Abstract:The gDNA sequence and cDNA sequence of the ZmNAC99 gene were cloned from maize (Zea mays) inbred lines with differentially drought resistance. We carried on the preliminary bioinformatics analysis, and RTPCR and qRTPCR techniques were used to analyze the gene expression patterns under drought stress. The results indicated that: (1) the gDNA of ZmNAC99 were 1 892～1 908 bp and cDNA was 1 188 bp,encoding 395 amino acids, the Nterminal of ZmNAC99 has a typical NAM domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZmNAC99 belonged to the OsNAC3 subfamily of the NAC family; (2) RTPCR and qRTPCR analysis indicated that ZmNAC99 could be induced by drought stress treatment; The ciselement analysis further revealed that the putative promoter of the ZmNAC99 gene contained 2 droughtresponsive ciselements MBS and 1 low temperature responsive element LTR. (3) The amino acid sequence alignment analysis of ZmNAC99 from different droughtresistant maize inbred lines suggested that there were 4 aminoacid mutation, and we speculated that the difference of the structure may have an effect on the drought resistance of maize. These results suggest that ZmNAC99 may play an important role in the plants resistance to stress.

Abstract:To investigate the gene structure, characteristics and potential biological function of uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase 6gene (UGD6) in Dimocarpus longan Lour. (longan), we cloned the key gene DlUGD6 of polysaccharide synthesis in longan by RTPCR and RACEPCR. Its bioinformatics, subcellular localization and expression patterns in somatic embryogenesis, embryonic deveploment and different tissues were also analyzed. The results showed that: (1)the cDNA length of DlUGD6 was 1 860 bp, which contained an open reading frame of 1 443 bp and encoded 480 amino acids (GenBank accession number KU198438). Bioinformatics analysis showed that DlUGD6 belonged to the family of UDPglucose/GDPmannose dehydrogenase, which had three typical conserved domains. According to phylogenetic tree analysis, DlUGD6 kept close genetic relationship with Citrus sinensis. (2)Observation of fluorescence localization by GFP in onion epidermis indicated that DlUGD6 was localized in cytoplasm. The results of qRTPCR indicated that DlUGD6 was upexpressed in nonembryogenic callus and it kept stable in other stages of somatic embryogenesis in longan. The expression level of DlUGD6 in S3 and S7 stages of embryo development was the highest. In addition, the expression of DlUGD6 kept the highest in anther and stem of longan; As a whole, it was higher in genital organs than that in vegetative organs. These results suggested that DlUGD6 might involve in synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides in growth and development of longan.

Abstract:A gene encoding UDPglycose: flavonoid glycosyltransferase (UFGT) was isolated from peels of Punica granatum L. with RTPCR and RACE methods. The accession number in GenBank was KF841620.The length of OFR was 1 476 bp, encoding 491 amino acids. The deduced PgUFGT protein contained a typical conserved PSPG motif, an UDPglucosyltransferase and UDPglucoronosyltransferase/glucosyltransferase (UDPGT) domain, showing highly identities to UFGTs of other plants. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PgUFGT belonged to flavonoid 3Oglycosyltransferase categories. The results from qRTPCR indicated that the expression patterns of PgUFGT were different in Hongbaoshi and Shuijingtian cultivars during fruit development. In Hongbaoshi pomegranate, the transcription abundance of PgUFGT had two peaks, while in Shuijingtian pomegranate, only one expression peak of PgUFGT was observed.The roles of PgUFGT played may be different in two pomegranate cultivars. These results were the basis of further studies on molecular mechanisms of pomegranate fruit coloration.

