLA interactive sites Δ17 domain as angiosperm; BiFC proved that Δ17 domain was key sites of interactions between the PtGID1PtDELLA; Without Δ17 domain, PtdplΔ17 and PtrgaΔ17 mutants showed a strong GAinsensitive phenotype compared to wildtype, suggesting that Δ17 domain is the key interactive sites in conifers GID1DELLA interaction. This research provides the basis for GID1DELLA interaction and GA signaling pathways mechanism.

Abstract:In this study, based the homologous sequence of glutamine synthetase (contig48) screened out from young root cDNA library, we designed primers and cloned its full length (named as GS12, GenBank accession number: JQ925873.1) using SMART RACE. The results indicated that: (1) the fulllength cDNA of GS12 is 1 710 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 071 bp, encoding 356 amino acids with deduced molecular weight of 39.3 kD and theoretical pI value of 5.65. The result of amino acid sequence alignment in NCBI indicated that it has high similarity with the cloned theanine synthetase from Anji white tea. (2) The gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET32a and pMALc5x, which was further transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta and BL21 to induce fusion protein with IPTG, respectively. The SDSPAGE results showed that: after induction with IPTG, an insoluble inclusion body would be produced in E. coli Rosetta using the pET32a expression vector, while a soluble protein could be induced in E. coli BL21（DE3）using the pMALc5x expression vector. (3) After the yeast expression vector pYESDEST52CsGS12 was constructed by Gateway technology, the gene was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (WAT11), and with addition of substrates in medium, the glutamine concentration in strains with pYESGS12 vector transformant was twice as high as that containing the pYES empty vector transformant using UPLCMS analysis. The preliminary result suggested that the GS12 is capable of synthesizing glutamine instead of theanine.

Abstract:The RTPCR combined with RACE method was used to clone the complete cDNA sequence of ferredoxin gene (named as OnFd，GenBank accession No. KX461907) from Oncidium Kutoo ‘Litter Cherry’ (O.ornithorynchun × T. variegata). The complete cDNA sequence of OnFd was 989 bp，encoding 154 amino acids. Comparisons between the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences showed that intron was absent in OnFd. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that OnFd owns a typical ［2Fe2S］ domain. Blastp analysis showed that OnFd shares the highest similarity with Zea mays Fd3 (64.29%). Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the OnFd was located in the chloroplast. qRTPCR results showed that the expression level of OnFd was significantly higher in the flower than that in leaf and root，the lowest expression was found in pseudobulb. Moreover，we investigated the expression of OnFd in response to root rot pathogen infection in different tissues or organs. Result showed that the expression of OnFd accumulated quickly after pathogen infection，and very significant upregulation was found in pseudobulb at only 1 day post pathogen inoculation (dpi)(P<0.01)，The gene expression in plants from these five infected stages is 2.83-3.98 times than that of the healthy plants. The result suggested that the OnFd may play important role in Oncidiumsoft root pathogen interaction.

Abstract:Primers were designed according to the published sequence of the apple genome and a Mdgal gene promoter of Malus× domestica Borkh ‘Gala’ were cloned. Online function prediction by PLACE and Plant CARE showed that Mdgal promoter contained a large number of phytohormone responsive elements, such as gibberellinresponsive elements (GAREmotif, Pbox), auxinresponsive element (TGAelement), MeJA responsive elements (CGTCAmotif, TGACGmotif) and some stress responsive elements. Meanwhile, to identify the upstream region of the Mdgal gene required for promoter activity, we constructed five Mdgal promoter deletion derivatives. Each deletion construct was analyzed by Agrobacteriummediated transient transformation in apple fruits and tobacco leaves. Then the transgenic apple and tobacco with GUS histochemical staining and quantitative detection of GUS enzyme activity were analyzed. The results indicated that all the five promoters had the promoter activity, and both activation and repression regulatory elements coexisted in the Mdgal promoter sequence. Positive regulatory elements may be located in a region from -1 206 to -754 bp and negative regulatory elements are present at position from -754 to -597 bp. Finally, hormone treatment assay suggested that the cisregulatory regions in the Mdgal promoter was responsive to different exogenous hormones in tobacco, and the highest level of GUS activity was observed in MeJA treatment. Taking together, our results demonstrate that Mdgal promoter with the basic structural characteristics of eukaryotes gene promoters has the up and downregulation function and hormonal treatment responsiveness, which might be involved in apple fruit development and ripening.

