Abstract:In this study，an encoding monoterpene synthase gene named as CsTPS was isolated from the transcriptome database with GenBank accession number KY829105，and its fulllength cDNA sequence was cloned using RTPCR technique from the tea plant of Tieguanyin cultivar. CsTPS was 2 077 bp in length，containing a 1 752 bp open reading frame（ORF）which encoded 583 amino acid. It was predicted that CsTPS protein containing two aspartic acid enriched motifs, RRx8W and RxR conserved domains，and a chloroplast transit peptide in the Nterminal region. The homology analysis showed that CsTPS was homologous to the monoterpene synthase sequence of various plants，and had 74%，71% and 66% similarity with Daucus carota subsp. Sativus αterpineol synthase，Eleutherococcus trifoliatus limonene synthase and Ricinus communis monoterpene synthase，respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CsTPS and several monoterpene synthase of various plants were clustered into TPSb subfamily. Expression analysis showed that CsTPS was upregulated in the processing of White tea withering，Oolong tea zuoqing and Black tea fermentation. In conclusion, CsTPS might be correlated to aroma formation in the tea processing.

Abstract:We used Xu rice No.4 as materials, Oryza sativas transient expression vectors were constructed and the method of bioinformatics and RTPCR were used to design the semiquantitative and quantitative primers of five OsCaMs. We identified the OsCaMs gene induced by ABA and analyzed its physiological function to lay the foundation for further research on the core components of ABA signal transduction. （1）The results showed that their CDS are 450 bp. Treatment with 100 μmol·L_-1ABA could induce the gene expression of OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 obviously. （2）The vectors (35SOsCaM11YFP, 35SOsCaM12YFP) were then transformed into rice protoplasts by PEG method. Subcellular localization analysis by confocallaser microscopy showed that the two genes are located in the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma. Then the doublestranded RNA interference (RNAi) of OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 were constructed. （3）The analysis of transient expression and RNAi silencing of OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 in rice protoplasts indicated that OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 required for ABAinduced have an obvious influence on the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The activities of antioxidant protective enzymes APX and SOD in rice protoplasts were significantly increased by 35% and 31%, respectively, after ABA induction, overexpressing the two genes in the protoplasts resulted in a fold increase in APX and SOD activities between 1.15 and 1.45 fold. APX and SOD activities were reduced by between 25% and 30% when silencing OsCaM11 and OsCaM12. （4）Treating the rice with H₂O₂, we found that exogenous H₂O₂(10 mmol·L_-1 ) treatment can induce gene expression of OsCaM11 and OsCaM12. And overexpressing OsCaM12 in protoplast increased the production of H₂O₂. （5）The analysis of transient expression in rice protoplasts showed that overexpression of OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 can induce gene expression of OsrbohB and OsrbohE; while overexpression of OsrbohB and OsrbohE can induce gene expression of OsCaM11 and OsCaM12.So between OsCaMs and Osrbohs exists a positive feedback regulation mechanism. Overall, OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 are homologous genes involved in the regulation of antioxidant defense by ABA, these 2 genes can regulate the activities of oxidative protective enzymes in ABA signaling. OsCaM11 and OsCaM12 are induced not only by ABA, but also by H₂O₂ and they are induced by ABA through H₂O₂.

Abstract:By comparison to the amino acid sequence of OsAGO7 in rice with BLASTP tool, PpAGO7 gene was cloned from Physcomitrella patens; and the expression pattern was analyzed by realtime PCR. The full length sequence of PpAGO7 was 3 583 bp, containing a 3 363 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encoded a protein of 1 120 amino acids. Realtime PCR analysis showed that PpAGO7 gene was expressed throughout the whole life cycle of P. patens. The expression level of PpAGO7 gene in cormophyte period was higher than that in protonema period, and the expression level in the upper part of mimicry leaf was the highest. These results indicated that PpAGO7 gene may play an important role in the growth and development of mimicry leaf in cormophyte.

Abstract:In this study, Prunus salicina Lindli. var. cordata J.Y.Zhang et al was chosen as experiment material, the dilution pool PCR method was used to screen a normalized fulllength cDNA library of P. salicina var. cordata leaves and to obtain 12 the fulllength cDNA of WRKY homologous genes, which are named PsWRKY7, PsWRKY14, PsWRKY20, PsWRKY21, PsWRKY22, PsWRKY29, PsWRKY31, PsWRKY32, PsWRKY33, PsWRKY40, PsWRKY46 and PsWRKY75, respectively. Their length are 1 517, 1 798, 2 098, 1 177, 1 242, 1 396, 2 135, 1 760, 2 113, 1 047, 1 258 and 700 bp, respectively. Their ORF lengths are respective 11 095, 1 572, 1 764, 1 068, 1 071, 1 002, 1 944, 1 602, 1 770, 963, 1 077 and 672 bp. They are encoded as 364, 523, 587, 355, 357, 333, 647, 533, 589, 320, 358 and 223 amino acids, respectively. The results of Real Time PCR showed that PsWRKY expression levels increased significantly after spraying with 1.0mmol/L salicylic acid. This result indicated that PsWRKY might be important regulatory factor for inducing plant defense response by salicylic acid.