Abstract:In order to improve the Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transient expression system in grapevine callus, we used the callus of grape ‘Thompson Seedless’, which was induced from stem segment with single bud, to analyze some major factors influencing the transient expression efficiency, such as the pH of A. tumefaciens suspension, the concentration of A. tumefaciens suspension and the time of vacuum infiltration. The results showed that: (1) the best media for the induction of grapevine callus were hormone combination series of 1.0 mg/L BAP，1.0 mg/L BAP+0.02 mg/L NAA，2.0 mg/L BAP+0.02 mg/L NAA and 4.0 mg/L BAP+0.02 mg/L NAA, comparing with the hormone combination which is added 0.1 mg/L 2, 4D or 0.1 mg/L TDZ. (2) The optimal combination was that the pH of A. tumefaciens suspension, the OD₆₀₀ of A. tumefaciens suspension and the time of vacuum infiltration were 5.1, 1.0 and 20 min, respectively. (3)The optimized transient expression system had significant influence on the transient expression efficiency in different organs of Thompson Seedless. The transient expression efficiency of callus is the significantly highest (6 5231.99±3 339.29 mU/g), and the GUS staining result of callus is the darkest. However, the transient expression efficiency of leaves is the lowest. The transient expression vector pCAMBIA0390∷GUS with report gene coding βDglucuronidase (GUS) was transferred into callus by A. tumefaciens mediated transformation. The results of GUS activity proved that the improved transient expression system in callus of grapes contributed to the expression of exogenous genes in the callus of grapes, which provides technical support for the study of gene function of grapevine.

Abstract:The buds of male sterile line of alfalfa MS4 and its maintainer were taken as materials, employed the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technology. Two differential gene expression subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed under sterile and fertile conditions. Positive clones were randomly selected to sequence and analyze by Blast. 190 ESTs with known functions were got. 6 genes were inferred which may be associated with male fertility of alfalfa by GO functional classification. The expression of 6 genes were analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR, the results showed 6 genes had differential expression at different development stages in the male sterile line of alfalfa. It suggested that these 6 genes may be related to the male fertility of alfalfa, and play an important role in fertility transformation.

Abstract:Bletilla striata Rchb. is an endangered plant with important medicinal values. It has many adulterants, while its wild resources was exhausted. In this study, 48 individuals of B.striata sampled from 16 populations, and 4 individuals from its each 3 relatives, including B. ochracea, B. formosana and B. sinensis, were analyzed with SSR markers aiming to reveal their genetic diversity and relationship, to construct their SSR fingerprinting. The results showed that: (1) 20 pairs of primer performed high polymorphism, the alleles ranged from 4 to 9 with summary 127 and average of 6.35 per primer, all of 20 primer were proved amplifiable in 4 species; (2) 7 pairs of primers, BJSSR01, BJSSR14, BJSSR15, BJSSR16, BJSSR18, BJSSR19 and BJSSR22, which performed higher polymorphism, higher polymorphism information content (PIC), were used to build the SSR fingerprints of B. striata and its adulterants.(3) The study revealed that the genetic diversity of B. striata was high (N_a = 6.35, I=1.429 1, H=0.706 8), genetic differentiation was prominent among species (G_st=0.44), and the gene flow among species was limited (N_m=0.475 3). (4) 4 major groups were generated from 60 accessions tested by UPGMA clustering analyses. Samples from same species were cluster together firstly, which is matched with their morphological taxonomy. Significant differences were revealed not only among the species, but also among the germplasms from different regions. Those with shorter geographic distance performed a tighter genetic relationship. The selection and protection of the excellent varieties of B.striata were also discussed.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between pollen mother cells meiotic characteristics and pollen fertility of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. The meiotic process of pollen mother cell was observed by carbol fuchsin staining in two populations of H. cordata, and pollen fertility was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining (TTC), I₂KI staining, BK medium culture method, and fluorescence microscopy observation, respectively. The results showed that: (1) the meiosis processes were closely correlated with the inflorescence size, anther color and length. (2) About 88.2% of the pollen mother cell meiosis are normal, 11.8% of the pollen mother cell meiosis abnormalities. (3) Some abnormal division had been observed at pollen mother cells meiosis process, such as occurrence of micronuclei, lagging chromosomes, chromosome bridges, unequal segregation, and polyads. Cytomixis occurred in pollen mother cells at dyad of the meiosis stage and mononuclear pollen development process. (4) The pollen viability of the two populations was not more than 1.5%, and the pollen was hardly germinated. We suggested that the main reason of low pollen fertility was that the uninuclear pollen development process rather than the abnormal division of pollen mother cell meiosis in H. cordata. The pollen vitality was no more than 1.5%, and the pollen was almost germinated.

