Abstract:In the process of discovering and identifying new factors that regulate the development of plant trichome, we obtained a recessive Arabidopsis thaliana mutant aberrantly branched trichome 31 (abt31).Compared to the wild type (Col0)A. thaliana, abt31 appeared a high proportion of multibranched trichomes.In addition, abt31 is dramatically reduced in size and has a defective primary root, wide shaped grey leaves. The mutant gene ABT3 was precisely mapped into the 134 kb chromosome interval between the molecular markers F28G11#3 and F4N21#1 on chromosome 1, which was determined using the position cloning strategy.This research will lay a foundation for further cloning ABT3 gene and studying its role in the regulation of plant growth and development.

Abstract:Linoleic acid is synthesized by fatty acid desaturase 2(FAD2), which play an important role for produce polyunsaturated fatty acid in plant. The key enzyme for the conversion of oleic acid into linoleic acid was isolated from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and designated as HaFAD22.The open reading frame (ORF) of HaFAD22 was 1 152 bp in length, which encoded 383 amino acids, with the isoelectric point of 8.56 and molecular mass of 43.96 kD. The genome intron survey showed that there is no introns in open reading frame region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HaFAD22 protein shares high homologies with calendula (Calendula officinalis) and dove (Vernonia galamensis). qRTPCR analysis indicated that HaFAD22 was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, cotyledon, flowers and developing seeds, and the highest in leaves, the lowest in developing seeds. Furthermore, HaFAD22 in roots could be induced significantly by low temperature (5 ℃, 15 ℃), but repressed in leaves by low temperature (5 ℃, 15 ℃) and NaCl stress (300 mmol/L). Results in this experiment provide reference for further functional study on HaFAD22.

Abstract:According to the transcriptome data of Gossypium barbadense, we cloned GbTCP5 gene from cotton (Gossypim barbadense L.) cultivar ‘Xinhai 21’using reverse transcription PCR methods. GbTCP5 gene contains open reading frame (ORF) of 945 bp in length, 314 amino acids residues with a predicted molecular mass of about 34.95 kD and a basic isoelectric point of 8.41 with a highly conservation TCP domain in the encoded putative protein. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed of GbTCP5 proteins shared high degree of identity with other higher plant TCP proteins and the gene in evolution has proved to be conservative. Subcellular localization showed that GbTCP5 expressed possibly in nucleus. The phylogenetic tree showed that GbTCP5 was located at the same distribute with GhTCP17. The result of real time PCR exhibited that GbTCP5 had a higher expression level in fibers(35d), may be involved in secondary wall synthesis. GbTCP5 was grown on SDTrpHisAde deficient medium and the Xgal test was blue. The results showed that GbTCP5 had the function of transcriptional activation in yeast.

Abstract:AREBs transcription factor family genes are mainly involved in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses including drought, high salt, extreme temperatures and so on. In this study, the GhAREB4 gene of upland cotton was cloned by PCR approach, which is 1 784 bp in size. Its open reading frame contains 1 227 bp, encoding a 408 amino acids peptide whose molecular weight is 44.3 kD and the isoelectric point is 8.88. The GhAREB4 proteinhad a conserved domain of bZIP gene family in the secondary structure. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GhAREB4 had the highest homology with Cocoa AREB transcription factor. Subcellular localization analysis through green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion approach showed that GhAREB4 protein was distributed in the nucleus. Results of qRTPCR analysis showed that GhAREB4 gene preferentially expresses in flowers. And GhAREB4 gene was induced under drought, high salt, low temperature, abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, suggesting that the gene plays an important role in cotton plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. These results could provide a foundation to further implore the function of GhAREB4 in cotton tolerance to abiotic stress.