Abstract:In order to identify the function of pqqE and GDH genes of Pseudomonas sp. GZJR8 isolated from Hylomecon japonica in the case of dissolved phosphorus, we knocked out pqqE and GDH genes by the homologous recombination technology, marked as ΔpqqE and ΔGDH, and we constructed the complementary strain by electro transformation, marked as ΔpqqE(pqqE) and ΔGDH(GDH). The results of qualitative analysis with insoluble inorganic phosphorus medium (PKO) showed that ΔpqqE and ΔGDH could not produce dissolved phosphorus ring, ΔpqqE(pqqE) and ΔGDH(GDH) could produce dissolved phosphorus ring, compared with the wild type strain (WT). The total amount of available phosphorus produced by WT, ΔpqqE, ΔpqqE(pqqE), ΔGDH and ΔGDH(GDH) was 1 939.000 mg/L, 1 279.000 mg/L, 1 999.000 mg/L, 439.000 mg/L and 2 314.000 mg/L, respectively. Compared with WT, ΔpqqE decreased by 1.52 times, ΔpqqE(pqqE) increased by 1.03 times, ΔGDH decreased by 4.42 times, and ΔGDH(GDH) increased by 1.19 times. The pH of the supernatant after centrifugation of the culture medium showed that the pH of WT, ΔpqqE, ΔpqqE(pqqE), ΔGDH and ΔGDH(GDH) was 4.08, 4.34, 4.03, 4.71 and 4.00, respectively. Compared with WT, ΔpqqE increased by 1.06 times, ΔpqqE(pqqE) decreased by 0.27 times, ΔGDH increased by 1.15 times, ΔGDH(GDH) decreased by 1.02 times. The research showed that pqqE and GDH genes had the ability to dissolve phosphorus, in which ΔpqqE和ΔGDH were lower than WT, but they did not completely lose it, while the complementary strains could restore the ability. The Pseudomonas sp. GZJR8 isolated from Hylomecon japonica could dissolve phosphorus through the acidproducing mechanism. It had potential application value in agricultural production.

Abstract:In order to provide scientific and theoretical support for Salix psammophila germplasm management, identify of genets, selective breeding, genetic improvement and fingerprint, we selected 22 pairs of primers with high polymorphism and used capillary electrophoresis to detect PCR products based on TPM13SSR technique to analysis genetic differentiation and genetic structure of S. psammophila. The results showed that: (1) 22 pairs of ESTSSR primers detected a total of 222 alleles, the average number of alleles (A) was 10, the sum of tetraploid genotypic richness(G) and number of unique genotypes (G₁) were 1 460 and 802, the average of rate of unique genotypes (P₁) and rate of identified germplasms (P₂) were 45.86% and 13.21%, respectively. (2) In nine populations, the average number of alleles (A) was 7.475, the genotype richness (G) was 15.586, observed heterozygosity (H_o) and expected heterozygosity (H_e) were 0.577 and 0.638, respectively. Based on the expected heterozygosity (H_e) standard, the highest genetic diversity of populations was P1 and P9. (3) Genetic differentiation coefficient (G_st) was only 0.02. AMOVA molecular variation analysis showed that most of the genetic variation within populations (97%). The variation among populations was only 3%. (4) Threedimensional principal coordinate analysis, cluster and structure analysis showed that 9 populations were divided into 2 groups. Mantel test showed significant correlation of S. psammophila genetic distance and geographic distance (r=0.684 P<0.001). The results showed that the rich of genetic diversity Salix germplasm was the molecular of adaptability, drought resistant, cold resistant, high temperature, strong wind erosion and sand burying; Most of genetic variation were within populations; The distribution population showed a tendency of expansion and differentiation from central to marginal populations.

