Abstract:A flowering regulated transcription factor SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) homologous gene, NtSOC1, was cloned from the flower bud of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis using RTPCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. NtSOC1 is 1 603 bp in length with an open reading frame 687 bp which is capable of encoding 228 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence of NtSOC1 is similar with the SOC1s in other species, especially the SOC1 in monocots. NtSOC1 contains a highly conservative SOC1 motif, which indicates that NtSOC1 belongs to the SOC1/TM3 subfamily gene. Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression level of NtSOC1 in flower bud differentiation stage increased with the differentiation of flower bud and decreased at the end of flower bud differentiation, which indicated that NtSOC1 might be involved in flower bud differentiation of narcissus. The pCAMBIA1302NtSOC1 expression vector was successfully constructed. Recombinant plasmid was introduced into onion epidermal cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens method. Subcellular localization result showed that the NtSOC1 was localized in the nucleus, which was consistent with the general character of subcellular localization of transcription factors. The results laid a foundation for further study of the function of NtSOC1 gene.

Abstract:OsPIN1a and OsPIN1b of auxin efflux carrier OsPIN1 family genes were demonstrated in regulating negative phototropism of rice roots. To study relationship between OsPIN1d and negative phototropism of rice roots, we amplified the complete open reading frame of OsPIN1d through reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) based on sequence deposited in GenBank (Accession number: BR000830). Bioinformatics analysis showed that OsPIN1d was consisted of 1 497 bp, coding 554 amino acids (AA), and GC content was 64.08%. AA sequence comparison and phylogenic tree indicated that OsPIN1d gene belongs to plant PINs, which is closed to OsPIN1b in rice, OsPIN4 in maize, AtPIN2, OsPIN1c, OsPIN1a and AtPIN1 in Arabidopsis. Fusion expression vector pCAMBIA1301OsPIN1d∷GFP containing OsPIN1d gene was constructed to obtain T₂ generation transgenic rice. RTPCR molecular detection and βglucuronidase staining showed that the target construct was integrated into genome of rice, mainly locating in root. Irradiated with unilateral light, the negative phototropic curvatures of transgenic rice seed roots were higher than those of wild type. Moreover, OsPIN1dGFP in shaded side was significantly higher than that in irradiated side in elongation zone of transgenic rice root tip. It was indicated that OsPIN1d is involved in transportation of IAA and NAA, thus promoting formation of negative phototropism in rice roots.

Abstract:At5NC056820 of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing vector was constructed by dipping method and 12 strains of overexpression lines were obtained by semiquantitative PCR. The physiological indexes of transgenic plants under drought stress were analyzed to research the relationship between At5NC056820 and drought stress, which provided the basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of lncRNA affecting plant drought resistance. The results showed that: (1) the vector containing At5NC056820 was sucessfully constructed and 12 positive plants were obtained. (2) At5NC056820 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana which were confirmed by RCR; the transgenic plants A3, A7 and A8 grow better than wild plants under drought treatment. (3) After 10 days of drought treatment, the free proline content of transgenic Arabidopsis was 2 429.58 μg·g^-1, which was 2.2-2.5 times higher than that of wild type. The chlorophyll content of transgenic Arabidopsis was 0.82 mg·g^-1, which decreased by 48.9% on average, while that of wild type Arabidopsis decreased by 63.0%. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was 2.15 mmol·L^-1·g^-1, which was 1.19 mmol·L^-1·g^-1 ouer than that of wild type, and the relative water content of transgenic Arabidopsis was 53.73% and 19.0% lower than that of wild type. The result shows that lncRNAAt5NC056820 could increase the drought resistance of A. thaliana.

Abstract:The late embryogenesis abundant protein gene OoY₂K₄ that participated in different stress response was isolated from the transcriptome database of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge by homologous cloning in this study. OoY₂K₄ contained an open reading frame(ORF)of 786 bp and encoded a protein of 261 amino acid residues, and was considered to be a member of Y₂K₄ protein families for containing a conservative 2 Y fragments and 4 K pieces. OoY₂K₄ protein did not have the transmembrane domains, signal peptide, and had strong hydrophilic, and contained one glycosylation sites and seventeen phosphorylation sites. Subcellular localization prediction and experiment showed that OoY₂K₄ protein was localized to cytoplasm. Multiple sequence alignment found that OoY₂K₄ protein had highly conservative LEAⅡ sequence with other species. A homology analysis based on the deduced amino sequence indicated that OoY₂K₄ protein had a closer relationship with LEAⅡ from Trifolium repens, Medicago truncutula and Medicago sativa than that from other plants. The expression patterns of OoY₂K₄ under abiotic stress and exogenous hormone treatments were investigated by qRTPCR and the results showed that drought and salt stresses could significantly affect the expression of OoY₂K₄, while cold stress could not; Hormone treatments could make OoY₂K₄ express efficiently, in which OoY₂K₄ gene expression induced by abscisic acid is of most significance. All results above speculated that OoY₂K₄ gene may be involved in the response to drought and high salt stress by relying on ABA signaling pathway.

