Abstract:In this research, according to the SmDL7H gene sequence of transcriptome of Swertia mussotii, we obtained the cDNA complete sequences by using method of homologous cloning, bioinformatics analysis, constructed prokaryotic expression vector, transformed into Escherichia coli and tissuespecific expression analysis, in order to identify the function of the 7deoxyloganic acid7hydroxylase（SmDL7H）which is a key enzyme of the secoiridoid pathway in the S. mussotii. This work will also provide a foundation to study the secoiridoid pathway in S. mussotii. The results showed that: (1) SmDL7H gene from S. mussotii (GeneBank accesion number: MH243070) was cloned; SmDL7H gene open reading frame（ORF）of SmDL7H was 1 554 bp in length, which encoded 517 amino acids, with the isoelectric point of 9.02 and molecular mass of 59.5 kD; bioinformatics forecasted the SmDL7H protein with no signal peptide. (2) Phylogenetic analysis showed that SmDL7H protein shares high identity with Gentiana rigescens, Catharathus roseus, Cinchona calisaya and etc plants. (3) SmDL7H gene connected with expression vector pET28a and then transformed into E.coil Rosetta（DE3）for heterologous expression. The recombinant protein was induced by 0.1 mol/L IPTG at 25 ℃ for 12 h. Prokaryotic expression analysis showed that the expressed protein was 59.5 kD and accorded with our forecast. (4) qRTPCR analysis indicated that SmDL7H was expressed in leaves, stems, flowers, roots and callus, and the highest in leaves, the lowest in roots.

Abstract:The functions of two fatty acid desaturase genes, AmFAD7 and AmFAD8, from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus with very strong tolerance to abiotic stresses were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) AmFAD7 and AmFAD8 gene encode 455 and 457 amino acids, respectively. (2) The semiquantitative RTPCR results showed that for young leaves of the A. mongolicus plants growing in the wild, the expression level of AmFAD7 was very low in summer and quite high in winter, and it was slightly lower in both spring and autumn than that in winter. The expression levels of AmFAD8 in the leaves were higher in spring, autumn, and early winter than those in other months. The expression level of AmFAD7 reduced firstly and then increased obviously, while the expression of AmFAD8 increased slightly compared with that before the treatment in the A.mongolicus seedlings under cold (4 ℃ to -6 ℃ gradient cooling) treatment for 2 to 48 h. Under heat (42 ℃) treatment for 2 to 48 h, the expression of both genes was inhibited, and the suppression of AmFAD7 was particularly rapid and marked. During dehydration (25 ℃) treatment for 2 to 48 h, the expression of AmFAD7 showed an obvious increase, while that of AmFAD8 had a slight decrease. (3) The constructions of plant expression vectors p330035SAmFAD7 and p330035SAmFAD8 of AmFAD7 and AmFAD8 genes were introduced into Arabidopsis to obtain eighteen and sixteen independent transgenic lines, respectively. After being examined by semiquantitative RTPCR, two (F71 and F72) and four (F81 to F84) transgenic lines showed high transcription level of AmFAD7 and AmFAD8, respectively. (4) The relative electrolytic leakage (REL) analysis showed that at normal condition (22 ℃), the REL of AmFAD7 transgenic lines and wild type had no significant difference. After treatment at -1 ℃ for 24 h, the REL levels in F71 and F72 (32.8 % and 36.1%, respectively) were significantly lower than that of wild type (48.5%). And after heat treatment at 37 ℃ for 24 h, the REL levels in F71 and F72 (44.7% and 41.7%, respectively) were significantly higher than that of the wild type (33.2%). In conclusion, the expression of AmFAD7 was induced by cold and dehydration stresses but inhibited by heat stress. The expression of AmFAD8 was induced by cold stress but inhibited by dehydration and heat stresses. Constitutive expression of AmFAD7 in Arabidopsis increased the membrane stability and freezing tolerance under low temperature stress. However, it also increased the membrane damage and heat sensitivity under high temperature stress.

