Abstract:The unsaturation degree of cellular membrane lipids is mainly determined by fatty acid desaturases (FADs), and both the unsaturation degree and FADs are closely related to the tolerance of plants to harsh environments such as low temperature and salt stress. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus is the only evergreen xerophytic broadleaf plant that is endemic to the central Asian desert and has very strong tolerance to abiotic stresses such as cold, drought and high salinity. In this study, both the cDNA and gDNA fragments for an oleic acid desaturase, AmFAD21, in this species were cloned by RTPCR, and the gDNA region has no intron. Except for the conserved histidine clusters for FAD family, there also exist the signal peptide for endoplasmic reticulum localization and transmembrane domains in the AmFAD21 sequence (containing 382 amino acid residues). Phylogenetic relationship analysis showed that AmFAD21 is closely related to the FAD2s from leguminous plants such as Glycine max and Caragana korshinskii but is distantly related to the FAD2s from other plant species such as Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana. qRTPCR analysis showed that in laboratorycultured A. mongolicus seedlings, the expression level of AmFAD21 increased significantly between 2 to 24 h of the cold treatment and between 6 to 13 d of the drought treatment. Moreover, AmFAD21 showed an expression pattern of increasing, decreasing and increasing again during the period of salt treatment. In young leaves of the A. mongolicus plants naturally growing in the wild, the expression levels of AmFAD21 during the autumn and winter months were overall obviously higher than those in the spring and summer. The plant expression vector p330035SAmFAD21 was successfully constructed and wild type Arabidopsis was transformed using the Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated method. In total, 16 AmFAD21 transgenic plants were obtained. Stress tolerance evaluation experiments revealed that the transgenic lines had significantly higher freezing tolerance compared with the wild type Arabidopsis; their drought and salt tolerances were also improved.

Abstract:In this study, a MYB transcription factor related to flavonoids metabolism was screened from florescence transcriptome data of Tartary buckwheat, which was named FtMYB23. Bioinformatic analysis showed that it contains a 879 bp ORF that encodes a protein of 292 amino acids. Multiple sequence analysis presented that FtMYB23 is a typical R2R3MYB transcription factor. Phylogenetic tree indicated that FtMYB23 should be gathered into the same cluster with SG5MYB subfamily members. Analysis of βgalactosidase filter paper showed transcriptional activation activity. Transgenic lines exerted increased pigmentation in seed coats, and the content of proanthocyanidins in leaves was significantly increased 4.68, 3.5 and 2.8 times of wild type, respectively (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the expression of AtCHS, AtCHI, AtF3H, AtF3′H, AtFLS, AtDFR, AtBAN genes related to flavonoids synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, AtTT12 was dramatically down regulated (P < 0.01). Therefore, as a typical Subgroup5MYB (SG5MYB) activating transcription factor, FtMYB23 promotes the expression of key enzymes in the early stage of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, thereby enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of proanthocyanidins.

Abstract:CinnamoylCoA reductase (CCR) is the key enzyme and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of lignin monomer. In this study, one CCR gene—HtCCR1 (GenBank accession number MN205540) was cloned from the Helianthus tuberosus variety ‘Lang Yu 8’. The open reading frame (ORF) of HtCCR1 was 975 bp, which encoded 324 amino acids. The HtCCR1 protein harbored the FR_SDR_e conserved domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HtCCR1 was closely related to the Helianthus annuus CCR protein (XP_021989763.1). The gene expression pattern and responses to salt and drought stresses of HtCCR1 were detected through qRTPCR. The result showed that HtCCR1 was continuously expressed in root, stem, leaf and tuber, and the expression in stem and leaf was the strongest; the expression of HtCCR1 in treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group at 6, 12 and 24 h after salt treatment; the transcription of HtCCR1 was significantly upregulated after 6 and 12 h of drought treatment. The prokaryotic expression vector of HtCCR1 (pET28aHtCCR1) was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and after IPTG induction, the recombinant protein of the expected size was expressed. These results provided a basis for the further study on function of HtCCR1 and the regulation of lignin biosynthesis in Helianthus tuberosus using genetic engineering.