Abstract:The megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis and development of female and male gametophyte of Tupistra chinensis Baker were observed by the method of paraffin sections. The main results are follows: (1)the anther of T. chinensis Baker is four sporangiate and the development of anther wall is the basic type, and the anther wall is composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The epidermis consisits of one layer of cells and still existed as the anther matured. The endothecium developed bandingshaped thickenings when the anther matured. The young anther wall has 2-3 layer middle layers and degenerated when maturity of the anther. The tapetum belongs to secretory tapetum and degenerated at the time of anther matured. (2)The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cells in meiosis is of successive type. The microspore tetrads are isobilateral spore. The mature pollen grain is of the 2celled type with single germinal furrow.(3)The ovary has three chamber which has 6 ovules that is double integuments, tenuinucellate and anatropous. The archesporial cell divides transversely, cutting an outer parietal cell and an inner sporogenous cell. The development of the embryo sac belongs to bisporic embryo scas. After the first meiosis, the megasporocyte divides into dyad cells and only the chalazal dyad cell undergoes the second meiotic division, whereas the micropylar dyad cell degenerates. Both the megaspore nuclei which from the functional dyad cell contribute in the formation of embryo sac. The embryo sac is of a Allum type.

Abstract:In this paper, the pollens and seeds were compared and analyzed with the morphology, size and exine ornamentation characteristics of the four species of genus Ypsilandra, by using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The seeds of Ypsilandra thibetica, Y. cavaleriei, Y. yunnanensis and Y. alpina were reported for the first time, and the pollens of all the species (except for Y. yunnanensis) were also reported for the first time. Results showed that: (1) the pollen shapes of Ypsilandra were mostly prolate, the minority of them were perprolate with the size of (22-36.5) μm × (11.5-24) μm, and the equatorial view shapes were elliptical, the polar view shapes were round. The exine ornamentation were granulated with spinules. (2) The largest pollen size was to Y. thibetica accompanied with longer polar axis than other congeners, and the smallest was to Y. cavaleriei. (3) The pollen exine ornamentation characteristics among the four species were significantly different. (4) The seeds of Ypsilandra were fine spindle with double reticulum exine ornamentation, both ends have long fibrous tail. (5) The largest seed size was to Y. yunnanensis with significant seed ridge, and the smallest was to Y. cavaleriei. (6) The characteristics of line, ridge and mesh of reticulum were different among each species. This studies provided taxonomic evidence for the identification of the genus Ypsilandra species, and the evolutionary biological significance of pollen and seed micromorphological features was also discussed.

Abstract:Hydroponic culture was conducted to study the effect of different nutritional conditions on the growth of Isoetes sinensis. The paper examined the changing rule of physiological and biochemical characteristics and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics. The results showed that the chlorophyll content decreased but other physiological and biochemical indexes including soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (PRO) content, catalase (CAT) activity gradually increased as N and P concentrations increased in nutrient solution. And the peroxidase (POD) activity increased at the beginning then decreased. Among the photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics, the PSⅡ maximal quantum yield (F_v/F_m), PSⅡ effective quantum yield (Yield), photochemical quenching (qP), higher potential maximum relative electron transfer rates (P_m), initial slope of rapid light curve (α) and halfstarved value of light intensity (Ik) gradually decreased with N and P concentrations increased, while nonphotochemical quenching (qN) increased. We could conclude that Isoetes sinensis had a better tolerance to the stress of the medium nutrient condition but poor tolerance to the stress under the high nutrient condition with comparatively obvious physiological injury as N and P concentrations increased. The ability of osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity increased, but the photosynthesis capacity decreased with the high nutrient condition, The higher nitrogen and phosphorus could inhibit the physiological activities of Isoetes sinensis, and thus affected its growth. In terms of the possibility that one of the most important factors of endangerment of Isoetes sinensis attributes to the eutrophication water.