Abstract:The object of this work was to explore the intrinsic factors of phenotypic differentiation among natural populations of Styrax dasyanthus Perkins. The genetic diversity of 6 natural populations of S. dasyanthus was analyzed by 14 phenotypic traits and microsatellite markers. The results showed that:（1） there was significant differentiation in 14 phenotypic traits among populations and within population. The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient (V_st) was 22.64%, and the phenotypic variation of populations of S. dasyanthus within population was higher than that among populations, which indicated that the phenotypic variation mainly from variance within population. （2） a total of 43 alleles were identified in 87 individuals by 4 microsatellite primers, with a mean value of 10.63 alleles per primer and the average percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 100%. The mean observed heterozygosity (H_o) and expected heterozygosity (H_e), Shannons information index (I) were 0.659, 0.811, 1.894, respectively. The genetic diversity within population (H_s) was up to 0.811, and the genetic diversity among populations (D_st) was only 0.110. The genetic differentiation coefficient (F_st) among populations was 0.118, indicating that the percentage variation among populations was 11.8%, and the percentage variation within population was 88.2%, which was consistent with the conclusion of phenotypic variation research roughly. The test results of phenotypic traits and microsatellite markers showed that there was abundant genetic variation in the natural population of S. dasyanthus, and the higher genetic flow (N_m=2.050) allowed the genetic variation among populations to be less than that within population.

Abstract:In order to investigate the karyotype characteristics and evolutionary relationships among malabar spinach (Basella alba) from different producing origins, we used eight cultivars of malabar spinach from seven origins as plant materials, and analyzed chromosome karyotypes using conventional pressed slice method. We also conducted the karyotype evolutionary tendency and principal component analysis in the present study. The results showed that: (1) the chromosome numbers in all cultivars of malabar spinach were 2n=2x=44, and no abnormal chromosomes was found. The chromosome types included metacentric chromosomes (m) and submetacentric chromosomes (sm), while the amount of m was more than sm in all cultivars. (2) The significant differences on karyotype formula, karyotype type, the location of satellites (SAT), ratio of chromosome length (L/S), arm ratio, and range of chromosome relative length were observed among malabar spinach from different origins. Although each cultivar of malabar spinach owned one pair SAT, the locations of SAT were distinct among different cultivars. (3) The karyotype types contained 1A, 1B and 2A according to Stebbins classification criteria, and the high frequency was found on 1A, which in five cultivars. (4) The ratio of chromosome length (L/S) ranged from 1.51 to 2.06, and average arm ratio ranked from 1.30 to 1.48 among malabar spinach from different origins. The chromosome, which the arm ratio was more than 2, was only found in Jilin ‘Lifeng’ and Jiangxi ‘Hangcheng’. (5) The karyotype asymmetry index (As.K) of eight cultivars were from 56.25% to 59.17%, which implied the karyotype of malabar spinach was symmetrical and primitive. Among the cultivars, the karyotype of Hebei ‘Jinfa’ was the most primitive, and the karyotype of Jiangxi ‘Hangcheng’ was the most evolutive. The results provide a reference basis for the cytogenetics study of malabar spinach (Basella alba).

Abstract:In order to study the cell structure and nutrient accumulation characteristics during megaspore and female gametophyte development in Lycium barbarum, we used semithin sectioning and histochemical methods in this study. The main results were as follows: (1) in L. barbarum the ovules attached to the central axis of the ovary which has more locules, and ovules are of anatropous, simple integument and thin nucellus; (2) archesporial cell can directly develop into megaspore mother cell. After meiosis the megasporocyte divided into linear type tetrads. The megaspore in the chalazal end developed into functional one. The development of embryo sac belongs to the polygonum type. The mature embryo sac is surrounded by integument tapetum; (3) in the early period, there were almost no nutrients accumulated in peripheral tissue, but a lot of starch grains appeared in the mature embryo sac, and there are more starch grains in micropylar end than in the chalazal end. The mature embryo sac was composed of an egg apparatus, one central cell with secondary nucleus, 3 antipodal cells; (4) the synergid contained obvious filiform apparatus, which had PAS positive reaction, presented the nature of the polysaccharide. At the mature embryo sac stage, some nucellar cells at the chalazal region differentiated into hypostase.

Abstract:The morphological characters of leaf epidermis of 9 species and 2 varieties (21populations) of Ostericum Hoffm. were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The leaf epidermal surfaces of Ostericum are smooth normally, and epidermal cell contours are invisible or distinct with polygonal or irregular shape or invisible. Most primary waxy ornamentations are dense stripes (thick), and some species have single or double ridged secondary or namentations, or branched or granular attachment structures; the abaxial epidermals also have stripes waxy ornamentations, which are evenly distributed for most species, while for a few species the waxy ornamentations only occur around the stoma or convex/concave parts, and stomatal shape is ellipse or fusiform with rough or smooth surface. These results show that the morphological characteristics have certain intraspecific stability and interspecies diversity, especially the width and the density of the primary ornamentation, the secondary ornamentation and the shape of the stomatal apparatus, which are probably have a potential significantce for the genetic relationship and taxonomic revision of the genus and its members.