Abstract:In this study, a novel NAC transcription factor was cloned and identified from Medicago sativa, designated as MsNAC3(GenBank No.：KC491186), Multiple alignment of amino acid sequences revealed that MsNAC3 has a high homology with MtNAC in Medicago truncatula and CarNAC5 in Cicer arietinum. which has a typical NAC conserved domain at the Nterminal as well as a highly variable Cterminal. A phylogenetic cluster analysis indicated MsNAC3 belonged to the ATAF subfamily of NAC proteins and having a close genetic relationship with MsNAC2(Medicago sativa L.) and BnNAC3 (Brassica campestris L.). A subcellular localization analysis in onion indicates that MsNAC3 is located in the nucleus. Expression analysis verified that MsNAC3 expression level has a significant increase under salt, drought, ABA and cold stresses. As well as, the expression of MsNAC3 in roots was higher than in leaves. The above results indicated that MsNAC3 may play an important role in the processes of stresssignal transduction as a positive regulatory factor.

Abstract:In order to investigate the functions of DCL genes in Dimocarpus longan, we isolated gene sequences of DlDCL1, DlDCL2, DlDCL3 and DlDCL4 from D. longan genome data. Analysis of cisacting elements and regulation of miRNA were performed on the DlDCLs family members. Expression of DlDCLs were analyzed in embryogenic callus (EC) under abiotic stress and exogenous hormone treatment in D. longan. The results showed that: (1) the promoters of D. longan DCL genes not only included the cisacting elements of TATA and CAAT box, but also had a large number of light response elements, hormone response elements, stress response elements, tissue specific regulatory elements and other ciselements for plant growth and development. These results suggested that the transcriptional activity of the promoters of D. longan DCL gene might be induced by the signals of light, phytohormones and abiotic stresses. (2) The miRNAs were screened for their effect in regulating D. longan DCL genes, and the results showed that DlDCL1 was regulated by miR162 and miR1024, while DlDCL4 was regulated by miR390 and miR396. (3) The expression of DlDCLs was analyzed by realtime quantitative PCR. It was found that after GA₃, ABA and ETH treatments, DlDCLs gene were downregulated. However, they were dramatically upregulated under high concentration of ETH treatment. (4) DlDCL2, DlDCL3 and DlDCL4 were upregulated when they were treated with high concentration of sucrose (6%), in the exception of DlDCL1, which was significantly increased at 0.1% sucrose concentration. During heat treatment, DlDCL1 was significantly upregulated at 34 ℃, whiles the DlDCL3 gradually decreased with rising temperature. The expression level of DlDCL2 and DlDCL4 exhibited slight variations. NaCl treatment induced the response of DlDCLs at different time intervals, however, inhibited the expression of DlDCLs at 1 h. The expression patterns of D. longan DCL genes response to hormones and abiotic stresses suggested that DlDCLs gene were not of a simple one to one correspondence but rather a complex response mechanism.

Abstract:For exploring Hippophae rhamnoides L., using RACE and RTqPCR technique, we cloned phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene. The sequence analysis was performed to determine the homology, phylogenetic tree and secondary structure for PEPCK protein in H. rhamnoides L., compare the expression differentiation of PEPCK under NaCl stress. This study laid the foundation in order to reveal the function of PEPCK gene resistant to salt stress in H. rhamnoides L. The results indicated that: (1) the open reading frame (ORF) of H. rhamnoides L. was 2 001 bp, and 666 amino acids were encoded. (2) Sequence analysis showed that the consistency of H. rhamnoides L. was as high as 85% with Ricinus communis, Flaveria pringlei and Juglans regia and the evolution relationship of PEPCK is relatively close to that of R. communis and Lupinus angustifolius, far from Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. (3) Under 300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress, PEPCK gene expression of H. rhamnoides L. increased significantly in the stress group with 2.5 times higher than that of normal group at 7th day, and 3.2 times higher at 15th day, which showed a significant rise in PEPCK gene expression under salt stress. Our study showed that the complete coding sequence of PEPCK gene in H. rhamnoides L. was successfully cloned, and PEPCK gene may play an important role in the process of adaptation exogenous salt stress. The result has laid a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of H. rhamnoides L. in resistance to salt stress.