Abstract:In this study, we investigated the allelopathic effects of βcembrenediol and its phytotoxic mechanism on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The results showed that: (1) βcembrenediol significantly reduced fresh weight of A. thaliana. The fresh weight of A. thaliana seedlings treated with the compound at high concentrations (50 μmol/L) was reduced more than 30% compared to the control; (2) After βcembrenediol treatment, the levels of chl a, b in A. thaliana leaves both declined in a concentrationdependent and timedependent manner;(3) βcembrenediol inhibited the activities of POD and SOD, while increased the content of MDA. These results indicated that under the stress of βcembrenediol, the activities of enzyme were inhibited and the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation was strengthened, and chlorophyll content was decreased, ultimately resulted in growth inhibition of A. thaliana seedlings.

Abstract:In order to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanism of chitosan to improve the tolerance of maize seedlings to cadmium stress, we chose maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar ‘Zhengdan 958’ as experimental material and cultivated via Hoagland hydroponics in plant growth chamber. Maize seedlings were treated with chitosan of 100 mg·L^-1 under Cd²⁺ stress at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 h). The aim of this experiment was to examine the effects of chitosan on the antioxidant enzyme activities and endogenous hormone levels under cadmium stress. The results showed that: (1) under cadmium stress, the growth of maize seedling roots was inhibited, the generation of ROS was induced, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased, and the balance of endogenous hormones was destroyed. (2) After treated with chitosan under cadmium stress for 96 h, the dry weight of root increased by 16.1%, the generation rate of superoxide radical (O^-·₂) and the content of H₂O₂ in roots decreased by 9.1% and 19.2%, respectively. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT were increased by 32.5%, 20.4% and 21.3%, respectively, IAA, ZR and GA were increased by 34.4%, 40.4% and 42.5%, respectively, and ABA decreased by 19.1%. IAA/ABA, ZR/ABA and GA/ABA increased by 66.1%, 73.5% and 76.0%, respectively. The results indicate that under cadmium stress, chitosan could regulate the content and balance of endogenous hormones in maize seedling roots, reduce the damage of antioxidant enzyme system and enhance the ability to scavenge ROS. Thus, chitosan alleviated the toxicity of cadmium stress to roots and improved the resistance of maize seedlings. The study provided the theoretical and experimental basis for the application of chitosan to the cultivation of maize under stress.

Abstract:Species of genus Kobresia are the dominants and edificators in southeast Tibet alpine meadow, and play important roles in the livestock production and stabiligy of ecosystem. To study the adaptation of different characteristics of Kobresia plant to elevational gradient, we set eight sample belts along an elevational gradient, starting from forest line to the edge of alpine meadows, as increasing of elevation for every about 100 m at Dongda Mountains in Zuogong County. Species composition and coverage in every sample belts were investigated, and important values of three Kobresia species were calculated in the community based on relative coverage and frequency. At the same time, the epidermal cell shapes of adaxial and abaxial surface were observed, the stomatal length and guard cell width were measured and stomatal density was calculated, so as to observe the adaptability of Kobresia species to the elevation gradient. The results showed: (1) Common features of epidermis were investigated in three species using light microscopy: epidermis was wavy, and stomata apparatus was only distributed in the epidermis of abaxial surface. (2) The stomatal density of all three species presented to be a unimodal pattern along an elevational gradient, and obtained a maximum at the sample belt altitude of 4 537 m. Stomatal density of K. capillifolia (476.4 grasses per mm²) was lower than which of K. humilis (777.6 grasses per mm²), and higher than which of K. macrantha (414.3 grasses per mm²). (3) With the elevational gain, the stomata length of K. humilis(P<0.05)and K. capillifolia significantly increased, and guard cell width of K. humilis and K. capillifolia significantly decreased. By contrast, the stomata length of K. macrantha decreased with the gain of elevation, and guard cell width of which remained basically unchanged (P>0.05). (4)The stomatal density, length and guard cell width of K. humilis and K. capillifolia were significantly correlated with the elevational gradient, and the stomatal characteristics were highly sensitive to the change of elevational gradient, which was consistent with the high importance value in the community. Only stomatal density and length of K. macrantha were significantly correlated with the elevational gradient, and the stomatal characteristics were not highly sensitive to the change of elevational gradient, which was consistent with the low importance value in the community. The correlation between stomatal density, length and guard cell width of Kobresia species and elevational gradient showed the degree of adaptation to habitat at the elevational gradient. It can be seen that the stomatal characteristics of the three Kobresia species have different adaptability to the habitat along the elevational gradient, thus affecting their distribution range and species coverage in the community. K. humilis and K. capillifolia were sensitive to habitat changes, while K. macrantha was insensitive to habitat changes; the guard cell width, like the stomatal length, played an important role in adapting to the habitat.