Abstract:We took the adzuki bean cultivar ‘Jin adzuki bean 5’ and growth promoting bacteria Bacillus ZJMP5 as materials, set different nitrogen dosage and concentration of bacteria treatments, and determined agronomic characters, physiological characteristics and nitrogen content under different treatments by pot experiments at seedling stage. The effect of different Bacillus ZJMP5 and nitrogen treatments on growth and development of adzuki bean seedlings was analyzed, and the optimum growth promoting bacteria concentration level was screened. The aim is to improve the seedling quality and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of adzuki bean, and provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high quality cultivation. The results showed that: (1) under the same concentration of bacteria fluid, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root area, root volume and average root diameter initially increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate; However the max root length showed a decline; Furthermore, the contents of soluble sugar and MDA in the roots decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the activities of SOD, POD in root and root activities initially increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen rate; the soluble protein content in the root, NR activity and nitrogen uptake of plant rose with increasing nitrogen rate. (2) Under the equal amount of nitrogen fertilizer, in addition to soluble sugar and MDA contents in roots with the increase of bacteria concentration firstly decreased and then increased. The other indexes showed a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing; All the indexes in addition to the low nitrogen level (50 mg·kg^-1), the concentration of 10⁸ cfu·mL^-1 bacteria solution reached the maximum value, and the other nitrogen levels reached the highest value at the concentration of 10⁷ cfu·mL^-1 bacteria solution. The study found that reasonable combined application of Bacillus ZJMP5 and nitrogen was beneficial to the nitrogen absorption and growth of adzuki bean, 100 mg·kg^-1 was the best nitrogen (pure nitrogen) level, and 10⁷ cfu·mL^-1 was the best concentration of bacteria, and the agronomic characters, root activity and protective enzyme activities and nitrogen content of the seedlings treated with the combination of the two reached a higher level; Excessive application of nitrogen, bacteria, or the unreasonable proportion of bacteria and nitrogen will lead to dry matter accumulation and nitrogen limitation of seedlings, and then inhibit the normal growth of plants.

Abstract:Pb (200 mg/kg) was put in soil where male and female Populus deltoides were planted after arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) inoculation. Four treatments (check, only AMF pretreatment, only Pb treatment, AMF pretreatment and Pb treatment) were arranged to study responses in total biomass accumulation and distribution, Pb concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities, redox equilibrium, variation of ROS contents in leaves of male and female P. deltoides. Our aim was to understand the effects of AMF inoculation on physiology of male and female P. deltoides in response to Pb pollution, which is helpful for the selection and promotion of P. deltoides in heavy metal polluted areas. The results showed that: (1) Pb pollution exerted a significant influence on the biomass accumulation and distribution, Pb concentration in leaves, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and there were sexspecific differences. Comparing to females, there were lower changes in both rootshoot ratio and ROS content, but a greater increase in activities of both SOD and APX in males. The males exhibited a higher tolerance to Pb stress, while females were more sensitive; (2) The antioxidant enzyme activities and the redox equilibrium in leaves of females were improved by means of AMF inoculation. Symbiosis with AMF promoted the synthesis of antioxidants, but decreased toxic ion accumulation in leaves, the ROS content, and thus the extent of membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves. However, such beneficial effect from mycorrhiza was not obvious in males; (3) The correlation analysis showed that sex as a factor significantly affected all the indexes except total biomass, TG, ASA/DHA, and POD activity. All indexes in our study are affected by Pb pollution very significantly excepting activities of SOD and GR. AMF inoculation highly significantly affected Pb concentration in leaves, TG, ASA/DHA, H₂O₂ content, MDA content, and the activities of SOD and APX. Meanwhile, AMF inoculation as a factor also significantly influenced the total biomass, rootshoot ratio and GR activity. In conclusion, the male P. deltoides are more tolerate to Pb stress than the female. However, the adaptation to Pb pollution of female P. deltoides could be improved by symbiosis with AMF, and the negative effect from Pb stress in females was alleviated by the mutualism with AMF. Due to the increase of Pb accumulating in leaves of males, it seemed that the Pb stress became more severe when inoculated with AMF. The increase of toxic ion accumulation may cover the positive effect of mycorrhiza on males. Therefore, our results suggested that male P. deltoides might be a proper selection for phytoremediation of Pb polluted area severely (Pb＞200 mg/kg).