Abstract:In this study, the new species Magnolia wufengensis ‘Jiaohong No.1’ was selected as the research material in Wufeng, Hubei. A SUPERMAN like gene MwZFP10 (GenBank accession MH037314) was cloned with 3′RACE method, based on the 645 bp core fragment related with floral development and the fragment was filtered out from differentially expressed genes based on preLaboratory cDNA library of Magnolia wufengensis. Bioinformatics analysis of MwZFP10 gene showed that the full length of MwZFP10 cDNA was 1 117 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 726 bp encoding 241 amino acids. The protein molecular formula is C₁₁₂₈H₁₇₆₀N₃₂₂O₃₈₃S₁₄, molecular weight is 26.4 kD and isoelectric point is 4.42. The protein contains a conserved domain: the C2H2type zinc finger. Comparative analysis found that MwZFP10 belongs to the SUPERMANlike zinc finger protein, with the “QALGGH” in the N terminal and “L(I)DLXLR(K)L” in the C terminal. αhelix (Hh), extended chain (Ee) and βturn (Bt) constitute are the basic structure of the protein. The tertiary structure of the protein has a typical zinc finger spatial configuration. The protein is hydrophilic and mainly localized in the nucleus. The semiquantitative PCR and quantitative realtime PCR results showed that MwZFP10 was expressed in floral organs, leaf buds and bracts, and the pistil expression was higher in floral organs. MwZFP10 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana is characterized by short and sterile plants, curling leaves, malformation of flower organs, etc. The gene MwZFP10 play an important role in the floral growth and development.

Abstract:In order to study the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid metabolic pathway in Chinese narcissus，we cloned a R2R3MYB gene named NtMYB7 （GenBank accession MF522208）. The sequence analysis showed that NtMYB7 had a 753 bp ORF, encoding 250 amino acids. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that NtMYB7 contained conserved R2 and R3 binding domains. NtMYB7 was grouped with anthocyanin repressors by phylogenetic tree analysis. The expression level of NtMYB7 gene was varied in different organs and different developmental stages of Chinese narcissus and was the highest in basal plates, which was investigated by qRTPCR. Transient expression analysis found NtMYB7 reduced the red pigment induced by the anthocyanin synthesis activating factor StMYB. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that NtMYB7 significantly repressed the expression of tobacco FLS gene which belongs to flavonoid metabolic branch. At the same time, NtMYB7 downregulated the expression of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin synthesis structural genes activated by StMYB in tobacco leaves. The results preliminarily identify NtMYB7 as a repressor of the flavonoid metabolic pathway in Chinese narcissus.

Abstract:In this paper, the hairy roots of T. wilfordii were used as the experimental material. Primers were designed based on the transcriptomic data of T. wilfordii roots. We cloned the two AP2/ERF transcription factors from T. wilfordii hairy roots using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR), separately named TwAP2/ERF1(GenBank accession GAVZ01042389.1) and TwAP2/ERF2(GenBank accession GAVZ01016765.1). The TwAP2/ERF1 gene contained 525 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encoding 186 amino acids. The ORF of the TwAP2/ERF2 gene was 789 bp, which encoding 262 amino acids. Both genes encode proteins that were hydrophilic proteins. The phylogenetic analysis showed that TwAP2/ERF1 was highly similar with Vernicia fordii AP2/ERF (APQ47444.1) and Vernicia montana AP2/ERF(APQ47365.1). TwAP2/ERF2 was closely related to Populus trichocarpa AP2/ERF (XP_002304640.1) and Prunus pseudocerasus AP2/ERF(ALD84477.1). After methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment in T. wilfordii hairy roots, the relative expression of TwAP2/ERF1 gene was significantly increased and reached the highest level at 9 h, which was 16.77 times than the control expression. In the early stage MeJA inhibited the expression of TwAP2/ERF2 gene, but after 48 h the relative expression level increased. These results showed that TwAP2/ERF1 response positively MeJA induction in early stage and probably involve the regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in T. wilfordii. These will provide the basis for elucidating the regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis and for using biotechnology to enhance the content of secondary metabolites in T. wilfordii.