Abstract:We analyzed the levels and patterns of DNA methylation in 25 dwarf rootstocks and 25 semidwarf rootstocks of Prunus mahaleb by methylationsensitive amplification polymorphism marker(MSAP), in order to explore the correlation between dwarf characteristic and genome methylation modification. The results showed that: (1) 15 pairs were selected from 64 pairs of the MSAP primers. Methylation loci of 25 semidwarf rootstocks of P. mahaleb were 4 577, hemimethylation loci were 336, and full methylation loci were 1 274. The total methylation loci of 25 dwarf rootstocks of P. mahaleb were 4 444, hemimethylation loci were 349, and full methylation loci were 1 383. Ttest and oneway ANOVA showed that the level of full methylation and total methylation in semidwarf group were extremely significantly different than that in dwarf group, and the level of hemimethylation was significantly different between the two groups. Meanwhile, the level of methylation in dwarf group was higher than that in semidwarf group.(2) The singleton loci were 23 and polymorphic loci were 136 in semidwarf group. The singleton loci were 17 and polymorphic loci were 142 in dwarf group. So it was concluded that the methylation polymorphism in dwarf group was higher than that in semidwarf group.(3) Further analysis of the types of polymorphism showed that the frequency of A4 type was higher in dwarf group than that in semidwarf group, and the frequency of A2 type was lower in dwarf group than that in semidwarf group, indicating that the locus of hypermethylation in dwarf group was higher than that in semidwarf group. The research indicated the correlation between dwarf characteristic of P. mahaleb and genome methylation modification from the differences in DNA methylation levels and patterns between dwarf group and semidwarf group. The results might provide theoretical support for further breeding of cherry dwarf rootstock.

Abstract:Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is a major ratelimiting enzyme to sucrose synthesis in plant, which affects the growth of plants and sucrose content of fruits. To know the features of SPS family gene and their role in sucrose synthesis, we isolated MdSPS family genes from apple genome, analyzed the relationship between their evolutionary relationships, profiled the mRNA expression characteristics, measured the enzyme activity and sucrose content. The results showed that: (1) there were 8 genes of the SPS gene family expressing in the apple, they belong to three dicot SPS subfamilies. (2) Quantitative real time PCR analysis showed that C type MdSPS6 and A type MdSPS1a/b had the highest expression in apple. Especially, MdSPS6 expression levels are the highest in mature fruit, followed by those in mature leaves, meanwhile MdSPS1a/b was primarily expressed in young fruit which had no sucrose accumulation. (3) Apart from MdSPS1a/b, expression levels of other 5 MdSPS family genes had a significant positive correlation with SPS activity and sucrose concentration, and increased with fruit development. These results suggest that the class C of the SPS gene family is main genes related with sucrose syntheses in the development of apple leaves and fruits.

Abstract:In order to investigate the genetic effect of allelic variation of Wx and SSⅢ2 on rice quality, we used a F₃ population, which came from a hybrid combination of indica restorer line CG133R with high amylose content and a glutinous rice variety‘javanica 22’. And plants with polymorphism on Wx and SSⅢ2 loci in the F₃ population were selected as materials. Furthermore, the physicochemical indexes and RVA profile characteristics of each material were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the first intron polymorphism of Wx had a significant effect on AAC at 0.01 level under background of type I of SSⅢ2. When SSⅢ2 was type Ⅱ, the first intron polymorphism of Wx had a significant effect on AAC and PaT at 0.01 level. (2) SSⅢ2 had no significant effect on rice quality under background of Wx^a. However, there had significant difference on GT and PKV, BDV and PaT of RVA profile at 0.01 level under background of Wx^b. (3) Interaction of Wx and SSⅢ2 had significant effect on rice AAC, GT, PKV, BDV and PaT at 0.01 level. Therefore, Wx had interaction with SSⅢ2, and Wx was dominant epistatic to SSⅢ2. The expression of Wx masked the expression of SSⅢ2.

Abstract:Pollen morphology of 25 wild Rosa species and 4 rose cultivars were studied to analyze the genetic relationships among Subgen. Hulthemia, Sect. Pimpinellifolia, Sect. Synstylae, Sect. Cinnamomeae, Sect. Chinensis and cultivars. (1) The pollen type was N₃P₄C₅ model, that the equatorial view was ellipse, while the polar view was 3labed rounded with 3 narrow operculums annularly distributed in equal space. The features of pollen grains were goniotreme, prolate and perprolate, most of which were perprolate with longer polar axis, especially Rosa beggeriana was the longest (P/E=2.29). (2) Exine sculpture were striate, perforatestriate and reticulateperforate. (3) Striate ornamentation was mainly in Sect. Pimpinellifolia and perforatestriate ornamentation was in most Rosa species. (4) Cluster analysis revealed that rose cultivars were closely genetic related with sect. Chinensis. Rosa berberifolia showed a long distant relative with other species. Meanwhile, Sect. Pimpinellifolia formed a branch with Sect. Synstylae. R. beggeriana showed significantly different in exine sculpture with other species of sect. Cinnamomeae.