Abstract:In this study，the high generation potato strains (342 and 201011) were used as experiment materials. The experiment mainly studies the impact of PVY and PVS complex infection on the P_max(maximum net photosynthetic rate),AQE(apparent quantum efficiency),Cond(stomatal conductance),R_d(dark respiration rate),T_r(transpiration rate),I_c(light compensation point),C_i (intercellular carbon dioxide concentration) and I_sat(light saturation point), and the potato qualities consist of tuber yield, dry matter contents, starch contents, reducing sugar contents and crude protein contents. The results shown that: (1) PVS content in leaves of 201011 is significantly lower than that of 342, the PVY content in leaves of 201011 is lower than that of 342 too, but not significantly different. (2) The average yield of per plant of 342 significantly decreased by 48.54%, while 201011 slightly decreased by 19.98% after infection with PVY and PVS complex virus. The dry matter contents reduced separately by 6.9% and 0.66%, respectively. The starch respectively decreased 8.06% and 3.38%, but not significantly different. However, the crude protein contents increased significantly by 14.05% and 29.17%, while the contents of reducing sugar decreased significantly by 11.11% and 14.29%. The dry matter contents of 342 significantly reduced by 6.9%,while 201011 reduced by 0.66%, but not significantly different. In photosynthetic parameters，SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) values significantly reduced by 13.37% and 20.1%, respectively. P_max significantly decreased by 32.48% and 4.54%，but other photosynthetic parameters were not significantly changed. This study suggests that the complex infection with PVY and PVS can decrease the contents of SPAD which affects the photosynthesis. Virus infection simultaneously restrained reducing sugar and starch contents in tubers. However, the infection promotes the accumulation of crude protein in tubers.

Abstract:The study used spatial distribution to replace time succession. We chose typical nondegraded meadow and degraded meadow plots in Maqin County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. Three 5 m×5 m quadrats were set up, plant and soil samples were taken in the morning from the end of June to September, and physiological indexes of Kobresia humilis, was measured to explore the effects of environment changes caused by degradation of Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow on physiological characteristics of K. humilis under natural conditions. The results showed that: (1) compared to nondegraded meadow, the available nitrogen content significantly reduced in degraded meadow (P<0.01), but the available phosphorus content and available potassium content significantly increased (P<0.05); The overall performance of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents were lower in nondegraded meadow than that in degraded meadow. (2) In degraded meadow, SOD activity of K. humilis leaves decreased in late growth stage (reduced by 4%), the trend of GSH content in two plots was basically the same. (3) The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in the leaves of K. humilis in degraded meadow were lower than that in nondegraded meadow at late growth stage (reduced by 17.6% and 34.9%, respectively), and significantly decreased in September (P<0.01). (4) After middle growth stage, the contents of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves of K. humilis of degraded meadow decreased more quickly than that of nondegraded meadow, and the contents were low (18.84% and 20.68%, respectively). (5) The generate velocity of O^-·₂ in the leaves of K. humilis in degraded meadow was higher than that in nondegraded meadow in September(P<0.01). These results indicate that K. humilis has higher ROS scavenging ability and osmotic adjustment ability. Environment change caused by degradation maybe the inner reason that resulted in K. humilis antioxidant capacity decrease and aging more earlier in late growth stage.

Abstract:This essay inquired into the effects of waterlogging and waterlogging recovery treatments on the photosynthetic characteristics and root activity and morphology of the triennial Paeonia ostii. Compared with the control groups (seedlings under normal condition), and thus explored the mechanism of tree peonies in response to waterlogging and recovery. The results revealed that: (1) waterlogging significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and root activity compared with the control groups. The more waterlogging time, the more reduction. However, the intercellular CO₂ concentration decreased first then increased during the waterlogging. The root activity was the largest decrease in the parameters, only 2.34% of the control groups. The roots are almost black, rotten and even fell off at the waterlogging of 168 h. (2) The decline of photosynthesis was closely related to the regulation of stomatal limitation during the waterlogging of 120 h. However, nonstomatal limitation became the limiting factor of photosynthesis at the waterlogging of 168 h. (3) Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration and root activity of waterlogging recovery groups, went through waterlogging of 72 h, all rose significantly after recovery of 120 h. Net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO₂ concentration of recovered seedlings increased to the level similar to the control by 168 h. Most of the roots appeared white and relatively developed, and the roots recovered to the normal state. It proves that Paeonia ostii is quick and sensitive to waterlogging. Although subject to waterlogging, it has strong ability of recovery. The research provides theoretical basis for cultivation and management of tree peonies.