Abstract:In this study, the bZIP gene fragment from a digital expression profiling of cotton root tissue infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) was cloned from the roots of Zhongmiansuo 12 through the in silico cloning and RTPCR, named as GhTGA2.2 (Genebank: KY069278). Sequence analysis showed that the cDNA of GhTGA2.2 gene was 1 356 bp, which encoded a protein of 452 amino acids containing a conserved bZIP domain with predicted molecular weight of 50.04 kD and an isoelectric point of 5.85. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GhTGA2.2 belonged to the TGA transcription factors of the bZIP subfamily and was related closely to AtTGA2 of Arabidopsis thaliana and NtTGA2.2 of Nicotiana tabacum. qRTPCR analysis indicated that, the relative expression of GhTGA2.2 increased in the resistant cultivar after the treatment of Fov. The expression level increased first and decreased then with the treatment time going on, and the expression level reached the highest at over 24 hours after treatment; After the treatment of salicylic acid, the level of GhTGA2.2 expression reached rapidly the maximum at 1 h. While the relative expression of GhTGA2.2 decreased after the ethylene and jasmonic acid treatments; we speculated that GhTGA2.2 may involve in salicylic acid signal pathway to defense Fov.

Abstract:A fulllength cDNA sequence of SEPALAATA(SEP) gene was obtained from inflorescence tissue of mango (Mangifera indica cv. Carabao) with homologybased cloning and RACE, named MSEP1 (GenBank accession no.KP702299). The full length of MSEP1 is 921 bp containing 726 bps open reading frame, encoding 241 amino acids with molecular weight 27.7 kD and isoelectric point 5.79. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that MSEP1 deduced protein contained a conservative MADSbox and semiconservative K domain and belonged to the SEP subfamily of the MADSbox family. Tissuespecific analysis showed that MSEP1 was high expression in leaves and flowers especially in inflorescences, low expression in roots and stems of mango. MSEP1 may have important roles in reproductive growth of mango.

Abstract:Taking ‘Xiahui 8’ ［Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.］ as test materials, this paper studied the effects of herbicides (glyphosate and paraquat) on vegetative growth，mineral element absorption，related enzyme activities，photosynthesis and gummosis in peach. The results showed that: (1) on the 3rd year after spraying herbicides (glyphosate and paraquat), the starch content in leaves and branches decreased and the soluble sugar content in leaves and branch decreased significantly after spraying glyphosate. (2) The N, P, K and Fe element contents in leaves raised while the Mn element contents in leaves was decreased significantly after spraying glyphosate. (3) On the 3rd year after spraying paraquat, the electrolyte leakage rate，catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in leaves raised. Glyphosate showed obvious influence on photosynthesis of ‘Xiahui 8’. The leaf photosynthetic rate (P_n) between 14:00 and 16:00 was lower than that of the control. (4) Investigations in the field showed that the gummosis incidence and disease index of ‘Xiahui 8’ increased after spraying glyphosate and paraquat. We should avoid using systemic herbicides in peach orchard.

Abstract:The effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) on relative water content, membrane lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities, AsAGSH cycle metabolism, and antioxidants were investigated with white clover (Trifolium repens) under drought stress induced by PEG6000, which reveals the physiological mechanism of H₂Sregulated drought tolerance in white clover. The results showed that: (1) the plants treated with 0.2 mmol/L sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H₂S donor, maintained higher leaf relative water content and lower electrolyte leakage and MDA content under drought stress as compared to the plants without the pretreatment with NaHS. (2) Similarly, the exogenous NaHS effectively improved SOD, CAT, POD activities and accelerated AsAGSH cycle metabolism via the improvement of the key enzyme activities (APX, DHAR, MDHAR and GR), AsA and GSH content. (3) The application of NaHS also increased flavonoid, total phenols and proanthocyanidins contents in leaves of white clover in a period of time, followed by decreases in the generation rate of O^-·₂ and H₂O₂ content in response to drought stress. Therefore, this study suggests that exogenous H₂S can improve drought tolerance of white clover seedlings through enhancing the leaf antioxidant defense system.