Abstract:In this paper, the base of nation level protected species Isoetes orientalis is used as materials. With the method of slice technology, we anatomically observed the development process of female gametophytes and embryos, and discussed the reproduction and endangered mechanism. The results showed that: (1) Megaspore of I. orientalis would be germinated within 3-5 d, the mature gametophytes were emerging spherical and forming a number of archegonias with triplets but no rhizoids. There were neck cells and neck canal cells in the archegonium, but no ventral canal cells. (2) Most of the female gametophytes were only developed into one embryo, occasionally into more embryos. During the development of embryo, the first primordium growth rapidly than the second and third primordiums. (3) The part tissue of archegonium often appear differentiation disorder and lead to female gametophyte abortion. The results supported the Phyllorhize Theory, also discussed the ventral canal cells degenerated and two embryos mechanism. We speculated that the gametophyte in I. orientalis usually stopped during free nuclei stage, morphology and anomaly site of archegonia and eggs arranged in disorder might be the causes of abortion.

Abstract:Dryopteris goeringiana was chosen as material. The artificial cultivation of gametophyte generation was taken in simulation natural conditions. With paraffin method, the whole process of embryo development was recorded. The results showed that: (1) the embryo development was perpendicular to the gametophyte plane and the dorsal abdominal axis, which conformed to the prone type. The first division of the zygote was parallel to the long axis of the archegonium. The primitive cell of organ formed in the 16cell embryo period, and the formation of the first leaf primordium was earlier than the first root primordium. In the hippocampal embryo period, the first leaf primordium and the first root primordium broke through capshaped parts, and then formed obvious vascular bundles of the first leaf and the first root, respectively. Free nuclei existed during embryonic development. (2) This paper presented 14 point line graphs that the process from zygote formation to the first leaf and the first root maturity, including the division mode of early embryonic cells, the characteristic of the cell nuclei and nucleoli, organogenesis order and their mutual relations. It was summarized that the embryonic development mode of leptosporangiatae in details, and supported Nayars Phyllorhize Theory. This paper advocated the stems from leptosporangiatae and seed plants were different in essence, and the two groups were parallel development.

Abstract:Kiwifruit is dioecious, Hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta Planch.) cultivars ‘Longcheng 2’and ‘Huanyuo 1’ cultivated in DandongKuandian area can still normally bear fruit and the fruit can produce seeds in the absence of pollination male plant. In response to the phenomenon, this article attempts to definite the reproductive characteristics through the determination of pollen viability, observation of pollen morphology by scanning electron microscope, different pollination bag technique and observation of the pollen tube behavior by fluorescence microscopy, and provide the theories basis for hardy kiwifruit planting and production. The results were summarized as follows: (1) the pollens of ‘Longcheng 2’ and ‘Huanyuo 1’ had no vitality. (2) The pollen grains of ‘Longcheng 2’and ‘Huanyuo 1’ were hollow and infertile, there was a small amount of male pollen found on the carrying pollen leg of honeybee. (3) There was no pollen germination in selfpollination, and the pollen germination rate of artificial pollination (Lüwang) was significantly higher than that of natural pollination. (4)There was no fruit set in bagged flowers. The fruit setting rate，fruit weight, fruit length and diameter of artificial pollination were slightly higher than that of natural pollination, and fruit side diameter and number of seeds per fruit of the former were significantly higher than that of the latter.(5)The wild Actinidia can be found around in the mountain which was about 1 km away from the cultivated area. In conclusion:‘Longcheng 2’, and ‘Huanyuo 1’ are female cultivars，the reason of which can bear fruit without pollinator tree in DandongKuandian area was that there were wild A. arguta surrounding the planted aera， bees are the main pollinators，and fully pollination contributes to enhancing its fruit set and fruit size. Therefore, it is necessary to configure male plant in the normal cultivation.

Abstract:Strobilanthes limprichtii is a rock plant naturally growing on the stones of dry valley in the southwest part regions of China, and this plant is found to be very tolerant to drought stress and infertile soil in its natural habitat. Elucidating the physiological responses to drought stress and the following rehydration will help us understand the physiological mechanism and adaption of this plant species to drought resistance. In the present study, we measured the phenotypic and physiological responses, including content of chlorophyll, lipid peroxidation,osmosisregulating substances，and activities of antioxidant enzymes after drought stress through withholding water and rehydration treatment. The results showed that: (1) the relative water content (RWC) and content of chlorophyll modestly declined under drought stress, while the RWC and the content of chlorophyll rapidly increased after rehydration. (2) Progress drought stress treatment after 9 days, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide radicals (O-·2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased, while the level of the electrolyte leakage, and the contents of soluble sugar and proline increased after 12 days drought stress treatment. With rehydration, the contents of MDA, O-·2, and H2O2 quickly and activities the SOD and POD, the contents of soluble sugar and proline gradually decreased. (3) After 21 days progressive drought stress treatment, the soil water content decreased to 4.26%, and the leaves is severely wilted with the flattened plant, but rehydration recovered the plant growth progressively. These above results indicated that S. limprichtii has the relative potent capacity on the osmotic adjustment, enzymatic antioxidation, and leaf water holding, and it was conclude that this plant has the great capability to cope with drought stress and can recover from rehydration quickly. Therefore, S. limprichtii could be used as a potential landscape plant for the sideslope greening.