Abstract:Six E. sibiricus accessions from Northeast Margin of QinghaiTibet Plateau were used as materials in this study. We evaluated the seed shattering degree at different developmental stages by breaking tensile strength (BTS), and analyzed the correlation between shattering degree, agronomic traits and geographic information. It could provide some conferences for seed production and screening of low seed shattering germplasm in E. sibiricus. The results showed that: (1) E. sibiricus possessed the lower seed shattering degree at WAH1 and WAH2, shattering degree increased at WAH3 and WAH4. Ultimately, seed shattering degree reached the highest at WAH5 (BTS=0.52 N); ZHN03 had lower seed shattering degree at all tested stages when compared with other accessions, and XH09 had the highest seed shattering degree at WAH5 (BTS=0.33 N). (2) Six agronomic traits of E. sibiricus with low seed shattering and high seed shattering had similar changes during the seed shattering; Seed shattering had close relationships with 5 agronomic traits in E. sibiricus. BTS was significantly positive correlation with panicle length, number of spikelet and number of floret per spikelet, and highly significantly positive correlation with awn length and thousand kernel weight. (3) Panicle length of E. sibiricus had a significantly negative correlation to latitude; Awn length was significantly negative correlation with latitude; Thousand kernel weight had a highly significantly negative correlation to longitude, and had a highly significantly positive correlation to altitude; BTS was significantly positive correlation with number of spikelet, and highly significantly positive correlation with awn length and number of floret per spikelet, but had no significant correlation with geographical distribution. (4) The materials in this study were clustered into three clusters according to agronomic traits. Cluster Ⅰ (HZ02, LT04 and XH09) had high seed shattering. Cluster Ⅱ (MQ01 and LQ03) had medium seed shattering. Cluster Ⅲ, ZHN03, had the lowest seed shattering. The study found that seed shattering of E. sibiricus increased along with seed maturation; The seed shattering degree varied with different materials and seed developmental stages, and all accessions had significant difference at WAH4 and WAH5; Seed shattering of E. sibiricus had close correlation with its panicle length, number of spikelet, awn length, thousand kernel weight and and number of floret per spikelet.

Abstract:Three typical Emmenopterys henryi communities were selected from Dawei Mountain and Bamian Mountain in Hunan Province. According to the analysis of the important values, species diversity, age structure, life table and survival curve of E. henryi populations, and the comparison of other three E. henryi communities in different regions, we discussed the effect of different latitude and site habitat to the age structure and succession dynamic of E. henryi populations. The results are as follows: (1) the dominant populations of the E. henryi community in Bamian Mountain upstream are Ulmus castaneifolia, E. henryi, Cyclocarya paliuru; and in Dawei Mountain downstream are Dalbergia hupeana, E. henryi, Camellia oleiferawy while the dominant populations of the E. henryi community in Bamian Mountain are Juglans cathayensis, E. henryi, Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia. (2) One hundred and eighteen species in 96 genera of 60 families compose the E. henryi community of Dawei Mountain upstream and the E. henryi community of Dawei Mountain contains 76 families 120 genera with 163 species. Their proportions of temperate genera of seed plants are higher than that of tropical genera, which shows the subtropical montane proportion of geographical elements. One hundred and eight species in 95 genera of 61 families compose the E. henryi community of Bamian Mountain. (3) According to the age frequency distribution and the survival analysis, the succession stages of E. henryi population are different in those communities, the E. henryi is a decaying population in the upstream of Dawei Mountain, while it is a stable population in the downstream of Dawei Mountain. It is representative of the growth population in the E. henryi community of Bamian Mountain. (4) Through the comparative analysis, latitude, bareness degree of rock, canopy density, growth conditions of dominant populations in the community, artificial destructiveness are the factors that affect the growth tendency of E. henryi population. In conclusion, we suggest that it should strengthen the further monitoring to the two E. henryi communities in Dawei Mountain. Through the reference to the growth conditions of E. henryi population in Bamian Mountain, proper human intervention and administration to the bareness degree of rock and canopy density are necessary for the two communities to guarantee healthy growth of E. henryi population.