Abstract:Wild Glycyrrhiza uralensis as the research material, we compared stomasaltsecreting condition， leaves anatomical structure and net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) among different leaves of G. uralensis. The results showed that: (1) compared with the upper and middle leaves stomata, the lower leaves stomata were of the strongest salt secretion ability, secondly were the middle leaves stomata. There were no salt accumulation at the upper leaves stomata. (2) The upper and middle leaves chlorophyll content were significantly higher than that of lower leaves. (3) The upper leaves mesophyll cells arranged the densest, the middle leaves taken second place, and the lower leaves mesophyll cells arranged loose; (4) The leaves net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in the upper leaves were the highest, and those in the lower leaves were the lowest. The stomatal conductance also appears the same pattern. We concluded that the upper leaves stoma are mainly used for gasexchanging of photosynthetic in the main process of plant growth, hardly secret salt, and the lower of senescen leaves photosynthetic capacity is weak, the stoma is mainly responsible for put the excess salt out of the body, in order to maintain ion balance, to ensure normal metabolism of G. uralensis. So the division of labor and collaboration of different parts of the leaves achieve a clever tradeoff between the two interestconflicting behaviors: stomatal saltsecreting and photosynthetic gas exchange, which is an adaptation strategy of G. uralensis to the high salt environment.

Abstract:The cavitation resistance of gymnosperms, an indicator of drought resistance, depends on the xylem tracheid structure and mechanical traits. In order to provide theoretical basis for reasonable cultivation during production, we studied the waterusing strategies of two garden species Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Cryptomeria fortunei with the advanced centrifuge technique and compared the tracheid anatomy and mechanical traits. The results demonstrate that (1) M. glyptostroboides has higher specific hydraulic conductivity［K_s=(1.73±0.21) kg·m^-1·s^-1·MPa^-1］ and weaker cavitation resistance［P₅₀=(-2.28±0.09) MPa］ than C. fortunei［K_s=(0.47±0.02) kg·m^-1·s^-1·MPa^-1; P⁵⁰=(-4.99±0.11) MPa］. (2) M. glyptostroboides has wider and longer tracheid with higher hydraulic diameter but lower density［D_mean=(13.61±0.46) μm; L_mean= (1 511.93±125.31) μm; D_h=(15.57±0.05) μm; Density=(2 260±77) N/mm²］ than C. fortunei［D_mean=(9.48±0.18) μm; L_mean=(1 293.48±78.56) μm; D_h=(11.68±0.02) μm; Density=(2 970±171) N/mm²］. (3) The torusmargo of M. glyptostroboides is more flexible than that of C. fortunei. (4) Ca²⁺ weakened the flexibility of torusmargo. Due to the narrow, short and less dense tracheid with less flexible torusmargo, C. fortunei is less cavitation resistant and more tolerant to drought stress, compared with M. glyptostroboides.