Abstract:The tomato inbred line YNAU335, previously behaved immune to tomato spotted wilf virus (TSWV), exhibited with TSWV symptoms which indicated that the resistance of YNAU335 to TSWV had been overcome. To clarify the resistancebreaking determinant, we firstly identified both the infected plants of susceptible 96172I and resistancebreaking YNAU335 inbred lines with RTPCR method to clone the nucleocapsid protein (NP) and movement protein (MP) genes, and the target genes of positive clones were further analyzed by sequencing. The results were shown as follows. (1) The NP and MP genes of TSWV existed in the two inbred lines, and five NP (Accession No. MK628735MK628739) and three MP (Accession No. MK883723, MK883724 and MK887284) polymorphic gene sequences were also gained. (2) All the gene sequences mentioned were cloned from 96172I infected material, whereas, YNAU335 infected material possessed the three NP and one MP of the above gene sequences. (3) Amino acid mutations in the NP and MP of YNAU335 inbred line were more analyzed. Four specific mutations might be related to the resistancebreaking event of YNAU335 inbred line: substitution G to V at position 18(G18V), T36I and L39R in the NP, and E274K in the MP. (4) Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five NP and three MP, and the registered NP and MP from Yunnan province were clustered in different branches, which indicated the presence of abundant genetic diversity of TSWV in Yunnan province.

Abstract:In this study, 7 TkAPXs genes were identified in Taraxacum koksaghyz whole genome using bioinformatic methods. Further analysis revealed that 2 genes (TkAPX4/TkAPX6) were replication genes. According to the results of phylogenetic relationships, 7 TkAPX genes were divided into four groups. The chromosomal localization analysis indicated that the 7 TkAPX genes were widely distributed and located on 7 different chromosomes. Subcellular localization results indicated that TkAPX1, TkAPX3, TkAPX5 and TkAPX7 were localized in the cytoplasm, TkAPX4 and TkAPX6 were localized on the plasma membrane, and TkAPX2 was localized in the chloroplast. The analysis of the cisacting element in the promoter region shows that there are a large number of stress response elements in TkAPXs sequence, suggesting that there might be sensitive stress response of TkAPXs to various external stress. Realtime quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of 7 TkAPX genes family members in calyxes, petals and pedicels were low. The expression level of most TkAPXs in roots and leaves was greater than that of flowers and latex. TkAPX1 has the highest expression level in roots and stems, suggesting that it may play an important role in the growth and development of T. koksaghyz. Furthermore, we detected the expression level of TkAPX genes after stress (cold, hot, salt, drought) and hormone (ethylene, methyl jasmonate) treatments. The expression levels of TkAPX3 in roots and leaves increased significantly compared with the control indicated that TkAPX3 may be involved in the stress response and hormone response in T. koksaghyz.

Abstract:Based on transcriptome sequencing, we obtained the differential gene expression profiles of tea shoot leaves undamaged and damaged by Myllocerinus aurolinealus Voss, and the expression differences of related genes correlated with signal monitoring and transduction, transcription factors, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis were analyzed. The study was capable of providing a reference for further research on the defense mechanism of tea plants induced by weevil damage. The results showed that: (1) 309 upregulated and 297 downregulated genes were detected after tea weevil damaged, and were divided into 23 groups. (2) 17 unigenes were upregulated by 2.0-2.8 folds in signal monitoring and transduction process, including leucinerich repeat receptorlike kinase gene, mitogenactivated protein kinase gene, jasmonic acid signal pathway gene, calcium ion signal gene and salicylic acid metabolism pathway gene. 21 transcription factors were upregulated by 1.8-2.8 folds, including bHLH, WRKY, bZIP, MYB and UAF. Eight unigenes in the metabolism of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and terpenoids were upregulated by 2.1-2.5 folds, including phenylpyruvate tautomerase gene, cinnamoylCoA reductase gene, dihydroflavonol reductase gene, anthocyanidin reductase gene, anthocyanidin reductase gene, farnesol dehydrogenase gene. The increased gene expression induced by weevil feeding is mainly caused by mechanical damage, and the insect oral secretions have synergistic effects on the upregulated of these genes.

Abstract:Plant heatshock proteins are representative proteins that respond to high temperatures and play an important role in regulating plant growth and development and resisting adversity. In this study, HSP17.7 gene from Solanum tuberosum was cloned by RTPCR and bioinformatic characters were analyzed. The expression level of StHSP17.7 gene under high temperature stress was analyzed by qRTPCR. The results showed that: (1) fulllength sequence of StHSP17.7 gene was 755 bp. It contains an open reading frame of 465 bp and 154 amino acids were encoded. (2) The StHSP17.7 gene encoding protein was a hydrophilic protein with molecular weight of 17.62 kD and the isoelectric point is 7.91. The functional structure domain analysis showed that the Cterminal of the protein contained an ACD domain consisting of conserved sequence Ⅰ and conserved sequence Ⅱ, typically belonging to the sHSPs family member. (3) Phylogenetic analysis showed that sHSPs of S. tuberosum was clustered into 12 subfamilies. The StHSP17.7 protein was closely related to the HSP17.6 protein of S. tuberosum, and belongs to the family of small heat shock protein C Ⅰ. Gene structure analysis showed that among 48 StHSPs genes from S. tuberosum, StHSP17.7 gene does not contain intron, and other 23 genes contained one introns, accounting for 47.9% of all the genes in the family. (4) qRTPCR analysis showed that StHSP17.7 gene expression was rapidly induced by high temperatures, and the gene expression level showed an explosive change, reaching the highest value in 24 h. The results suggest that StHSP17.7 gene is very sensitive to heat stress and may play an important role in response to hightemperature stress in potatoes.