Abstract:The fulllength of cDNA of six CsAQP genes were cloned from tea plant, and named as CsNIP1;1, CsNIP5;1, CsPIP2;1, CsPIP2;2, CsTIP1;1 and CsTIP2;2, respectively, based on the phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarity.Amino acid sequence characteristics analysis showed that their amino acid residues length are ranged from 250 to 301, and those of molecular weight are ranged from 25.186 to 30.728 kD. All CsAQPs are hydrophobic proteins, and have 6 transmembrane helices in each member. Moreover, they are conserved on the characteristic sequence HF/I/VNPA/SI/L/VTI/FA/G, the two NPA (AsnProAla) motifs, and the hourglass fold of MIP protein family. The realtime RTPCR results showed that six CsAQPs were ubiquitously expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, whereas all of them had the highest level in roots, indicating that they might be closely related to the regulation of water transport in the roots of tea plant. The expression patterns of CsAQPs were modulated by ABA, salt, drought and cold treatments, demonstrating that they are involved in the tea plant response to abiotic stress.

Abstract:The plasmalemma Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene was isolated from Nitraria sibirica, referred to as NsSOS1, using homologybased cloning techniques, and its expression characteristics under different stress conditions were investigated. The NsSOS1 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 3 516 bp, encodes a protein of 1 171 amino acids with a molecular weight of 128.34 kD. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the NsSOS1 protein contains 12 transmembrane domains and functional domains conserved in plant SOS1 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NsSOS1 belongs to the same clade to plasmalemma Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters from the other plants and has a close relationship with the KvSOS1 of Malvaceae Kosteletzkya virginica. Quantitative realtime RTPCR showed that the NsSOS1 majorly expressed in roots and leaves of the N. sibirica and its expression levels were regulated by abiotic stress (NaCl, low temperature, drought) and exogenous hormones (MeJA and GA), suggesting that the NsSOS1 gene plays an important role in resisting stress in N. sibirica.

Abstract:The transcriptome of Anemone rivularis var. floreminore was sequenced by Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform to find flower development gene. The result indicated that 54 513 822 sequence reads containing 7 826 726 115 bp nucleotide sequence information were obtained. A total of 43 767 unigenes were formed by initial sequence splicing，with an average read length of 926 bp. Annotation analysis of unigene indicated that 28 130 unigenes had homolog in public protein database. Total 5 015 unigenes included SSRs and the highest frequency was AG/CT，followed by AAG/CTT and ACC/GGT. Through the analysis of transcription factors, 12 MIKCtype MADS genes closely related to flower development were selected，and they were FUL1，FUL2，AP31，AP32，AP33，PI1，PI2，AG1，AG2，SEP1，SEP3 and AGL6. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of FUL1，SEP1，SEP3 and AGL6 were significant up regulate in white，greenwhite，fiveflap and green plants than that in normal flower of A. rivularis var. floreminore，and the expression of 12 genes had no significant difference in normal and extreme variation plants. The expression of AGL6，SEP3，FUL1，PI2 and SEP1 were the main indexes of flower morphogenesis based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). These results greatly enriched genetic information of A. rivularis var. floreminore and provided basic data for the study of mechanism on diversity of floral organ variants in A. rivularis var. floreminore in the future.

Abstract:In order to understand the evolutionary characteristics of miR172 family members and their expression in different tissues, we explored miR172 family members of Chinese kale in this study. The evolution characteristics of miR172s and their expression patterns in different tissues were analyzed. The results showed that：（1） there were 20 miR172 members in Chinese kale. By comparison, all 20 sequences have an overlapping region, in which 8 bases of ACTAGATC are highly conserved. （2）The results of mfold prediction showed that folding free energy of five precursor components of miR172a family ranges from -54.55 kal/mol to -78.60 kal/mol, both of which could spontaneously form a typical and stable stemloop secondary structure. （3） Phylogenetic tree shows that the miR172 in Chinese kale is closely related to Carica papaya miR172. （4） A total of 13 different genes were predicted to be targets of miR172a in Chinse kale and multiple members could also target the same gene. （5）The expression of different members of premiR172a and premiR172b was significantly different in different tissues. The premiR172a1, premiR172a2, premiR172a3 and premiR172b were highly expressed in pods of Chinese kale and the premiR172b5p and premiR172b5p2 were highly expressed in flowers, indicating that miR172 plays an important role in the development of Chinese kale flowers and pods.