Abstract:In order to provide the foundation for flax conventional and molecular breeding, we explored the genetic diversity level of 161 flax germplasm resources from five different regions of the world, using SRAP molecular marker technology. The results showed that: (1) twenty pairs of SRAP primers produced 307 bands, of which 192 polymorphism, with the polymorphic rate of 62.54%, and 9.60 polymorphic loci for each pair of primers. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of each pair of primers ranged from 0.51~0.76, with an average of 0.61. (2) At the species level, effective number of alleles (N_e), Shannons information index (I), Neis genetic similarity coefficient (H) were 1.582 0, 1.521 1, and 0.346 5, respectively; but at the population level, N_e = 1.491 1, I = 0.431 1, H = 0.286 3, with the genetic diversity of northwestern Chinese population being the highest. (3) The order of the populations according to their diversity indices: population from the northwestern China > population from the northern China > American population > Asian population > European population. (4) The clustering analysis results showed that when the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.335 5 and 0.455 0, the 161 flax resources could be divided into two major categories and five subgroups, respectively, coinciding with the five different origins in the world. It can be seen from the study that flax cultivars from northwestern China showed the richest genetic diversity, suggesting that growing region was the main factor that had affected the genetic diversity of flax germplasms. There were relatively large distance of genetic relationship between the Chinese varieties and those from abroad.

Abstract:The research was conducted for investigating the microspores development process and the abortive cytological characters of the male sterile plant A22013189 of Festuca arundinacea. With fertile plant 189 as control, we observed the seed production ability, pollen viability, meiotic chromosome behavior of pollen mother cells (PMCs), physiological and biochemical character.Results shows that: (1) the male sterile plant A22013189 could not get seeds by inbred with a spot of shriveled pollen grain. (2) Abnormal chromosome behaviors existed in PMCs from prophase I stage to tetrad stage, including a mass of lagging chromosomes, bridge fragments, micronucleus, univalent chromosomes, unequal separation, asynchronous division, free chromosomes, triad, triangle spindles and chromosome deletion, which were important cytological reasons resulted in abortive pollen of tall fescue. (3) There were obvious differences in physiological and biochemical characteristics of male sterile plant A22013189 and fertile plant 189 during all periods. The contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar during all periods of A22013189 were markedly lower than those of 189 the corresponding periods; from seedling stage to sporulation stage, there is no significant difference between the contents of free proline of A22013189 and 189, but during meiosis stage to pollen maturation stage, which are significantly higher than those of 189; from seedling stage to sporulation stage, the contents of malondialdehyde of A22013189 are markedly lower than those of 189. However, after the microspores development to meiosis stage, the increasing speed and contents of malondialdehyde of A22013189 are remarkably higher than male fertile 189. The research shows that abnormal chromosome behaviors, the reduction of substance and energy metabolism, accumulation of harmful substances are existed in male sterile plants development processes, which provided us important theoretical guiding significance about sterile mechanism research and crossbreeding parent selection of tall fescue.

Abstract:We observed the stem anatomic structure of fifteen species of bryophytes from alpine periglacial region by paraffin section method and scanning electron microscope (SEM), to provide basis for the survival mechanism and ecological application of mosses in extreme periglacial environment. The results showed that fifteen species of bryophytes from alpine periglacial region stems of these bryum were constituted with three parts: epidermal, cortex and central axis. The stem of most species has a cellular layer with different length epidemic cell, the cell wall is rough and thick with flaky or granular cuticle ornamentation on surface, more shrinkage depression. When the weather was dry the cuticle layer wrinkled， the different levels of depression, small pores on the depression. Cell wall thickness of adjacent cells, and some kinds of cell wall is not thickened. Cortex is the largest part, cell wall was thinned gradually from outside to inside, cells were arranged neatly or mosaic, thinned gradually from outside to inside and become fat, axis cells occupied small area, the cell wall corner is thickened. The structure characteristics of these moss plants can rapid absorption of water and resistant longterm extreme arid and cold environment. The study shows that the typical characteristic of bryophytes from alpine periglacial region with strong cold resistance and drought tolerance. These structural features can enhance the support and conduction of water in bryophytes. For example, the micromorphological structure of cells shape, cell number and depression degree of cell wall, cuticle ornamentation, and small pore etc. Morphological characteristics of microstructure are meaning for classification.