Abstract:We investigated the method and techniques of enhancing rice lodging resistance through the analysis influence on bending moment at breaking, bending force and lodging index of stalks in rice under silicon potassium collocation application by using lodgingsusceptible variety‘B You 827’. Results showed that: (1) silicon potassium collocation application could significantly increase the basal internode stem diameter and wall thickness, shortened internode length. In comparison with contrast, internode length decreased about 12.44%-20.80%, as well as, the diameter and wall thickness increased by 2.82%-5.76% and 22.95%-28.57%, respectively with low silicon middle potassium treatment(T₂, silicon fertilizer 300 kg/hm², potash 400 kg/hm²). (2) The cellulose, lignin and ash contents of each basal internode significantly changed under silicon potassium collocation application and with low silicon middle potassium treatment (T₂). As a result, lignin content of basal internode increased by 14.55%, 8.67% and 7.73%, respectively in comparison with contrast. (3) Silicon potassium collocation application could significantly increase the flexural strength of each internode, and reduce lodging index, at the same time. The effect of improving lodging resistance was best with low silicon middle potassium treatment (T₂) in‘B You 827’(bending force was maximum and lodging index was minimum). Researches showed that reasonable ratio of silicon potassium fertilizer (silicon fertilizer 300 kg/hm², potash 400 kg/hm²) could not only significantly increase the basal internode stem diameter and wall thickness in lodgingsusceptible variety‘B You 827’, shortened internode length, improved the flexural strength, but also can increase the basal internode lignification degree, eventually improved lodging resistance; The results also showed that the silicon potassium collocation application by improving physical and chemistry property of stem, can effectively strengthen lodging resistance of rice plants, especially for lodgingsusceptible varieties.

Abstract:Dimorphic seeds may help plants to cope with unpredictable environmental changes, especially for halophytes. Mature seeds (black and brown) of Suaeda salsa inhabiting in the Yuncheng Salt Lake were used to reveal adaptive strategies of the halophyte with dimorphic seeds in saline habitat by combining laboratory observation and germination experiments. The morphology, dormancy and germination characteristics of dimorphic seeds were compared. The results showed that: (1) black seeds were small and had keratose and glossy testa, while brown seeds were larger and had membranous and lusterless testa. (2) Germination of freshly matured brown seeds was more than 90% across the experimental temperature ranges, while germination of black seeds was only the highest at 15/25 ℃ (less than 85%), and brown seeds had higher germination rate than black seeds. (3) Alternating of light and darkness or full darkness had no significant effect on germination of brown seeds under low salt conditions (<0.39 mol/L). However, germination of black seeds under light was significantly higher than that under darkness (P＜0.05). Responses of dimorphic seeds to saline stress were different, germination of brown seeds was more than 30% in 0.78 mol/L NaCl solution, while black seeds did not germinate beyond 0.59 mol/L. (4) Brown seeds were nondormant, but black seeds had nondeep physiological dormancy. Seed coat scarification, dry storage, cold stratification and GA₃ significantly promoted germination of black seeds. Our study revealed that S. salsa adopts “bethedging” strategy (differences in dormancy and germination behavior of dimorphic seeds) to increase the adaptability to the heterogeneous habitat.

Abstract:In this study, Larix gmelinii forest burned areas were experienced in different forest types. The natural regeneration conditions, community structure characteristics, species composition, community biodiversity were observed and researched in 2015. The results showed that: the alpha diversity index of community each layer in different forest types showed a ranking of herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer. After twelve years, the Simpson and ShannonWiener indices in herb layer in 3 different forest types burned areas are less than that of unburned area and showed a ranking of 2003SG>2003SL>2003SR, while the indices of burned areas in the shrub layer are greater than that of unburned area and showed a ranking of 2003SG>2003SR>2003SL.