Abstract:OTCs were used to investigate the effects of the elevated CO₂ concentration (350, 550 and 700 μmol·mol^-1) and changing precipitation (increased by 30%, increased by 15%, unchanged, reduced by 15%, and reduced by 30%) on antioxidant enzyme, osmotic adjustments and biomass of 2yearold Reaumuria soongorica. The main results of the study is as follows: (1) In June and August,the responses of antioxidant enzyme, SS and Pro, biomass of R. soongorica to changes of CO₂ concentration and changing precipitation were significant, but not include SP in August. (2) With the increase of CO₂, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmotic adjustments, root biomass and above ground biomass of R. soongorica increased, and acclimation occurred during August; MDA content and Root/shoot biomass decreased. (3) With the decrease of precipitation, antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content increased; above ground biomass decreased; osmotic adjustments, root biomass and root/shoot biomass increased to the precipitation changes. (4) Higher CO₂ and the decrease of in precipitation, R. soongorica have its adaption ways to employ growth adjustment, biomass relocation, increase of root/shoot biomass, promote osmolates accumulation, enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased lipid peroxidation as well as MDA content. Based on the above results, in the arid and semiarid region, elevated CO₂ concentration can enhance drought resistance ability of R. soongorica to some extent, evaluate the adaption of future climate change.

Abstract:With the Greening Roll as matrix material, we investigated the growth and physiological characteristics of Vitex negundo growing on the sand land, slag yard and concrete roof to clarify the mechanism responsive to paclobutrazol treatment with different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg·L^-1 paclobutrazol). The results showed that: (1) the height and biomass of plant decreased, as well as basal diameter, crown, leaf area, root range, taproot length and taproot diameter, while the leaf length to width ratio and rootshoot ratio increased. The leaf relative water contents, chlorophyll contents, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents increased after paclobutrazol treatment. And malondialdehyde (MDA) contents decreased. (2) The growth and physiological responses of V. negundo to paclobutrazol treatment under three site conditions were significantly different. The comprehensive evaluation of indices by membership function method indicated that the appropriate paclobutrazol concentrations of sand land, slag yard and concrete roof were 400 mg·L^-1, 300 mg·L^-1 and 100 mg·L^-1, respectively. (3) When the paclobutrazol concentration of slag yard and concrete roof reached 400 mg·L^-1 and 300 mg·L^-1 respectively, the plants had gotten hurt. The tolerance threshold for paclobutrazol of plants on sand land was higher than that on slag yard and concrete roof. The study indicated that paclobutrazol could enhance stress resistance and environment adaptability of V. negundo by regulating plant morphology, adjusting biomass allocation, improving the osmotic adjustment and antioxidant activities. The differences of site conditions should be considered to utilize the paclobutrazol better and safely with the appropriate concentration and dosage in artificial vegetation restoration and construction.