Abstract:Based on the observed data from 288 plots in tree layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer in a Symplocos sumuntia secondary forest community in Bifengxia, we quantitatively analyzed the niche characteristics of main species in these three different layers in a S. sumuntia secondary forest community and similarity of community species using Levins and Hurlber niche breadth, Pianka niche overlapping indices, and Sφrensens similarity coefficient. By revealing the interference relationship of secondary forest community in Bifengxia, it demonstrated the main species in different layers can be changed in adapting the environment and relative status, which clarified the ecological adaptability of the species. It provided a theoretical basis for the stability of the ecosystem. The results suggested: (1) S. sumuntia with higher capability of adapting to environment and resources in the investigated habitat had wide niche breadth under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance, which was the major species of community composition. With the increasing of disturbances, the niche breadth of Theaceae increased in the tree layer, and the niche breadth of Cyclobalanopsis glauca increased first and then decreased. The niche breath of Cunninghamia lanceolata decreased but that of Phoebe neuranthoides increased in shrub layer under severe disturbance, and the niche breadth for most other species were the lowest under medium disturbance. In the herbaceous layer, the niche breath for Dryopteris erythrosora increased under severe disturbance with wider adaptive range. (2) Under severe disturbance, the overlap values for S. sumuntia and Ilex chinensis in tree layer increased. Under medium disturbance, the overlap values of Rubus lambertianus and Symplocos stellaris only appear in the shrub layer. With increasing disturbances, the overlap niche values of Vittaria flexuosa disappear, and the same values of D. erythrosora appear and become high. The overlap niche values of main populations in all layers became minimum under medium disturbance. (3) The Sφrensens similarity coefficient between tree layer and herbaceous layer is higher than 0.8; in shrub layer, the Sφrensens similarity coefficient of severemedium disturbance level, mediumslight disturbance level and severeslight disturbance level were 0.636, 0.746 and 0.608, respectively. In conclusion, under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance, the interspecies competition caused the utilization of resources is more intense in the S. sumuntia forest, the distributed pattern of species community and succession direction are affected and the species community of forest becomes unstable.

Abstract:Based on vegetation investigation data in the Ulanbuh Desert, we used a combination analytical method of species diversity and population connectivity to evaluate the survival status of rare plant community (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus),and to further reveal the stability and update of plant community and its succession trend. The result shows that: （1）the species composition of A. mongolicus community is abundant. There are 25 species associated with the A. mongolicus, including 12 species of shrubs and 13 species of herbaceous plants. （2）Species diversity level of the shrub layer is higher than that of the herb layer. But one thing is similar whether it is shrub or herbaceous that species diversity values of the A. mongolicus community in fixed dune habitat are all very large. The decrease of species uniformity is the main reason for the decrease of herbaceous layer diversity. （3）Interspecific overall association analysis shows that there has a slight positive correlation between the species in the shrub layer. However, even the species with low connectivity may also have a higher chance of accompanying.（4）In the case of interspecific connections, most species are positively connected or have less connectivity. The interaction relationship between A. mongolicus and other species are very small and nonsignificant, indicating that the distribution and existence of the plant are not affected by other species and have independent distribution characteristics. The results suggest that we can protect and choose other species which have strong positive associations with A. mongolicus to maintain the living environment of the A. mongolicus community, thus improve the stability of the community, and ultimately achieve the purpose of effective protection.

Abstract:In order to define the relationship between the soil mechanical composition and the nutrient in desert grassland, we studied four typical grassland communities in desert grassland of Yanchi Country, Ningxia. We analyzing the changes of soil particle size distribution (PSD) and the nutrient content of soil surface (0-5 cm), subsurface (5-10 cm), deep soil layer (10-15 cm) in different communities (Caragana korshinskii, Artemisia ordosica, Agropyron mongolicum,Stipa breviflora). We also explored the correlation of soil structure and soil nutrients. The results showed that: (1) soil particle size distribution of four typical grassland communities showed a trend of normal distribution, and significant difference in different communities(P＜0.05).The content of particle size of 100-500 μm had a significant influence of PSD. The different communities showed bigger difference than that of different habitats and different layers; (2) In addition to the total phosphorus(TP), soil nutrients decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth. The canopy is greater than the plexus and showed a special “fertilizer island effect” in desert grassland. And distribution characteristics of different communities showed: C. korshinskii＞S. breviflora＞A. mongolicum＞A. ordosica. The content of available nutrient was relatively higher and all communities reached the appropriate level; (3) Soil nutrient was significantly correlated with PSD. In addition to the available phosphorus (AP), the soil nutrients were positively correlated with soil fractal dimension (D). The particle sizes of 100-250 μm and 250-500 μm were significantly negatively or extremely significantly negatively correlated with the soil nutrients (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The clay and silt play a main role in the process of organic and inorganic cement and maintaining a good soil structure.