Abstract:With Tomato ‘Liaoyuan Duoli’ as the materials of this experiment, using the mode of nutrient solution cultivation, the compared seedlings was cultivated as normal temperature as 15 ℃ of nighttime, set the temperature of nighttime as low as 6 ℃ to cultivate seedlings, we analyzed the factors affecting the absorption and transport processes of phosphorus of tomato seedlings in low night temperature. Results showed that: (1) the root activity of tomato seedlings was significantly inhibited by low temperature stress at night; (2) Under the condition of low temperature, there is no apparent change in the activity of acid phosphatase in the root of tomato seedlings, but the activity of acid phosphatase has strengthened in the aboveground parts and the activity of leaves increased significantly; (3) The relative expression of tomato phosphate transporter gene LEPT1 and LEPT2 increased in the roots by low temperature at night, LEPT1 phosphate transporter gene expression is suppressed in the aboveground, which is more apparent in leaves; (4) The P residue is higher than that in the control under treatment of low temperature stress at night; the concentration of phosphorus in the parts of seedling either underground or aboveground decreased, Such decline in the leaves is higher than that of the stems; (5) The bleeding intensity of tomato seedling decreased; P concentration in the bleeding sap increased with experiment period and significantly higher than that of control in the 9th day. These results showed that the root activity of tomato seedlings significantly decreased by low temperature at night; the low temperature made phosphate transporter gene LePT1 expression and the intensity of the bleeding sap decreased, which caused the transport of phosphorus from the stem to the leaf was inhibited.

Abstract:The reactive oxygen metabolism under different salt levels and the alleviative effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on plants against salt stress were assessed in Platycladus orientalis seedlings treated with different concentrations of NaCl and ABA. P. orientalis seedlings were cultured by 1/4 Hoagland solution with different levels of NaCl (100, 200, 300 and 400 mmol·L^-1), and 1/4 Hoagland solution was used as control. Furthermore, seedlings exposed to 300 μmol·L^-1 NaCl were treated with different concentrations（0, 0.5, 1, 10, 100 and 200 μmol·L^-1） of ABA, and physiological indexes and expression levels of genes related to reactive oxygen metabolism were studied. The results showed that: (1) With the increase of NaCl level, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and proline and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) in P. orientalis leaves increased, while soluble protein content decreased. (2) Salinitytreated plants exposed to ABA at 1 and 10 μmol·L^-1 for 48 h significantly enhanced the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and increased the contents of GSH, proline and soluble protein, accompanied by decreased accumulation of H₂O₂ and MDA. (3) NaCl stress caused the variation of the expression levels of genes related to reactive oxygen metabolism in P. orientalis, and the presence of 10 μmol·L^-1 ABA maximally induced expression levels of Cu/ZnSOD, CAT, GR, APX, MDAR and GST genes in 300mmol·L^-1 NaCltreated seedlings. These results suggested that exogenous ABA could promote antioxidant enzyme activities, increase osmotic adjustment ability and GSH content, decrease the accumulation of MDA and H₂O₂ in leaves of P. orientalis under salt stress, thereby effectively reduce the damage of reactive oxygen species to P. orientalis leaves and enhance its salt resistance.

Abstract:In order to explore the mechanism of shady perennial plants to sulfur dioxide (SO₂) resistance and phytoremediation of air pollution, we selected and screened three shady plant species including Ophiopogon japonicus, Saxifraga stolonifera，and Hosta ventricosa growing under the greenhouse condition for tolerance to SO₂ injury and purification of SO₂ in this study. SO₂ treatment was achieved through an artificial simulated fumigation method，and SO₂ was set as the following four concentrations: 5.71, 11.43, 17.43 and 22.86 mg·m^-3. The differential responses to SO₂ stress among the three plant species were manifested through the phenotypic injuries and the various physiological indexes, and the methods of subordination function and principal component analysis was used to evaluate the SO₂ resistance. Our results showed that: (1) there was the phenotypic injury with the different extents among three plant species under SO₂ stress. The chlorophyll and leaf pH declined gradually with the rise of SO₂ concentrations among three species, while the content of MDA and the relative electrolyte leakage rose. Meanwhile the soluble sugar and the proline were accumulated substantially. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were activated dramatically. (2) Through the subordination function and principal component analysis, we concluded that the resistance to SO₂ among these three species is ordered in sequence from high to low as O. japonicus > H. ventricosa > S. stolonifera, which is opposite as the order of phenotypic injury and leaf pH value. (3) The purification ability to SO₂ is ranked in order from high to low as S. stolonifera > O. japonicus > H. ventricosa. The results showed that all the three shadetolerant groundcover plants could increase their protective enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment substance contents under SO₂ stress, enhance their resistance to sulfur stress and SO₂ uptake capacity, and O. japonicus had the strongest resistance to SO₂, S. stolonifera had the strongest absorption capacity on SO₂; the lowest concentration of SO₂ in this experiment is much higher than the actual concentration of SO₂ in the urban atmosphere, in which the three shade plants are not present in the injury symptoms, so healthy and strong absorption of sulfur of S. stolonifera and O. japonicus can be used in SO₂ heavily polluted areas.