Abstract:EMS mutant of NtHMA4，hma44h12，was screened from mutant library of main tobacco cultivar ‘Yunyan 87’ in China by TILLING technology in this study. Sequencing of the mutants showed that the mutation of nucleotides was C152T in the hma44h12, and the mutation of amino acid in the hma44h12 was T51I. The content of cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic, lead and nickel in hma44h12 leaf were decreased by 55.48%, 21.11%, 20.96%, 27.50%, 16.23%, and 19.28% respectively compared with those of control after 100 μmol/L CdCl₂ treatment. hma44h12 was planted in the field and its agronomic traits were observed. Plant height, stem circumference and intermodal length of hma44h12 were decreased significantly compared with those of control. It was speculated that hma44h12 contained mutant loci affecting these traits. The low cadmium mutant, hma44h12, obtained from this study can be used as a material for cultivating low cadmium tobacco varieties. However, the use of this mutant in breeding requires further backcrossing to remove the negative mutation.

Abstract:Tupistra chinensis Baker, belonging to Tupistra KerGawl, Liliaceae, is a perennial herb plant and a rare medicinal plant in China with sparse wildtype resource. In this study, the genome library and microsatellite library of T. chinensis were established for the first time based on the secondgeneration sequencing technology. Then its microsatellite composition was characterized. A set of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers was developed, and T. chinensis and its close ribs were treated by PCR amplification and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detection. It was found that: (1) the genome sequencing and splicing returned 23 362 gene sequences and 1 465 microsatellite loci. In particular, the mononucleotides were the most popular, while the repetition lengths of dinucleotides were the most variable. (2) Fourteen out of 52 pairs of newlydesigned microsatellite primers were amplified into clear strips with rich polymorphism; the number of multiple alleles per locus (N_a) was 2-4 (mean 3.00). The polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.336 9-0.785 6 (mean 0.546 3). (3) The 13 pairs of polymorphism primers asscreened were used to detect the generality of 6 close sibs of T. chinensis, including T. grandistigma, T. delavayi, T. wattii, T. ensifolia, Reineckia carnea, and Rohdea japonica. It was found the majority of the primers could be successfully amplified to the close ribs of T. chinensis, showing high generality. The microsatellite molecular markers of T. chinensis developed here underlie its genetic diversity research and germplasm resource identification in the future.

Abstract:Juniperus sabina was used as material, highthroughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the chloroplast genome of J. sabina, and the structural characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of J. sabina chloroplast genome were analyzed. The results showed that：（1）J. sabina chloroplast genome was 157 739 bp in length, consisting of a large singlecopy region, a small singlecopy region and the two inverted repeat regions with only 261 bp. The cpDNA of J. sabina contains 119 genes including 82 proteincoding genes, 4 rRNA genes and 33 tRNA genes. The trnICAU and trnQUUG genes have two copies, but only trnQUUG is located in the IR region while the other genes are singlecopy genes. （2）Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were 42 579 codons in the chloroplast genome of J. sabina, of which Leu was the most abundant one, and AGA/UUA was the most highly used relative codon. A total of 47 SSRs were predicted in the chloroplast genome of J. sabina. The number of single nucleotides, dinucleotides, and trinucleotides was 38, 1, and 3, respectively; The genome size, genetic composition, and GC content of J. sabina were similar to other junipers. （3） The RAxML software was used with maximum likelihood method to construct phylogenetic tree for a total of 31 species of plants, such as Salicaceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae and Cypress. The results showed that J. sabina has a closer relationship with Juniperus bermudiana and all juniper species form a monophyletic group. The study provided a theoretical basis for enriching the genetic resources of J. sabina for the evaluation and conservation of J. sabina germplasm resources, molecular breeding, development of SSR molecular markers, genetic diversity and phylogeography of population, also provided support for the systematic evolution of J. sabina.