Abstract:The morphological characteristics of the glumes and lemmas of Alopecurus including seven species from China were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that: (1) The glume micromorphological feature of Alopecurus was characterized by longtubular long cells with undulated wall, reniform or round short cells, sparse or abundant or lacking stomata, frequent or rare crown cells, common or rare prickle cells, elliptic or round silica cells. Presence, distribution of crown cell and stomata and prickle cells varied greatly among speices of Alopecurus. (2) The lemma morphology of Alopecurus was characterized by longtubular or shorttubular long cells with undulated wall, elliptic or rectangular round short cells, frequent or lacking stomata, frequent prickle cells, elliptic or round or rectangular silica cells, common or sparse crown cells. The lemma morphology of Alopecurus varied in presence or absence of short cells and stomata, shapes of silica cells. (3) The morphology of lemma and glume was conducted by UPGMA analysis. Two major clades were formed in the tree. Clade Ⅰ included A. aequalis, A. longiaristatus and A. japonicus, clade Ⅱ included A. arundinaceus, A. pratensis, A. brachystachyus and A. myosuroides. A key of Alopecurus on the basis of glume and lemma micromorphology was presrent. The glume and lemma morphology could provide for classification of the genus Alopecurus. Moreover, the type division based on the glume and lemma morphology was mainly congruent with sections according to external morphology except Alopecurus brachystachyus. The glume and lemma morphology indicated A.brachystachyus should be ascribed to sect. Alopecurus.

Abstract:We applied an anatomical observation of the development of stem and leaf of the endangered plant Scutellaria tsinyunensis in the method of paraffin microtomy, obtained the leaf epidermis of various stages of development to observe micromorphological features at the same time, to achieve the purpose of providing a theoretical reference for the conservation and utilization of local unique precious species resources. Results showed that: (1) the hemispherical growth cone of S. tsinyunensis, consisted of the tunica and the corpus, was the starting point of development; (2) stem development experienced of the original meristem, primary growth, secondary growth, and ultimately the formation of mature stem structure, lignification increased, the surface glandular hair loss, nonglandular hair increased; (3) leaves came from promeristem, then procuticle, ground meristem and procambium differentiated, finally mature mesophyll and veins formed. When leaves matured, the fence organization proportion was greatly reduced, and the leaf space was very large. Petiole central vascular bundle was similar to the main vein structure of the blade, and the vascular bundle at the protrusion was simplified. (4) The stomatal index of S. tsinyunensis was smaller but overall lower slightly. The stomatal density decreased firstly and then decreased gradually, and the glandular hair gradually disappeared and the nonglandular hair gradually increased.

Abstract:In this study, Glycine max ‘Zhonghuang 13’ cultivar was used as the experimental material. On the basis of screening suitable concentrations of NaCl and uniconazole (S₃₃₀₇), the relative physiological indexes and anatomical structures of roots, stems and leaves were compared by foliar uniconazole spraying in order to understand whether spraying fronds with S₃₃₀₇ can advance soybeans ability to cope with salt stress. The results indicated that: (1) TBARS contents in root and leaf were increased, and total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were decreased significantly under salt stress. The anatomical structure of leaves showed that the leaf thickness was thinner with spongy and palisade tissue cells arranging in disorder under salt stress than control plants. For roots, salt stress caused that the proportion of cortex / root ratio became larger, but stele / root was smaller than controls. Additionally, the outer epidermis cells sagged inwards, and xylem vessel diameter decreased as compared to control plants, in partly containing the tylosis. The changes in stems were similar to those in roots. (2) Under salt stress plus leaf spraying of 80 mg/L S₃₃₀₇, TBARS contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were restored, and anatomical structures of roots, stems and leaves were between the control group and the salt treatment group. All these data indicated that spraying fronds with S₃₃₀₇ can advance salt tolerance of soybean, suggesting that it may be a usable approach to enhance salt tolerance of cultivated soybean in practice.