Abstract:In order to explore the salt distribution patterns in different organs and the characteristic of salt secreted from leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, we cultured G. uralensis seedlings with a complete Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0, 80, 160 and 320 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 21 days. The contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ secreted from the leaves were measured by ICPAES; In addition, twoyearold G. uralensis grew in heavy salinealkali soil were collected, the contents of K⁺, Na⁺, Ga²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in different organs (roots, rhizomes, stems, old leaves and young leaves) of G. uralensis were measured by ICPAES. The aim for this study is to provide reference for salt tolerance theory of G. uralensis by comparing the salt accumulation characteristics with salt secretion characteristics. The results were shown that: (1) more salt ions secreted from leaves of G. uralensis with the increased concentration of NaCl, and the secretive content of Na⁺ was much greater than that of Ca²⁺ and K⁺. (2) The order of accumulation of K⁺ among the different organs was young leaves > roots > rhizomes > stems > old leaves; Na⁺ accumulation in every organ is very limited and have no significant difference among them; The order of Ca²⁺ accumulation among the different organs was old leaves > young leaves > stems > rhizomes > roots; All in all, in high salt habitats, the young leaves is the main organ to accumulate K⁺, the old leaves is the main organ to accumulate Ca²⁺. It is a obvious characteristic that G. uralensis reject accumulating Na⁺, the content of Na⁺ in every organ of G. uralensis is very low; Na⁺ is the main salt ion secreted from leaves; G. uralensis can avoid accumulating excessive Na⁺ in the plant by excluding Na⁺, which is the main reason that G. uralensis can grow in high salt habitats.

Abstract:Taking the optimizing plant ‘Libo3’ and ‘Libo11’ Prunus mume which was native to Guizhou Province as materials, using the method of ultra performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC), we measured the changes of organic acid contents and relative metabolic enzyme activities during the development of Prunus mume fruit. The results showed that:（1）citric acid and malic acid of ‘Libo3’ and ‘Libo11’ mainly accumulated in the late period of fruit development, after anthesis the accumulation of citric acid reached the maximum at 140 d, the amount of total acid in the fruit also accordingly reached the maximum value. （2）The accumulation of citric acid was related to the activity of citrate synthase (CS), the content of citric acid of ‘Libo11’ was higher than that of ‘Libo3’ since for its CS activity was higher at the ripening stage.（3）The content of malic acid exhibited positive correlation with the activities of PEPC and NADMDH, while the NADPME activity exhibited negative correlation. The difference in malic acid accumulation is mainly caused by the coordination change of PEPC, NADMDH and NADPME activities. After anthesis 45 to 100 d , the activities of PEPC and NADMDH increased rapidly, while the NADPME activity was relatively low, promoting the massive accumulation of mailc acid. After anthesis 120 to 140 d, PEPC and NADMDH activities of ‘Libo3’ was significantly higher than the activities of ‘Libo11’, while NADPME activity of ‘Libo11’ was lower. As a result, the content of malic acid of ‘Libo11’ is higher when mature. The late period of fruit development is a critical period for the accumulation of malic acid and citric acid. The accumulation of total organic acids was regulated by multiple enzymes. The difference in malic acid accumulation is mainly caused by the coordination change of PEPC, NADMDH and NADPME activities, while the difference in the accumulation of citric acid is mainly affected by the change of CS activity.

Abstract:The dynamic of physiological state and contents of 4 flavonoids (calycosin, calycosin7oβDglucoside, formononetin and ononin) in roots, stems and leaves were studied with the triennial Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, under the continuous drought stress, by pot culture simulated drought conditions, at greenhouse in Inner Mongolia University. The result shows that: (1) calycosin and calycosin7oβDglucoside are distributed and obvious difference in the three different parts, which the content of calycosin was leaf > stem > root, but the calycosin 7oβDglucoside was root > leaf > stem. (2) The response of the four flavonoids in the same organ under drought stress were different. The contents of calycosin7oβDglucoside and ononin were increased during 8-12 d and then decreased in roots under drought stress. It is interested that the contents of calycosin was accumulated during 4-8 d, but calycosin7oβDglucoside has few changes. Those results indicated that the contents and distributions of four kinds of flavonoids are diverse in different organs, and the response to drought stress is difference in the same organ. The moderate drought stress improved and severe drought stress would have a negative effect on the accumulation of flavonoids in A. membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao.