Abstract:To solve some taxonomic problems of Theaceae, 13 leaf epidermal micromorphology characters of 20 species, which are from 2 subfamilies and 6 genera of Theaceae, were observed under light microscope and used for the cluster analysis and principal component analysis, providing reference to scientifical classification of Theaceae. The result illustrated that: (1) the 20 species was well distinguished by the 13 characters and different characters could be used to differentiate various ranks of taxonomic taxon, which showed allaround taxonomic value. (2) The cluster analysis and principle component analyses based on micromorphology characters divided the 20 species into 2 clades and 10 isolates, suggesting that the taxonomy system could well distinguish Theoideae and Ternstroemoideae, and mainly group species with close taxonomic status together, which preferably reflected the relationships between species. (3) This study offered evidence of leaf epidermal micromorphology for the independence of Sect. Luteoflora and supported the segregation of Camellia chungkingensis from Sect. Tuberculata Chang Tax. Besides, this study indicated that dividing Theoideae and Ternstroemoideae into 2 clades was logical, but the viewpoint that Ternstroemoideae and Pentaphylacaceae should be clustered together needs more proof.

Abstract:In this study, cv. MoneyMaker (Solanum lycopersicum L.) wild type and MoneyMaker backgrounded phytochrome B1 mutant (phyB1) were used as the materials. The changes of seedling root morphology indexes, osmotic regulation substance contents, active oxygen species content, antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA content and relative electrolyte permeability in leaf and root under salt stress (100 mmol·L-1 NaCl) were analyzed at the light environment that red light to far red light ratios (R∶FR) were 7.4, 1.2 and 0.8. The aim was to study the effects of different R∶FR values on oxidation resistance ability of tomato seedlings and the role of phyB1 in these effects. The results show that：（1） Under salt stress, wild type tomato seedlings and phyB1 mutant tomato seedlings significantly decreased root morphology indexes (total root length, total root surface area, number of root tips, number of root forks) compared with CK, significantly increased osmotic regulation substance (soluble protein and proline) contents, active oxygen species (O-·2和H2O2 and H2O2) content, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, CAT) activities, MDA content and relative electrolyte permeability in leaf and root compared with CK.（2）Reducing R∶FR value of growth light environment under salt stress, wild type tomato seedlings significantly increased root morphology indexes, osmotic regulation substance contents, antioxidant enzyme activities in leaf and root compared with seedlings under salt stress, significantly decreased active oxygen species content, MDA content and relative electrolyte permeability in leaf and root compared with seedlings under salt stress, but the indexes mentioned above had no significantly different in phyB1 mutant tomato seedlings among different R∶FR values. This research suggests that the lower R∶FR value promoted wild type tomato root growth, increased osmotic regulation substance contents and antioxidant enzyme activities, decreased active oxygen species content in leaf and root, MDA content and relative electrolyte permeability in leaf and root, so that improved the oxidation resistance ability of wild type tomato, promoted the growth of tomato, when R∶FR value was 0.8 the improvement effects of oxidation resistance ability was the best; and phyB1 play an important role in lower R∶FR value improving oxidation resistance ability of tomato.