Abstract:With control group was conventional single nitrogen fertilizer (CK,270 kg·hm^-2), a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of organic fertilizer with reducing nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake and grain yield formation of wheat. There were three organic fertilizer treatments and three N application rates in this trial. Organic fertilizer treatments were returning straw to field (J), returning straw with mushroom residue (JZ), returning straw with cattle manure (JF), respectively. N application rates included N1 (90% pure nitrogen of CK), N2 (80% pure nitrogen of CK), N3 (70% pure nitrogen of CK), respectively. The results showed that: (1) compared with CK, organic fertilizer coupled with N application obviously promoted tiller generation and effective panicle number at wheat growth stage, enhanced chlorophyll content and maintained higher level of flag leaf photosynthetic rate, increased dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, grains per spike and 1 000grains weight at growth stage, and significantly increased wheat grain yield by 4.21%-17.80%, and wheat grain yield under JFN2(JF+N2) was up to 6 853.43 kg·hm^-2. (2) The effect of N2 (reduced nitrogen fertilizer 20%) was the best in the treatment of the same organic fertilizer, which could significantly promote the formation of wheat population, increase chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, yield of wheat; Wheat population at maturity under JFN2 treatment was higher than that under JFN1 and JFN3, increased 5.16% and 4.31%, respectively; Chlorophyll content of wheat at anthesis under JN2 treatment was higher than that under JN1 and JN3, increased 2.29% and 2.31%, respectively; Yield of treatments of JFN2 was significantly higher than that of JFN1 and JFN3, increased 11.41% and 7.56%, respectively. (3) At the same nitrogen application level, dry matter accumulation of wheat at maturity under JZN1 treatment was significantly higher than that under JZN2 and JN2, increased 8.93% and 12.01%, respectively; Nitrogen accumulation of wheat at anthesis under JF treatment significantly higher than that of the other organic fertilizer treatments under three nitrogen application levels, respectively; Yield of JFN2 treatment was significantly higher than that of JZN2 and JN2, increased 12.17% and 6.09%, respectively. It was concluded that appropriate N fertilizer rate combined organic fertilizer enhanced wheat tillering and effective panicle formation, increased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation, and then increased wheat grain yield．

Abstract:The objective of this study was to survey the photosynthetic characteristics of wild jujube under different NaCl stress(0, 4, 8 and 12 g·kg^-1)with exogenous different ALA concentrations (75 and 150 mg·L^-1). The results showed that: (1) the exogenous ALA increased net photosynthetic rate (P_n), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C_i), stomata conductance (G_s) and chlorophyll content significantly under the treatments with the different NaCl treatments. (2) Under the different NaCl treatments spraying 75 mg·L^-1 concentrate ALA increased T_r significantly only under 4 g·kg^-1 and 8 g·kg^-1 NaCl concentrate treatments; spraying 150 mg·L^-1 concentrate increased P_n, C_i and T_r significantly. (3) In 12 g·kg^-1 NaCl concentrate treatment, spraying 150 mg·L^-1 concentrate ALA increased chlorophyll content significantly, but spraying 75 mg·L^-1 concentrate ALA had no significant effect on chlorophyll content. It showed that under the NaCl stress, exogenous ALA can improve wild jujube leaves photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, increase chlorophyll content to relieve the NaCl stress and improve photosynthetic capacity, and spraying 150 mg·L^-1 concentrate ALA had better effect to relieve the NaCl stress.

Abstract:Take the seedlings of Cirsium japonicum as test materials, we studied the influence of relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, osmotic regulation substance contents and protective enzyme activities of leaves with PEG6000 gradient concentrations(5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%) under the stress time of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h to study the drought resistance and drought resistance mechanism preliminarily in the paper. The results showed that:(1)at stress of 24 h, 48h and 72 h,with the extension of stress time and the increase of treatment concentration, the relative water content showed a trend of decrease with the sharpest drop of 55.86%, while the MDA content significantly increased with the biggest increase of 186.21%. (2)With the extension of stress time， the soluble sugar and free proline contents of leaves increased under PEG6000 ≤10%，while showed decrease trend after the first increase, and with the increase of treatment concentration the two indexes increased firstly and decreased afterward. The peak value of soluble sugar content appeared orderly at stress of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h on 20%, 20%,10% of PEG6000 concentration, and the free proline appeared orderly on 20%, 15%, 15% of PEG6000 concentration. At the stress 48 h, the above two indexes get the maximum increased nearly 4.7 times and 10.7 times on 20% and 15% of PEG6000 concentration respectively compared with CK.(3)Expect SOD activity increased at stress 24 h, the protective enzyme activities all showed a trend of increase firstly and then decreased. The maximum increase was 370.14%, 248.91%and 118.78% respectively for SOD, POD and CAT activities. SOD and POD both appeared on stress 72h, 15% of PEG6000 concentration, while CAT appeared on 48 h, 10% of PEG6000 concentration. Above all, the C. japonicum has a stronger osmotic adjustment ability and higher enzyme activity with 15% of PEG6000 concentration on a long time (72 h) stress, which shows a strong ability to drought tolerance. If over the concentration, the osmotic adjustment ability would be down, the enzyme activity weaken, the relative water content continuously reduced and the MDA content continuously increased. The physiological metabolism of C. japonicum was restrained.