Abstract:Korean pine mixed forest is one of the most important vegetation in northeast China. It plays an important role in alleviating global climate change, guaranteeing the wooden product supply and maintaining biological diversity. Four plots located at the 52^thand 54^th compartments, Dongdapo nature preserve, Jiaohe, Jilin province, were analyzed by using the univariate distribution (UDSSP) and bivariate distribution (BDSSP) of stand structural parameters and nonlinear model (NLM), with the purpose to clear the relationship between coniferous and hardwood species, which may contribute to the reconstruction of lowproduct secondary forests. These stands stood for Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. and Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc. mixed forest and Juglans mandshurica Maxim. and P. koraiensis mixed forest, respectively. The results showed that: (1) Most conifers were in a state of high mixture and dominance, and only few belonged to the middle or inferior plants; the majority of hardwoods were also intensely surrounded by other species and the ones with different dominance showed an equal number; (2) Many individuals were intensely mixed and randomly distributed at the same time, the slightly difference was conifers biased towards regularity when compared with hardwoods; (3) Most conifers were randomly distributed and had advantage on sizes, while few medium or inferior trees had the same pattern. Hardwoods with different dominance were randomly distributed and only few were regular or clump; (4) Their diameter classes were well expressed by power function or exponential functions. These features revealed that spatial patterns and diameter distributions were closely similar within different types of forest stand and differed from conifers to hardwood species groups.

Abstract:Melatonin is an indoleamine, which plays a significant role in regulation of the physiological activities and stresstolerance of plants. This study employed Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLCMS/MS) and measured the changes of melatonin content in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape leaves and roots under the conditions of salt and drought stress, respectively, and explored the physiological functions and regulation mechanisms of melatonin in response to stress. The results showed that: (1) the UPLCMS/MS method for determination of melatonin was optimized, and melatonin was extracted from different grape tissues by the method of ultrasonication. The HPLC condition was as follows: The analytes were separated using an Agilent Eclipse XDBC18（1.8 μm，3.0×50 mm）at 42 ℃ with linear elution gradient at 0.2 mL/min flow rate. The injection volume was 1 μL. Mass spectrometric conditions: The electrospray was operated under the positive ionization mode and the sample was identified by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The ion of monitor was at m/z 233→174. The established method exhibited high specificity and sensitivity, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 7%. In addition, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantity (LOQ) was 0.04 ng/mL and 0.12 ng/mL, respectively. (2) The treatments of drought and salt stress significantly increased the melatonin content in leaves and roots of grape seedlings, and the increase range of melatonin content was enlarged with the increasing degree of stress treatment. After the seedlings were treated with 120 mmol/L NaCl, the melatonin content of grape roots and leaves reached 627.25 and 3 220.42 pg/g, respectively, which was about 7 times higher than that of control seedlings. When treated with 10% PEG6000, the content of melatonin in roots and leaves was much higher than that in the control group. As a conclusion, UPLCMS/MS is an accurate and efficient method for the detection of endogenous melatonin in plants. the melatonin biosynthesis in grape is a response to stress, indicating that melatonin may play a vital role in alleviating abiotic stress in grape tissues.

Abstract:The present study aimed to establish an efficient and stable separation method of Potentilla anserina callus protoplast, which were induced from root tuber of Qinghai Juema No.4. The design method of L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experimental was adopted to optimize the combination conditions. The effects of some factors on the separation of Potentilla anserina callus protoplast were investigated, including enzyme combination, digestiontime, mannitol concentration and centrifugal speeds. The results indicated that the sequential order of every factor for protoplast yield was enzyme combination, digestion time, mannitol concentration and centrifugal speeds.The optimal enzyme solution for protoplast isolation was 2.0% cellulase R10 + 0.75% Pectinase Y23 + 0.5 mol/L mannitol.The digestion was conducted on constanttemperature shaker with 40 r/min at 25 ℃ for 10h in dark and centrifugation with 1 000 r/min for 6 min for protoplast collection.The protoplast yield amounted to 8.96×10⁵ cells/g and the vitality was up to 92.77%.

Abstract:Several new records were found in the process of the forth national survey on Chinese material medica resources of Shennongjia National Nature Reserve in Hubei from 2011 to 2013. Among these species, we make a report on Brassicaceae in this article, which include three new record genera and its corresponding three new record species. Megadenia pygmaea Maximowicz belongs to Megadenia Maximowicz and Neotorularia humilis(C. A. Meyer) Hedge & J. Léonard belongs to Neotorularia Hedge & J. Léonard, Sisymbrium luteum(Maximowicz) O. E. Schulz belongs to Sisymbrium Linnaeus. At the same time, we make an analysis on its geographical distribution. Not only can it enrich our knowledge on these three species, but also it can help us study plant diversity and floristic composition in Hubei.