Abstract:Supercooling point and freezing point of seven cut flower organs (petals, anthers, ovary, sepals, petioles, leaves and stems) from three tree peony varieties ‘Yumiantaohua’, ‘Qingxiangbai ’ and ‘Fengdan’ under the room temperature storage (in 15-18 ℃ storage for 3 d, RTS), coldacclimation storage ［in (4±1) ℃ storage for 3 d, CAS］ and ice temperature storage ［first in (4±1) ℃ storage for 3 d, and then turned to (-4±1) ℃ storage for 3 d, ITS］ conditions were studied, and contents of bound water, soluble protein, soluble sugar and proline in petals and leaves of tree peony cut flowers were also examined, respectively. Having been stored at 4 ℃ for 3d, the results of CAS showed that compared with the RTS, CAS significantly reduced the supercooling points(SCP) and freezing points(FP) of most cut flower organs of these three tree peony, increased the contents of bound water, soluble protein, soluble sugar and proline in petals and leaves. And after ITS for 3 d, the contents of bound water and soluble protein are further increased in petals and leaves, respectively. Thus, the CAS treatment significantly improved the cold resistance of tree peony cut flowers and favored the ITS. These results provide the technical basis for the regulation and control of ITS(-3 to -4 ℃) and for long time storage (30 to 150 d) of tree peony cut flowers.

Abstract:In this study, four provenances of seedlings from Hanzhong of Shaanxi, Linzhou of Henan, Shexian of Hebei and Institute of Botany of Chinese Academy of Sciences of Beijing were selected as the research materials. This research analyzed the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and leaf color parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*) using spectrophotometer and colorimeter, explored the leaf color change in autumn and differences among provenances of Pistacia chinensis Bunge and discovered the internal relation between leaf color presentation and pigment content to select superior provenances of P. chinensis for the afforestation of our city. Our results showed that: (1) the chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of leaves of P. chinensis in the four provenances showed different trend along with time in autumn. The content of anthocyanin in Hebei provenances was higher than others resulted in red leaves. However, green leaves in Shaanxi occurred longer than other provenances due to the higher chlorophyll content. The leaf color in Henan and Beijing provenances were between green and red. (2) For all four provenances of P. chinensis, there was a significant positive correlation between a^* value(Red/Green) of leaf color parameters and anthocyanin content (P<0.05), while a^* value was negatively correlated with the chlorophyll content (P<0.05). In addition, the L^* value(Gloss brightness) of leaf color parameters showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation with chlorophyll content. Therefore, the leaf color of P. chinensis in Hebei provenances was the reddest in autumn, whereas green leaves in Shaanxi occurred the longest. The colorimeter makes it possible to quantify the relationship between leaf color and pigment contents.

Abstract:In this study, we used Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon to study anthocyanins and resveratrol accumulation at maturity stage, expression of anthocyanins and resveratrol biosynthesis genes by using HPLC technology, pH differential method and realtime quantitative PCR. The study aims to reveal the regulatory mechanism of structural genes and to provide theoretical basis for screening grape wine rich in anthocyanins and resveratrol. The research findings suggested that: (1) the anthocyanins contents at 112 days after anthesis reached the maximum of 0.77 mg/g, the contents of transresveratrol at 126 days after anthesis reached the maximum of 30.87 μg/g. (2) The expression of CHSs, CHI, STS, UFGT, MybA1 and MybA2 genes in the pathway of anthocyanin and resveratrol synthesis were upregulated, but they were downregulated on 98 days after anthesis. (3) The correlation analysis showed that the expression of STS gene was the most significantly and significantly positively correlated with the expression of CHS1 and CHS2 genes. The expression of MybA1 and MybA2 genes was the most significantly positively correlated with the expression of CHSs, CHI, STS and UFGT genes, and the expression of Myb5a gene was significantly positively correlated with the expression of CHS3 gene. The research showed that the expression of some structural genes was not synchronized with the accumulation of anthocyanins and resveratrol. MybA1 and MybA2 may express multiple structural gene regulation of anthocyanins synthesis pathway. The relationship between anthocyanins and resveratrol was not fixed, but in a dynamic change.