Abstract:Plant functional traits, defined as morphophysiophenological traits which impact fitness indirectly via their effects on plant growth, reproduction and survival, which have been a hot topic of ecological and plant research in recent years. To elucidate the driving factors behind plant functional traits, especially in desertification grassland, we explored how variation in topography and soil characteristics affected plant functional traits in different desertification grassland including nondesertification grassland, lightdesertification grassland, middledesertification grassland and heavydesertification grassland in Northwest Sichuan. The results showed that: (1) plant community succession presented the pattern of “hygrophytemesophytexerophyte” with the aggravation of desertification degree. (2) The plant height and coverage decreased with the aggravation of desertification degree, and species richness and dominant species changed greatly. Moreover, leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf density (LD), specific root length (SRL), root density (RD), leaf nitrogen (LN), leaf phosphorus (LP), root nitrogen (RN), root phosphorus (RP) decreased with the aggravation of desertification degree. (3) Nondesertification grassland had the highest plant functional traits with the higher efficiency of resource utilization. SLA had the higher variation (250.53), and LT had the lower variation (9.56), while RD, SLA, RN, RP, LD had the larger variation, then LT had a higher plant functional traits conservation. (4) RN had a strong correlation with plant functional traits, and SLA had a negative correlation with LD and positive correlation with RN. SRL had a significantly negative correlation with LN (P<0.01), and negative correlation with RN (P<0.05). (5) Stepwise regression analysis showed that plant functional traits had strong correlations with soil factors, which we can determine plant functional traits by soil factors. (6) Based on the grey correlation degree analysis, we can conclude that elevation was the most influential topographic factor on SLA, SRL, RD, LN, RP; while LT, LD, RN was affected by slope aspect; and LP was affected by slope position. Redundancy analysis showed that elevation and soil pH were the main driving factors to affect plant functional traits.

Abstract:Scutellaria tsinyunensis C. Y. Wu et Chow is an endangered plant with extremely small populations of endemic species to Chongqing, and we studied the frequency distribution and interspecific association of it and its associated species. We measured the interspecific association between 18 species of herb layer and S. tsinyunensis in nine S. tsinyunensis communities with the help of the 2×2 contingency table, variance analysis, X²Statistics, Ochiai index, Dice and Jaccard index. Combined with the analysis of frequency distribution, we identified the frequency distribution and interspecific association of S. tsinyunensis and its associated species, and discussed the interaction between main herbaceous species in these communities and S. tsinyunensis，which provides a theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of endemic endangered species. The result shows that: (1)the frequency distribution of S. tsinyunensis and its associated species present that: S. tsinyunensis appears to have synergistic effect with Microlepia marginata and Iris japonica, antagonistic effect with Elatostema macintyrei, Lophatherum gracile and Marsdenia tinctoria, while S. tsinyunensis and Dryopteris erythrosora show both synergistic effect and antagonistic effect. (2) The overall correlation dominant species of S. tsinyunensis communities indicate that: six communities present positive correlation, and the other two present negative correlation. (3) Among the 48 species pairs, 34 pairs showed a positive correlation accounted for 70.8% of the total correlation pairs; 14 pairs showed a negative correlation accounted for 29.2% of the total correlation pairs; only 3 pairs showed a significant positive or negative correlation accounted for 6.3% of the total correlation pairs; only 1 pair showed a extremely significant negative connection. It is studied that building environment conducive to the survival of S. tsinyunensis by the way of search for protecting species who are positively correlated with this species, or transplanting them to the communities which distributed positive associated species, is benefit to its population expanding in the wild.

Abstract:Enclosure is one effective management method of native grassland, which is benefit for the improvement of grassland productivity and restoration of degraded grassland. We studied the species diversity, vegetation composition, plant species niche characteristics and grassland succession degree of grazing and enclosure grasslands in an alpine meadow on the QinghaiTibet Plateau, and analyzed the plant interspecific relationship and the direction of succession of alpine meadow. The results showed that: (1) the enclosure significantly decreased number of species，and α and β diversity indexes of grassland community, but significantly increased the number of species of therophyte and hemicryptophyte, and aboveground biomass. (2) For the aboveground biomass ratio, grazing grassland dominated by Cyperaceae(59.7%)and Gramineae(23.9%), while the enclosure grassland dominated by Gramineae(85.0%). For the dominant species, grazing grassland was Kobresia humilis and K. capillifolia, while for the enclosure grassland, it was Elymus nutans and Poa sp. (3) The pattern of importance value of plant species accorded with their respective niche breadth values. (4) The interspecific competition of grazing and enclosure grassland mainly exhibited between the species of different families or genera. The enclosure increased their overall niche overlap values and interspecific competition. (5) The succession degree of plant community was enclosure grassland > grazing grassland, and the enclosure community was in a relative stable state. The research indicated that the enclosure management can encourage the alpine meadow succession from sedges/forb community to grass/forb community.