Abstract:Oriental lily species ‘Siberian’ and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus versiforme were used as materials in this experiment. The NaCl stress (0, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% NaCl solution treatment) and inoculation with AM fungi ［inoculation with F. mosseae, G. versiforme, F. mosseae+G. versiforme and noninoculation treatment］ were tested in two factors under greenhouse conditions. We analyzed the characteristics of hormone balance and cell permeability of lily under different treatments, in order to evaluate the effect of AM fungus on salt tolerance and explore the mechanism of AM fungus enhancing salt tolerance of lily. The results showed that: (1) AM fungus could effectively increase the plant height and biomass of lily plants under salt stress, and significantly improve the salt tolerance of lily. The double inoculation treatment resulted in the increase of plant height, dry weight above ground and underground, reaching 8.9%, 14.5%, and 11.2% respectively as compared with the uninoculated control under 1.2% NaCl stress. (2) AM fungus can significantly increase the contents of mineral element P, K, S and reduce the contents of Na and Fe in leaves of lily plants under salt stress. Compared with the control, the contents of P, K and S in leaves of lily plants with double inoculation treatment were increased 10.9%, 8.3% and 13.7%, while their Na and Fe contents decreased by 28.4% and 66.4% respectively. (3) AM fungus can significantly increase the contents of endogenous hormone indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid under salt stress. The double inoculation treatment was 1.2 times and 1.5 times higher than that in the control under 1.2% NaCl stress, respectively. (4) AM fungus can significantly increase the soluble protein content of lily and significantly decrease its proline content under salt stress. The increase and decrease amplitude of double inoculation treatment was 69% and 31% under the 1.2% NaCl stress. (5) AM fungus can significantly reduce the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity of lily leaves under salt stress. The double inoculation treatment decreased by 58.1% and 9.0% under the stress of 1.2% NaCl, respectively. It can be seen that AM fungus can enhance the tolerance of lily under salt stress by enhancing the absorption of nutrients, reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress, regulating the balance of endogenous hormones and cell permeability, and the effect of double inoculation is better than that of single inoculation.

Abstract:The increase in atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is an important aspect of global change. Numerous studies have shown that longterm N deposition would increase N: phosphorus (P) of ecosystems, leading to the increase of P limitation in ecosystems and hence accelerating the P demand of plants. In this paper, we conducted a 2year (2013-2014) N∶P supply (10 g·m^-2·a^-1 N combined with different P amounts) potcultured experiment for a common desert steppe species Pennisetum centrasiaticum. We determined the effects of N∶P supply on C∶N∶P stoichiometry in both soil and P. centrasiaticum (leaves and belowground parts). We also analyzed the indication of C∶N∶P stoichiometry for the growth and nutrient utilization of P. centrasiaticum. The results showed that：（1） reducing N∶P supply (thereby increasing P fertilization) significantly decreased C∶P and N∶P in both soils and P. centrasiaticum, alleviating P limitation for the growth of P. centrasiaticum, and further promoting the biomass accumulation of P. centrasiaticum. （2） The gradual decrease of N∶P supply would shift P limitation to N limitation for P. centrasiaticum. （3） In this case, P. centrasiaticum increased the ability of N resorption from its senescing leaves, which reduced its dependence on soil N pool, reflecting the adaptation of P. centrasiaticum to Nlimited environments. Our results suggest that appropriate artificial P addition could adjust the stoichiometry balance of C, N, and P between soil and plants, alleviate the pressure between soil P supply and plant P demand, and thus mitigating Ninduced increase of P limitation. The results could provide scientific guidance for the adaptive management of fragile ecosystems under increasing N deposition.

Abstract:In the Torreya grandis National Forest Park in Zhuji, Zhejiang, Torreya grandis with five age groups (0-50, 50-100, 100-300, 300-500 and over 500 years) were selected for this study. Soil samples were collected in the field to analyze the total soil organic carbon (TOC), readily oxidizable carbon (ROC), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), and soil nutrient contents in 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm soil layers. The changes of soil organic carbon for different treeage T. grandis were studied in this paper, which provided theoretical basis for the evaluation and sustainable use of the soil quality in forest stands, and the conservation of the old T. grandis. The results showed that, (1) the TOC, ROC and LFOM increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of the tree age, among which the content was the highest for the 300-500 years group. However, significant differences among tree ages were not found in the ROC and LFOM. (2) The ratio of ROC to TOC for different treeage T. grandis was: 50-100>0-50>100-300>300-500>500 years (except 0-20 cm soil layer). (3) The correlations between ROC, LFOM, and TOC in all age groups are extremely significant. The correlations between TOC, various active organic carbon component, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus were relatively strong at different ages (except for 0-50 years). The correlation between TOC, various active organic carbon component, available kalium, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium were relatively weak (except for over 500 years). The correlations of TOC, active organic carbon component, and soil nutrients over 500 years were extremely significant.