Abstract:The seeds of adzuki bean variety ‘Jingnong No. 8’ were used as experimental material in pot in 2015. The effects of seed soaking with uniconazole on the growth and root physiological characteristics were investigated under different water conditions including normal irrigation, moderate and severe drought, the five different concentrations of uniconazole were 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg·L^-1. The main results showed that: (1) the growth, yield, chlorophyll contents, maximal PSⅡ photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m), potential activity of PSⅡ(F_v/F₀) and antioxidant enzyme activities of adzuki bean seedling decreased. However, root MDA content and rootshoot ratio increased under drought stress. (2) Uniconazole treatment significantly improved the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content, and reduced root MDA content under drought stress (severe and moderate drought) and thus alleviating the oxidative damage of drought stress on plasma membrane. (3) Uniconazole treatment increased chlorophyll contents, F_v/F_m and F_v/F₀ while obviously decreased F₀ of adzuki bean leaves, which favours the amount of dry matter accumulation, even yield under drought stress. These results showed that uniconazole treatment, especially 20 mg·L^-1 uniconazole, was favorable for the adzuki bean seedlings to increase photosynthetic physiological characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities, which improved adzuki bean growth and increased drought resistance.

Abstract:In order to study the salicylic acid (SA) on the growth of cotton seedlings under salt stress and resistance physiology, We used ‘ Zhongmiansuo 41’ (tolerant varieties) and ‘Zhongmiansuo 49’ (medium tolerant varieties) as material. On 0.60% NaCl stress conditions, using seed soaking and spraying application method of exogenous SA cotton, we investigated the seedling growth, osmotic adjustment matter content and antioxidant system. The results showed that: (1) NaCl stress significantly inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings, under NaCl stress with SA soaking+spraying treatment, cotton seedling height, leaf area, dry mass, root activity, root/shoot ratio were increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP) and proline (Pro) contents were increased in leaves when exogenous SA had been applied, together with significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in leaves and roots. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT in roots of cotton seedlings were smaller than those of leaves, and the SA treatment increased the enzyme activities of cotton seedling roots more than that in leaves; (2) SA soaking+spraying composite treatment on 0.60%NaCl mitigation effect is better than that of SA seed soaking treatment, while the 0.05 mmol·L^-1 soaking +0.2 mmol·L^-1 spraying treatment is the best; (3) Comparison of two varieties, SA on the ‘Zhongmiansuo 49’ to alleviate salt stress intensity is greater than that on the ‘Zhongmiansuo 41’, especially in cotton seedling root growth is most evident, exogenous SA could made the root activity of ‘Zhongmiansuo 41’ improved 10.58%-57.56%, ‘Zhongmiansuo 49’ improved 15.08%-80.48%. The study found that exogenous SA could alleviate cell membrane damage and increase salt tolerance by regulating osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity of cotton seedlings, but the effect of alleviation was different between different tolerant cultivars and treatments.

Abstract:Rainfall affects the plant growth. Effects of changing rainfall patterns on the root and biomass of Reaumuria soongorica seedlings were researched in this paper .Seedlings of typical natural growth R. soongorica community as the research object,natural rainfall as check,we set up a experiment with two variables: rainfall quantity and rainfall time interval .The three variation of rainfall quantity were -30% (W^-),natural rainfall (W) and +30% (W⁺ ) .The two rainfall time interval were natural rainfall time interval (T) and 1.5 times of natural rainfall time interval (T⁺). The results showed that: （1） In the condition of same rainfall quantity, the extended rainfall time interval promoted the root length, root surface area and root shoot ratio, which could gain underground water to increase seedling growth. （2）In the condition of W^- and W, all part of biomass would be accumulated by the extended rainfall time interval, but it showed opposite in the W⁺. （3） In the condition of natural rainfall time interval, the main root length and biomass increased markedly, When rainfall quantity was promoted, R. soongorica seedlings growth was advanced at the same time. Visible changes in rainfall patterns will significantly affect seedling growth and biomass allocationin the natural growth R. soongorica community.