Abstract:The low ratio of sugars and organic acids is one of the major reasons for poor taste in kernelapricot sarcocarp. In this study, to understand the expression patterns of genes which may be associated with sugar and organic acids synthesis and to indentify the molecular regulation pattern and mechanism of the low ratio of sugars and organic acids, we used RNAseq technique to obtain the transcriptomes and expression profiles of three developing stages (30, 60 and 90 days after flowering) about kernelapricot sarcocarp of ‘Shanku 2 hao’ to provide a basis for the study of the metabolic and conversion mechanism of sugars and organic acids in kernelapricot sarcocarp.The results showed that: (1) 28 989 differently expressed unigenes were obtained during the three developing stages.According to the unigene annotation, 5 enzymes encoded by 19 unigenes related to sugar biosynthesis and metabolism and 15 enzymes encoded by 54 unigenes involved in organic acids biosynthesis and metabolism were obtained; (2) Among the differently expressed unigenes, 9 and 27 unigenes of them which related to sugar and organic acid biosynthesis and metabolism were differently expressed in the three developing stages,respectively; (3) Most of the unigenes encoding the sucrosephosphate synthase and sucrose synthase which related to the sugar accumulation were downregulated, but the fructokinase and hexokinase that involved in sugar catabolism were upregulated; (4) The unigenes encoding malate dehydrogenase which associated with accumulation of malic acid was the main components of organic acids in kernelapricot sarcocarp were mainly upregulated. However, the malic enzyme catalyzed the breakdown of malic acid was downregulated. It can be sure that the accumulation of sugars was restrained, but the organic acids were synthesized and accumulated in large quantities during the developments of kernelapricot sarcocarp. This may be one of the main internal factors that contribute to the low ratio of sugars and organic acids and the poor taste of kernelapricot sarcocarp.

Abstract:To study the reasons for dormancy and characteristics of endogenous inhibitory substances of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, seed germination, seedlings growth and antioxidant enzymes of three kinds of crops in different concentrations of we studied the methanol extract from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seed coat and endosperm in order to investigate the relationship between the restraining substraces in seed coat and endosperm in dormancy of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis Hope to provide scientific reference for breaking P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seed dormancy. The results showed that: (1) there are endogenous inhibitory both in seed coat and endosperm, and the inhibitory action from endosperm is stronger than that of seed coat. (2) Three receptor plant seedlings show different sensibility to the endogenous inhibitory of seed coat and endosperm, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis (Oil) seeds are significantly more sensitive than Triticum aestivum (Starch) seeds and Vigna radiata (Protein) seeds. (3) Inhibition by P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seed coat and endosperm methanol extraction, the strength of growth indexes about seed germination and seedling are rating as: germination rate >seedling root length >seedling height> fresh weight.(4)The inhibitory substances in the seed coat and endosperm cause the physiological response of the three receptor plant seedlings, and start the antioxidant enzyme system. With the increase of seed coat methanol extract concentration， the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(Pod) increased first and then decreased, while catalase(CAT) activity continued to decline. After treatment with methanol extract from endosperm, the activities of SOD and POD were significantly increased compared with control group, and CAT activity decreased significantly. The study found that there are chemical components both in seed coat and endosperm of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis，These chemicals inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of recipient plants, affected the activities of antioxidant enzymes in seedlings. However, there were differences in the activity of the inhibitors contained in seed coat and endosperm.