Abstract:Artemisia ordosica is the pioneer plant in the cross areas of windwater erosion in Loess Plateau in China, which plays an important role in the stability of the ecosystems in the regions. We chose the shrub patches as the research objects. Based on the plot investigations in the cross areas of windwater erosion, the static life table was established, survival curves and the function curves derived from the survival analysis were also constructed to evaluate the A. ordosica shrub patch population characteristics. The A. ordosica population dynamics were predicted by a timesequence model. The results showed that: (1) the age structure of the A. ordosica shrub patch was a pyramid, but there were fewer individuals in classes I and Ⅱ than in class Ⅲ; (2) The number dynamics index (V′_pi) was close to zero, so the A. ordosica shrub patches were sensitive to environment disturbances; (3) The survival curve of the A. ordosica shrub patch appeared to approach the DeeveyⅡ type, which indicated that the mortality rate in different size classes was similar; (4) The survival analysis and the timesequence model demonstrated that the lack of young individuals could be the major cause for the decrease of middle size class shrub patches. Therefore, the research suggested that the A. ordosica shrub patch, in Loess Plateau in China, could grow, renew, and adapt well in the cross areas of windwater erosion climate environment, and the population was in stable increasing the situation, which created the water and nutrient condition for the settle and recover of other plants.

Abstract:Based on 4 hm² wellpreserved forest plots in the present CTFS technical standards in Taiyue Mountain, which was established in 2014, the thesis aims at investigating and characterizing wooden plants with diameter breast heights (DBH) > 1 cm, and finally analyzing the community composition of the sample plot. Altogether 9 698 wooden plants, 209 dead trees included, were investigated. The dominant populations were divided into three growth stages: saplings (1 cm≤DBH≤10 cm), juveniles (10 cm<DBH≤30 cm), and adult trees (DBH>30 cm). Point pattern analyze in irregular area were used on the basis of removal of spatial heterogeneity. The spatial distribution pattern of dominant trees from 0-100 m was explored quantitatively and then the effects of dead trees on their spatial patterns were discussed. In addition, pattern type in different growth periods was measured by paircorrelation g^{^}(r) function to explore the spatial distribution patterns and maintaining mechanisms of dominant trees in Taiyue Mountain as well as the ecology adaptability strategy and the population dynamics. The results of the study were as follows: (1) Quercus wutaishanica, Betula platyphylla, Carpinus turczaninowii, Acer mono, Crataegus cuneata and Pinus tabulaeformis are major dominant species. (2) The main tree species showed aggregated pattern in the sample plot, and the dead trees could weaken the degree of aggregation, tending towards random distribution. (3) The paircorrelation g^{^}(r) function showed that the cluster degree of every individual in different growth periods decreased with age. And this transformation is a kind of a comprehensive reflection on biological properties and environmental condition of the population. Based on the survey, a preliminary conclusion was drawn that there are some kind of density restriction effect in the sample plot.

Abstract:Based on field investigation, we statistically analyzed the species diversity of vascular plants in the new stage volcanic lava plateau in Wudalianchi, The results show that:(1)there are 35 families, 66 genera and 82 species in volcanic lava plateau. Dominant families have arealtypes of 34 genera and 47 species, which accounted for 51.52% and 57.32% of total genera and total species; There are 30 families, 61 genera and 75 species in seed plants, which is absolute advantage of temperate distribution; Plant resources can be divided into 12 classes on nature and application, such as medicinal, ornamental honey and so on;(2)On classification of Raunkiaer lifeform, herb with hemirvphytes is the most dominant, the next are trees and shrubs with phanerophytes;(3)In the ecological types of water, the mesophytes is the most, and the xerophytes is more. Because of unfavorable ecological conditions, such as the new lava, weak weather, rainfall seepage and stronger evaporation, these are lithophytes and specific plants in volcanic lava.

Abstract:The plant of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. is a perennial herbaceous epiphytic orchids. Its specialized pseudobulb used as nutrient storage organ and can be realized in the clonal growth, of which plays an important role in the vegetative propagation. This research studied the wild plant, compared to the difference of sympodial growth and high lateral bud on different levels of pseudobulb, and analyzed the engraftment way. Meanwhile, the adaptive strategy of its growth and vegetative propagation were discussed. Mainly results showed as following: (1) the seedlings grow and expand via vegetative propagation of sympodial. With 2-3 bud in reserve of pseudobulb, it sprouts 1-2 new bud and forms different seedlings as time goes on. (2) The seedlings have typical high lateral reproductive characteristics and mainly form from dense pseudobulb and roots. (3) The stems of high seedlings attach to the tree trunks, shorten the distance and complete engraftment way by stem intenerate and gravity. The results show that the pseudobulb of Dendrobium via sympodial vegetative propagation to enhance and extend lifetime. The adversity such as crowding of pseudobulb respond by frequent high bud germinating, and it is an ecological adaptive strategy of epiphytic environment like engraftment way of high seedlings depending on stem.