Abstract:This paper discusses the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants, litter and soils of urban green plants. The results were as follows: (1) the order of average contents of C, N and P in green plants from high to low as follows arbors>shrubs> herbs, and the contents of C, N and P in same ornamental plants of different organs was differ, which showed leaf>stem>root. (2) The nitrogen absorptivity was significantly higher than that of phosphorus absorptivity of urban green plants (P<0.01), and the nitrogen and phosphorus absorptivity showed arbors>shrubs> herbs, which the nitrogen absorptivity of arbors, shrubs and herbs had a significant difference (P<0.05) and the phosphorus absorptivity had no significant difference (P>0.05). (3) The contents of C, N and P in litter showed herbs >shrubs> arbors, which the content of P had no significant difference. The contents of C, N and P in soil showed herbs >shrubs> arbors, which the N/P had no significant difference. The contents of C, N and P in soil microbial biomass showed herbs >shrubs> arbors, which the C/N, C/P and N/P had no significant difference. (4) The contents of C, N and P of plants, litter, soils and soil microbial biomass decreased with the increasing of the temperature of the growing season and increased with the increasing of the annual precipitation, which the absolute value of regression coefficient of P was lower than that of C and N. (5) The contents of C and N in plants, litter and soils had a significant positive correlation. The contents of N and P in plants, litter and soils had a significant positive correlation. The C/N and N/P in litter had a significant negative correlation. The C/N and N/P in plants and soils had a significant positive correlation. The C/N and N/P in plants, litter and soils had a significant positive correlation. (6) Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the plant height, crown, stem diameter, specific leaf area and leaf area index had a large effect on the contents of C, N, P and C/N, C/P and N/P of plant, litter, soil and soil microbial biomass. The plant height, crown, stem diameter had a negative correlation with specific leaf area and leaf area index, and had a negative correlation with the contents of C, N, P of litter, soil and soil microbial biomass, and had a positive correlation with the contents of C, N, P of plants, while the contents of C, N, P and C/N, C/P and N/P had a positive correlation in litter, soil and soil microbial biomass. This study provides a scientific guidance for restoration of the urban green plants in China.

Abstract:Thuja sutchuenensis, a critically endangered gymnosperms restricted to a single population on the southern side of the Daba Shan (Chongqing, China), has received little attention so far. Based on investigation of many times, we used the floristic analysis, clustering analysis, heat analysis method and so on to studied floristic composition, community structure and collocation model of T. sutchuenensis community. The results showed that: (1) The community had high level of associated species richness and the life form of associated species is dominant of Nanophanerophyte, Hemicryptophyte, Microphanerophyte. Areal types are complex and temperate elements are more in the community. (2) The result of cluster analysis in the different sample plots showed that the altitude and spatial location were the important factors for influence the composition of the flora in the community. (3) When the community is dominated by shrub layer and lower tree layer, the number of individuals of T. sutchuenensis was more. We think that the average height of the community is the shorter, the better for expansion and regeneration of T. sutchuenensis populations. (4) According to the result of heatmap, we found that the following several patterns of the most conducive to the survival of the population of T. sutchuenensis which the T. sutchuenensis+Cyclobalanopsis multinervis+Carpinus fargesiana, T. sutchuenensis+Lithocarpus fangii+Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia and T. sutchuenensis+Pinus massoniana+Quercus semicarpifolia in the tree layer, and the T. sutchuenensis+Viburnum propinquum+Berberis julianae, T. sutchuenensis+Cotinus coggygria in the shrub layer. (5) T. sutchuenensis populations affected by high level of biodiversity and the higher associated species, so that it is particularly important to build a suitable model for the expansion and regeneration of the T. sutchuenensis populations by combined with the vertical structure of the community.

Abstract:Based on morphological and chemical characters, we revised the taxonomy of Pleopsidium from China. Acarospora chlorophana, A. discurrens and A. gobiensis which belonged to genus Acarospora in An Enumeration of Lichens in China, were formally attributed to genus Pleopsidium, named Pleopsidium chlorophanum, P. discurrens and P. gobiense. In addition, P. flavum was increased. Now genus Pleopsidium from China has four species. The taxonomic descriptions and distribution of each species are given in details, and a key is presented.

Abstract:CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) is a new genomic editing technology in recent years, which is concerned for easier manipulation, higher targeting efficiency and wider range of applications. However, the research reports about the application of CRISPR/Cas system in bacteria and animals are more than in plants. In this review, the principle, structure, working mechanism and the progress of CRISPR/Cas system in plants were introduced in order to provide foundation to increase crop yield and cultivate resistant breeds by CRISPR/Cas system.

Abstract:A new research summary and a recent study target of the endangered plant species, Eleutharrhena macrocarpa (Diels) Forman, with extremely small populations, is presented, which include its taxonomic history, systematics study value, the natural populations, the biodiversity conservation status, the floristic distribution, type specimens determination and the latest research progress. Two new photographs and six type specimens of E. macrocarpa are also provided. The purpose of this paper is to provide more accurate information for further study to this species.