Abstract:In order to explore the influence mechanism of environmental factors on species diversity and functional diversity of different community levels (arbor, shrub and herb) as well as the relationship between environmental factors and community construction, we investigated the distribution of species and measured plant height and leaf area of all species based on the field investigation, and then calculated five diversity indices (i.e., the species diversity, species evenness, functional diversity, functional evenness, functional dispersion) of different community levels which belong to two typical forests in Shanxi Province in northern China. The results indicated that: (1) the species of larch birch mixed forest distributed more uniform, and its species diversity and functional diversity (the arbor layer) were significantly higher than that in the Quercus wutaishanica forest. (2) Compared with the Q. wutaishanica forest, the functional evenness and dispersion of the arbor layer on larch birch mixed forest was significantly greater, while the functional evenness and dispersion of shrub and herb layer on larch birch mixed forest were lower than those of shrub and herb layers on the Q. wutaishanica forest. (3) SD was positively correlated with FD, there were differences between the influence of the environmental factors on species distribution and the influence of the environmental factors on function distribution, which the species distribution was related to the comprehensive influence of the environmental factors and the latter was related to the standalone influence of a particular environment factor. The explanatory of environmental factors was influenced by forest types and community levels. (4) SD of the arbor layer was mainly affected by soil pH, canopy structure (MLA, openness) and PPFD total under, which of the shrub layer was closely related to soil pH and MLA and of the herb layer was influenced by PPFD total under, soil nutrients (SOC and STN) and relative soil water content. While, canopy structure (MLA, openness) was the main environmental factor affecting FD of the arbor layer, soil pH and slope position significantly influenced FD of the shrub layer in the Larch birch forest and the Q. wutaishanica forest respectively, which of the herb layer were mainly affected by LAI and relative soil water content. As such, the results showed that different community levels had different competitive resources in vertical stratification of forest and the arbor layer can limit the distribution of species and traits by changing the canopy structure and affecting understory microenvironment. This study would provide some theoretical support for the study of how environment influence on species diversity and functional diversity and how to develop more scientific forest ecosystem management.

Abstract:To clarity the species composition and interspecific association of Ephedra equisetina communities in Wulu Mountain Nature Reserve, we carried out a series of typical sampling investigations. Based on the 2×2 contingency table, we used variance ratio(VR), χ₂test, Pearsons correlation and Spearmans rank correlation to analyze the interspecific association among 25 dominant species in Ephedra equisetina communities. Results showed that: (1) 25 dominant species were significantly positively correlated, indicating a relatively stable succession status in the communities. (2) The χ₂test, Pearsons correlation and Spearmans rank correlation analyses among the 300 speciespairs of the 25 dominant species showed that 141, 128 and 129 speciespairs were positively correlated, 132, 151 and 134 speciespairs were negatively correlated, and the positive and negative ratios were 1.07, 0.85 and 0.96, respectively. (3) According to the species adaptations to the environment and the leading ecological factors, in combination with principal components analysis, the 25 dominant species were divided into four ecological species groups. The result showed high interspecific association among the E. equisetina communities. The communities also showed relative stability in species composition and development of community structure.

Abstract:Using oneway AMOVA, nested variance analysis and community diversity index analysis, we investgated 13 populations 494 samples in the national germplasm resources pool of Salix psammophilaas experimental material, compared and analyzed phenotypic traits (leaf area, leaf perimeter, leaf petiole, leaf length, leaf width, aspect ratio, branch angle, plant height and ground diameter), discussed phenotypic variation, phenotypic diversity and geographic variation within and among population in order to provide theoretical basis for genetic improvement and production. The results showed that: (1) there are significant differences in phenotypic variation among populations; The range of variation coefficient was 17.64%-28.79%, the average was 22.53%. (2) In 13 populations, P2 Simpson, Shannon and Brilliouin diversity index was the highest, P13 diversity index was the lowest; The diversity index of branching angle phenotypic trait was the largest and ground diameter diversity index was the smallest. (3) The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 0.265 4, phenotypic variation among population is 26.54% and within population is 73.46%. (4) The PCA analysis showed that leaf area, leaf perimeter, leaf length, leaf petiole length and leaf width contributed significantly to the grouping. Cluster analysis used Euclidean distance among populations showed that 13 populations could be divided into four groups. Mantel test showed that geographic distance is not significantly associated with phenotypic Euclidean distance (r=0.192 3，P=0.08 2). Research showed that breeding population of different clones was the main research direction of S. psammophila breeding; Edge population phenotypic traits had formed the geographical variation trend; High genetic diversity is material basis of the S. psammophila adaptability.