Abstract:In order to better understand the effects of different storage methods and duration on the seed germination and seedling growth of Distylium chinense, we used freshly mature seeds of D. chinense, to study seed germination by setting up 4 different storage durations(0, 30, 60, 90 days), and 6 storage methods: field submergence in water (2 m) (FSW), cold sand storage (CSS), cold dry storage (CDS), room sand storage (RSS), room dry storage (RDS), cold stratification (CSF). The characteristics of seed germination and seedling growth status were studied. The results showed: (1) there were 65.37% of seeds mildewed by CSF for 30 days, and the germination ratewas 30.93% in the last;The germination rate was 35.67% by FSW for 90 days. (2) The germination rate of CSS, CDS, RSS and RDS were significantly higher than fresh seeds (26.37%) (P<0.05), and CDS under 4 ℃ for 90 days got the highest germination rate (70.65%), with the coefficient of germination rate was 1 956.97. (3) Compared with fresh seeds, the contents of starch and protein of seeds by CDS for 90 days decreased by 38.75% and 20.16%, respectively, while content of total soluble sugar increased by 31.47%. Contents of starch, protein and total soluble sugar of seeds by FSW for 90 days significantly decreased by 48.75%, 62.62% and 6.29%, respectively. (4) The seedling growth status showed significant difference (P< 0.05) between different storage methods after 90 days, and the CDS got the highest seedling vigor index, while the seedling vigor index of FSW was significantly lower than that of other storage methods after seed germinated. The results showed that seed germination rate and seedling vigor index of D. chinense under low temperature condition were significantly higher than that of room temperature. The possible reasons were that the storage substance of seed is hydrolyzed with the protein content decreased and the soluble sugar content increased under lowtemperature storage condition, which is more favorable for seed absorption of soluble sugar and provides energy for seed germination,so as to accelerate the process of the breaking seed physiological dormancy. In addition, D. chinense seeds possessed a certain tolerance to the submergence. Therefore, D. chinense can be considered prior species in the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in the high elevation area in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Abstract:This paper was carried out to clear the distribution of mineral nutrition in leaves and stems of Vaccinium uliginosum among different ages of basal branches in Daxing’an Mountains and explore the relations between mineral nutrition and the growth in V. uliginosum, we analyzed the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn among different ages of basal branches including 12year branches (S1), 3year branches (S2), 4year branches (S3), 5year branches (S4), approaching old branches (S5) and old branches (S6) conceived from the base of bushwood. The results indicated that: (1) six elements showed different patterns in leaves and stems. N, P, K had a tendency to decrease as branches became old, leaves and stems sunk the minimum at S5, S6, respectively. The content of Ca was accumulated at old branches, Mg and Mn both had no significant differences among different branches; the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg showed the following tendency: leaves were obviously higher than stems, Mn content of stems was slightly higher than that of leaves in wet land with grass. (2) The new shoot growth of V. uliginosum had positive correlation with K and Mg in leaves and N, K, Mg in stems, and had negative correlation with Ca and Mn in leaves and Ca in stems. (3) Canonical correlation analysis showed that the factors of mineral nutrition which effected new shoot growth were differ from the ages of basal branches; in S1, the new shoot was mainly related to Mg in leaves, the new shoot was effected by K, Ca and Mg in stems during S2-S4, and the content of Ca in leaves mainly influenced the growth of new shoot. (4) The senescence of V. uliginosum may be related to the accumulation of Ca.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects of environments on nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), we selected the top ten species of importance value to sample in each plot basing on the field investigation in six 60 × 60 m plots established in oldgrowth forest of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest in Yunnan. The contents of the starch, soluble sugar and NSC in the foliages, twigs, stems and roots of the dominant tree species and environmental factors were measured, and the correlations between the environmental factors and the contents of the starch, soluble sugar and NSC were assessed. The results showed that: (1) the contents of starch, soluble sugar and NSC were 13.91%, 3.31% and 17.21% in monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest in Puer in Yunnan, respectively. The sequence of the starch and NSC contents in each organ were roots > stems > twigs > foliages, but the sequence of the soluble sugar content was foliages > roots > twigs > stems. Tree organs with the highest coefficient of variation in starch content, soluble sugar content and NSC content were the foliages (19.09%), stems (15.32%) and roots (16.30%), respectively. (2) The starch content in trees was significantly correlated with the litter thickness, soil pH and potassium; while the soluble sugar content was significantly correlated with the elevation and the soil physical and chemical properties. The starch contents in both Anneslea fragrans and Castanopsis hystrix were significantly correlated with the soil phosphorus. However, no significant correlations were found between the soluble sugar contents in A. fragrans and all the studied environmental factors. The soluble sugar contents in the roots and twigs in C. hystrix were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH and total potassium, respectively. Additionally, there were no significant relationships between the starch contents in Castanopsis echidnocarpa and all environmental factors. While the soluble sugar content in C. echidnocarpa was significantly negatively correlated with both the soil available nitrogen and phosphorus, and significantly positively correlated with slope, litter thickness and soil total potassium. (3) The soluble sugar content in monsoon broadleaved evergreen forest trees was significantly affected by elevation, soil organic matter and nitrogen using a linear regression analysis, and the starch content was significantly affected by soil pH. The results show that environment affects NSC in monsoon broadleaved evergreen forest, but different NSC component have different influence factors.