Abstract:The study was conducted at the Siziwangqi Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Academy Base in Wulanchabu of Inner Mongolia. The stocking rate test used a completely randomized block design, which is included contrast, light stocking rate, moderate stocking rate and high stocking rate in each of three blocks, and four precipitation gradients were randomly set in each stocking rate test area: natural precipitation, 50% reduced, 50% increased and 100% increased. The simulated precipitation test and the stocking rate test based on the different stocking rate tests of Stipa breviflora desert were carried out to analyze the corresponding characteristics of the aboveground and underground biomass of the plant on the stocking rate and precipitation and the results have been showed that:（1）the number of plant species in S. breviflora desert based on 4 species of stocking rates in 50% increased precipitation was significantly higher than that of 50% reduced precipitation (P<0.05), but it was no significant difference with 100% increased precipitation, (P >0.05) and in light stocking rate, the number of species in 50% increased precipitation was the most; （2）The aboveground biomass of 50% increased precipitation in light and moderate stocking rate was significantly higher than that of 50% reduced precipitation and environmental rainfall, but it was not different with 100% increased precipitation (P＞0.05). Whereas, precipitation did not lead to significant changes in the amount of aboveground biomass (P<0.05) in the enclosure and the heavy stocking rate; （3）With the increase of stocking rate, the root stock decreased gradually as the depth of the soil layer increased, increased water content also reduced the amount of root stock; （4）There was a significant positive correlation which has been shown as a linear function between root exudates and aboveground biomass（r=0.92，P<0.01）.

Abstract:In order to provide the basis for the exploitation and utilization of fern resources in Shergyla Mountain, we made clear the fern species and their comprehensive utilization value. Flora xizangica and samples consulting combined with summarizing the investigation results in a few years, fern species and their different uses were analyzed. The results show that: (1) 29 families, 57 genera and 196 wild fern species (containing varieties and forms) are found in this area, which occupy 65.91%, 45.24%, 41.70% in total families, genera and species of ferns in Tibet, respectively; The four dominant families are Dryopteridaceae (3 genera/50 species), Polypodiaceae (9 genera/31 species), Athyriaceae (7 genera /22 species) and Sinopteridaceae (6 genera/14 species). As the dominant genera, Dryopteris and Polystichum have 27 and 19 species, respectively. (2) The tropical families and genera account for 80.00% and 68.18% in the noncosmoplitan families and genera separately, which indicates that the fern flora of Shergyla Mountain has obvious tropical nature; For ecological distribution, terrestrial types (118 species, occupy 60.20%) are the richest, then are epiphytic types (45 species, occupy 22.96%). (3) Medicinal resources contain 66 species of which 30 species have antipyretic efficacy. There are 71 ornamental fern species, and 23 species of them are firstly reported in this area. 14 species could be edible mainly with tender leaves, tender stem or rhizome. A few species also can be used as indicator plants, industrial raw materials, feed and green manure, etc. The results indicated that the fern species which take up a great proportion of the fern flora of Tibet in Shergyla Mountain are abundant, and have great utilization potential. In the end, we put forward some suggestions for their utilization and protection.