Abstract:The tenfold dilution method was used to isolate and purify the desert microalgae from the sand samples that collected from the Yuli County, Xinjiang; and the 18S rDNA gene was used for molecular analysis of the isolates; the morphological characteristics of 5 microalgae were observed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the biochemical content of the 5 microalgae was also determined. The results indicated that: (1) total of 23 microalgae were isolated; and the phylogenetic tree inferred based on the 18 rDNA gene showed that those isolates were the members of five different genera, Chlorosarcinopsis, Marvania, Chlorella, Protosiphon and Chlamydomonas respectively, among which the number of species belong to Chlorosarcinopsis was occupied 60.87% of all isolates. (2) The growth curve of the five species was indicated “S” shape and their optimum growth temperature was around 25-35℃. (3) The biomass of the five strains were all lower than that of control group (CC127); whereas, the total protein content was higher than that of CC127, except XLDM4, and the protein content of the four strains，XLDB4, XLDB6, XLDB9, XLDM5，were equivalent to 1.57, 2.13, 1.07, 1.21 times of the control group, respectively. The fatty acid content of those five species mainly comprised of unsaturated fatty acids, among which the 18C unsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid / isooctadecanoic acid) is the highest, 44.88% in XLDB9; and 16C saturated fatty acid was in the second place which was 37.88% in XLDM4. This study provides a reference for the development and application of microalgae resources in extreme environments and the preliminary discussion on the geology and ecological environment evolution of Taklamakan desert.

Abstract:The method for profiling and identification of anthocyanins in flowers was established by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique with grape hyacinth (Muscari latifolium) as the material. The influence of configuration of mobile phase, initial and maximum percentage of organic phase, flow rate, on separation effect was studied and the feasibility of the method was verified. The structure of the components was further identified by high pressure liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLCMS) to study the flower color mechanism. The results showed that: (1) the extracts were separated on a Tosoh C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with 0.1% methanoic acid80% acetonitrile as mobile phases by gradient elution. The flow rates was 0.8 mL/min and the column temperature was 35 ℃. (2) Anthocyanins showed a good linear relationship at a range of 0.001-1 mg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0. 999 8. The limit of detection was 0.1 μg/mL. The recovery rate was between 94.4%-99.8% with the relative standard deviation 1.42%. (3) The results showed that six anthocyanin components were detected in petals of M. latifolium, including delphinidin 3Oglucoside, petunidin 3Oglucoside, malvidin 3Oglucoside, pelargonidin3Ocaffeoylsophoroside5Oarabinoside,cyanidin and cyanidin3O(pcoumaroyl)glucoside5Omalonylglucoside.

Abstract:This paper reported one of Chinas new recorded species (Didymodon validus Limpr.) in Didymodon. The moss was distributed in Europe and Central Asia. The characteristics of the D. validus Limpr.: it is twisted or incurved when dry; leaf is longer; Costa wide at leaf apex, longexcurrent; Leaf cells smooth and without warts. In this paper, the taxonomic features, habitat, geographical distribution and characteristic comparison of related species are described. Meanwhile, ink drawing of the new recorded species was made.

Abstract:In type specimens deposited at China National Herbarium (PE), Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, we found the types of some taxon names in Sympetalae from China to be syntyped under Article 9.5 of International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), including Pedicularis alaschanica Maxim., P. chinensis Maxim., P. recurva Maxim., P. rhodotricha Maxim., P. rudis Maxim., P. torta Maxim. and Veronica szechuanica Batal. in Scrophulariaceae, Incarvillea compacta Maxim., I. variabilis Batal., I. variabilis Batal. var. fumariaefolia Batal. and I. variabilis Batal. var. przewalskii Batal. in Bignoniaceae, Briggsia mairei Craib, Chirita forrestii Anthony and Didissandra primulaeflora Batal. in Gesneriaceae. According to Article 8.1, 9.11 and 9.12, and Recommendation 9A.3, lectotypes for these fourteen names are here designated.