Abstract:Based on field studies and reserve scientific literatures, this study has statistics and comparatively intensive analysis on seed plants of Wugongshan region. Results showed: (1) There are 2 079 species including 814 genera in 166 families, accounting for 72.81%, 61.11% and 50.46% in family, genera, and species of the seed plants of Jiangxi Province, respectively. Among them, there were 7 families, 15 genera and 19 species of Gymnosperms, accounting for 77.78%, 65.21% and 54.28% of Gymnosperms in Jiangxi Province respectively. (2) There are 12 areatypes of familie in the region, the flora in families displayed tropical feature, but the temperate feature is also obvious, for 57.96%(including 70 families) of tropical elements and 38.65% (including 46 families) of temperate elements. There are 14 areatypes of genera in the region. The tropical elements have a slight advantage and temperate elements is further developments, for 49.40% (including 368 genrea) of tropical elements and 47.53% (including 354 genera) of temperate elements. There are 14 areatypes of species in the region. The temperate elements have a slight advantage, for 31.04% (including 626 species) of tropical elements and 32.87% (including 663 genera) of temperate elements. From the plant distribution in this region, the flora show a tropical transition to the temperate characteristics, and the components of tropical blend with temperate. (3) The flora possesses lots of monotypic and oligotypic genera, with an ancient origin. There are 414 genrea of monotypic genera, accounting for 50.86% of the total. There are 728 species, 23 genera, 4 families endemic to China. (4) Compared with 15 other regions, and the results showed that the seed plants in Wugongshan region are abundant. Cluster analysis show that the flora of Wugongshan region has the most close relationship with Huangshan Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Wuyi Mountain and Jinggang Mountain, and the most distant from the Qinling Mountain, Xishuangbanna and Gaoligong Mountains.

Abstract:Gymnocarpos przewalskii is national level protecting plants and composition of the ancient Mediterranean tertiary relic. This article is based on combined ArcGIS and Maxent model to predict the species distribution of G. przewalskii in the ice age, the main climate factors of population distribution and climate refuge. Results show that the distribution area of G. przewalskii showed a significant downward trend with the climate change of history from the last interglacial period to the middle of the ice age to enter the new medium period while the area of adaptation area decreased first then increased. At present, mainly distributed in the midwest Xinjiang, centre of Gansu Hexi corridor, northwestern margin of Yumenguan, western Inner Mongolia and northern Ningxia. Because the block of Qilian Mountain, the Altun, Kunlun Mountains and the Helan Mountains, the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province (Danghe and Shule river basin), Yumenguan northwestern margin (Hami), western Inner Mongolia (Lai), cloth and Xinjiang (Tarim) basin of ice age formed part of the refuge area. Knife cutting method was used to filter out four dominant factors that result in the change of the distribution and change interval, the annual precipitation change range is 64.49-116.36 mm, the wet season rainfall was 35.99-72.82 mm, the coldest season temperature was 13.31-8.18 ℃ and annual average temperature was 6.20-7.31 ℃, precipitation also affected the distribution of G. przewalskii population much as compared to temperature.

Abstract:Chemical constitution was thoroughly investigated to explicit active ingredients and action mode through isolation and identification of compounds using silica gel column chromatographic, MCI gel column chromatographic and preparative thin layer chromatography method with aerial part of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf as source material. Results obtained as follows: (1) eight compounds were isolated from aerial part of Codonopsis pilosula including two steroids, two fatty acids, one glyceride, and three glycolipids: αspinasterol (1), (22E)5α,8αepidioxyergosta6,22dien3βol (2), 9,12linoleic acid (3), 1αlinoleoylglycerol (4), stearic acid (5), 3αlinolenoylglycerol 1O ［αDgalactopyranosyl(1→6)OβDgalactopyranoside (6), 3αlinolenoylglycerol 1OβDgalactopyranoside and 3(7,10,13hexadecatrienoylglycerol) 1OβDgalactopyranoside mixture (7). (2) Compounds 2, 4, 6 and 7 were firstly isolated from C. pilosula. (3) Compounds 1，2，3，6 and complex 7 could inhibit activities of pancreatic lipase. As the pancreatic lipase was responsible for metabolism of lipid, compounds 1，2，3，6 and complex 7 probably would reduce lipid accumulation and were defined as antiobesity ingredients of C. pilosula.

Abstract:Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) has been used to discriminate the different ancestral genome donors in polyploids or hybrids, analyze the phylogenetic relationships between cultivar and wild relatives, and study chromosome behavior of meiosis in plants.GISH technology includes multicolor genomic in situ hybridization (mcGISH), comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cGISH), and selfgenomic in situ hybridization (selfGISH). Its key procedures contain chromosome preparation, probe preparation and length optimization, the concentration ratio of probe to blocking DNA, and stringency of posthybridization washes. This paper reviewed the research progress on the development of GISH and its utilization in horticultural plants,and summarized their promising application prospects. During the past several years, the complete genome sequences are available for horticultural plants such as grape, banana, pear, sweet orange, and cucumber. It is necessary for researchers to select more chromosomal specific markers from the whole genomic sequence. Combing with fluorescence banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technologies, GISH will become a powerful tool to further illustrate the origin and identify genetic relationship of horticultural plants.