Abstract:The Qaidam Basin and its contiguous region is situated in the northwest of Qinghai, China, between latitude 34°45′-37°00′N and longitude 98°45′-101°30′E. The study based on several field surveys in 1999, 2002 and 2006, and combined with more than 2 000 samples which the author collected from the QinghaiTibetan Plateau, and combined more than 10 000 previous specimens which had been collected from the Qaidam basin and its adjacent areas, identified by the plant taxonomist, then housed in the QinghaiTibetan Plateau biological specimens pavilion. The wild flora composition, properties, characteristics and the partition are analyzed. There are 854 species of native seed plants which belong to 62 families and 257 genera in the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous region. The floristic characteristics in native seed plants for the area are as follows: （1） species and woody ones are poor in the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous region. （2） On the level of genera, the flora distributed in the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous region which is dominated by North Temperate components especially the typical elements from the warm and cold zone of Eurasia, and have the temperate zone character of the drought temperature, cold temperature and alpine types. （3）Under the precondition of non Chinese endemic species, the flora of the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous region is dominated by Temperate Asia and Central Asia, with the distribution patterns of East Asia, the old world temperate and the north temperate. （4）In floristic geography, the Qaidam Basin and its contiguous region is a converged and transitional region for the QinghaiTibetan Plateau Alpine Flora, Loess Plateau Warm Flora, as well as East Asia Alpine Desert Flora, so the flora of the area is also conspicuously transitional one, so the edge character of the flora is obvious. （5） Due to the obvious difference of topography and hydrothermal conditions, the area can be divided into two parts: the main body of the Qaidam Basin which altitude above 3 500 meters and its contiguous region the altitude below 3500 meters. The latter is due to the high altitude and high mountain composition of the plateau, it is a part of the Tangute Flora. （6） It is the key area to divide the subregion in the flora of Qinghai on the Tangute Area. （7）The main area of the Qaidam Basin is relatively old and its contiguous region area is young.

Abstract:Phosphorus deficiency is severe in soil in south China. Symbiotic fungi plays an important role in plants uptaking phosphorus and other nutrients, such as mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we sampled the roots of three main tree species in south China, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus exserta, and E. urophylla × E. grandis. Root tissue separation was used to isolate and purify the fungi, which identified by morphological characteristics and ITS sequence analysis of 18S rDNA gene, and symbiotic fungi of Eucalyptus roots were validated by Kochs Rule. This study provides scientific evidence for theory research on symbiotic fungi in Eucalyptus roots and its resource utilization. The results showed that: (1) the collected roots of E. exserta displayed both ectomycorrhizas (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) structures. Interestingly, both E. urophylla and E. urophylla × E. grandis possessed the structures of AM, ECM and dark septate endophytes (DSE). (2) Six fungi were isolated and identified from the roots of three species of Eucalyptus: Marasmius tricolor, Gymnopus melanopus, Phoma sp., Fusarium sp., Umbelopsis dimorpha, and Pestalotiopsis mangifolia, respectively. (3) Six fungi were inoculated back to roots of E. grandis tissue culture seedlings, M. tricolor and G. melanopus are able to form ECM structure in host roots as ECM fungi, whereas other four species of fungi (Phoma sp., Fusarium sp., U. dimorpha, and P. mangifolia) formed the dark color mycelium and microsclerotia in roots, the typical DSE structure, which were speculated to be DSE. The two ECM fungi were firstly reported in Eucalyptus roots.

Abstract:Gymnostomiella monodii P. de la Varde is reported in China for the first time. This species is characterized by the small plants, margins plane and crenulated distally by sharply bulging cell walls, apiculate and very broadly acute leaf apex, upper laminal cells with 0-1(-2) papillae, and claviform gemmae. A key to the species of Gymnostomiella known in China is provided.

Abstract:A new variety of Phoebe Nees, Phoebe neurantha (Hemsl.) Gamble var. lobophylla Y.J. Fei was reported in Hubei Province, China. It was different to Phoebe neurantha (Hemsl.) Gamble that the leaf width was distinctly narrowed between the middle part of leaf and 1/3 from the tip of leaf. There are strong lateral veins supporting the leaf margins. The leaves were lobed, and if not, the leaves become narrowed. The two variants are narrowed and narrow in the apex. The apex part were leptophyllous, gradually pointed and curved in the two variants. The veins fall deeper compared with the P. neurantha. The angle between the lateral veins and the main veins gradually increased and eventually feathered. The closer the leaf tip is, the more dense the lateral veins become. The number of unilateral veins was 25-40. It was found that the leaf edge of the lower surface of P. neurantha (Hemsl.) Gamble var. lobophylla Y.J. Fei was non keratinized, rough and ciliate.Moreover, these traits can be stably inherited to offspring. Holotype was deposited in the herbarium of Wuhan Botanical Garden (numbering Y.J.Fei002, HIB), China.