Abstract:Two plants of the genus Rubus (Rosaceae), namely Rubus polyadenus Cardot and R. opulifolius Bertol, are firstly reported here for flora of China. R. polyadenus was found in Hekou and Gejiu, southeast Yunnan; it is similar to R. feddei H. Lév. & Vaniot, but differs from the latter by its stems, branchlets and rachises with dense brown straight glandular longhairs, petioles short, leaf blades oblongovate or subpandurate, apex of the leaf acute to acuminate, sepals triangular lanceolate, apex long caudate. R. opulifolius Bertol was found in the Gaoligong Mountains, northwest Yunnan; it is similar with R. idaeopsis Focke, but differs from the latter by its leaves 3-5 foliolate, inflorescences extremely short, less than 3 cm long, pedicels very short, and the racemes short headlike.

Abstract:Psora globifera (Ach.) A. Massal. is reported new to China based on the specimens collected from Qinling Mountains of Central China. The morphological and chemical analysis，and a phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence were carried out. The new record species can be distinguished by its shiny and epruinose, crowded and overlapping squamules with upturned margins, fissures in older squamules; and apothecia slightly convex to hemispherical, borne singly or in clusters on the surface of thallus. Detailed description and discussion with allied species were provided.

Abstract:Frigidorchis　Z. J. Liu ＆ S. C. Chen and Frigidorchis　humidicola (K. Y. Lang ＆ D. S. Deng)Z. J. Liu ＆ S. C. Chen are recorded as a newly recorded genus and a newly recorded species in Gansu. The discovery of new distribution in Gansu is important significance on phylogenetic evolution and migration of genus Frigidorchis　Z. J. Liu ＆ S. C. Chen.

Abstract:Several new records were found in the process of the forth national survey on chinese material medica resources of Shennongjia National Nature Reserve in Hubei from 2011 to 2013. In this article, we make a report on its monocotyledon plants, which includes two genera(Gagea Salisbury、Tipularia Nuttall) and eight species［Gagea pauciflora(Turczaninow ex Trautvetter) Ledebour; Aspidistra fenghuangensis K.Y.Lang; Paris undulata H. Li & V.G. Soukup; Tipularia szechuanica Schlechter; Calanthe sieboldii Decaisne ex Regel; Pollia miranda (H.Léveillé) H.Hara; Arisaema auriculatum Buchet; Carex uda Maximowicz］. Among these species, Paris undulata and Tipularia szechuanica as well as Calanthe sieboldii are considered as the secondclass protection in our country. Paris undulata and Calanthe sieboldii are listed as endangered species by IUCN. Calanthe sieboldii is an endangered plant with a tiny population. The report is significant to study plant diversity and floristic composition in Hubei.

Abstract:Orinus is an alpine genus with important economic values in the grass family (Poaceae). There are six species in it and all of them have stronger adverseresistant characteristics, and they are the important resources for improving and applying agricultural breeding and animal husbandry. Meanwhile, the discriminative characters are obscure among these species. Two taxa of Orinus (Poaceae) from the QinghaiTibet Plateau are taxonomically revised on the basis of herbarium materials, field observation, generalized morphological analysis and laboratory examination. O. longiglumis and O. tibeticus, O. alticulmus and O. anomala are reduced to synonyms of O. thoroldii and O. kokonorica.

Abstract:Cyclophilins (CyPs), members of the ‘immunophilin’ protein family, have peptidylprolylcistrans isomerase activity and widely distribute in different organisms. They are highly conserved in protein structure and expressed in cytosol and various organelles. Plant CyPs are supperfamily members and play significant roles in stress response, metabolic regulation and plant development besides their common functions. This review summarizes the functions and recent research progress of plant CyPs and aims to help their further characterization in the future.