Abstract:Nitrogen fixation depends on the catalysis of nitrogenase in Nostoc. The nitrogenase iron protein NifH encoded by the highly conserved nifH gene, which is one of the oldest existing functional genes in the history of gene evolution. In this paper, 40 nifH gene sequences of Nostoc and the relative species group of cyanobacteria were selected, and the phylogenetic trees relied on these sequence data were constructed by maximum likelihood method. Then PAML4.9 software was used to analyze the bioinformatics of nifH gene coding proteins in Nostoc. Branch model, site model and branchsite model were used to detect the selection sites of the nifH genes, and to explore the adaptive evolution characters of the nifH genes. Our results indicated that: (1) the phylogenetic tree with the maximum likelihood method showed that the inner group could be divided into six large branches (A, B, C, D, E and F), among which D and E are two big branches, and each big branch contains two special small branches A, F and B, C, among which F branch contains nine Nostoc collected from Gurbantonggute desert in Xinjiang, A branch contains F branch and four Nostoc sphaeroides and B branch contains four Nostoc commune and three Nostoc sp. in this study. The C branch contains five Nostoc and Anabaena sequences downloaded from NCBI database and one Nostoc of this study; (2) in the three evolutionary models analyzed, 14 significant positively selected sites such as 1F, 2S, 3S, 4T, 5A, 6F, 7F, 8I, 9S, 10C, 17I, 27Y, 29D and 31R were detected. Therefore, the results showed that the nifH genes have undergone adaptive evolution in Nostoc. Branchsite model is a better model to study the adaptive evolution of algae genes.

Abstract:The leaf anatomical structures in terms of xeromorphic indices of the three species of Canna edulis including thickness of leaves, thickness of mesophyll, thickness of upper and lower epidermis, stoma density, stoma length and width, length and width of long cells, length and width of short cells were measured. Difference analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the drought resistance of C. edulis were carried out by analysis of variance and related analysis methods, and the relationship between drought resistance and leaf structure was explored. The results showed that: (1) the epidermal structure of C. edulis had a certain relationship with drought resistance, and the varieties with strong drought resistance had large stomatal density, and the long and short cells were small in size and closely arranged. (2) The relationship between the thickness of the leaves, mesophyll and epidermis of the C. edulis was not significantly different among different varieties. (3) There was a significant correlation between the ratio of the C. edulis leaf and the upper and lower epidermis to the crosssection of the leaves and drought resistance. (4) The water retention capacity of the leaves of C. edulis had a significant negative correlation with the thickness of the mesophyll and a significant positive correlation with the thickness of the upper epidermis.

Abstract:The cuttings from 5yearold and 30yearold chestnut trees were firstly used to compare their rooting, and then cuttings from 30yearold chestnut trees were studied in May, June and July, including the effects of different IBA concentrations (0, 200 and 500 mg/L). During the cutting process, the rooting of various treatments, the carbon and nitrogen metabolites, browning related substances and anatomical structures were investigated before cutting (initial stems) and after cutting (calluses), and then the rooting ability of cuttings in different mother trees and different months were discussed, which would lay a foundation for the study of rooting of chestnut cuttings. The results showed: (1) the starch and soluble sugars in the initial stems and calluses of the 5yearold chestnut were significantly higher than those of the 30yearold chestnut, while the soluble proteins were contrary, but GABA did not change significantly between different mother trees. For 30yearold chestnut cuttings, the contents of soluble proteins, GABA and soluble sugars decreased in the initial stems, but GABA, soluble sugars and starch increased gradually in the calluses with the increasing months. (2) The contents of tannins, phenols and flavonoids in the initial stems and calluses of chestnut cuttings were almost less in 30yearold trees than those of 5yearold trees. Except for the significant increase in flavonoids in the calluses in July, there were no significant changes in the contents of tannins, phenols and flavonoids in different months. (3) The observation of rooting status and anatomy indicated that the callus rate and rooting rate in 5yearold chestnut cuttings were higher than those of the 30yearold ones, and the callus rate was the highest in June. Chestnut cuttings belonged to the type of induced rooting, and the annular thickwalled tissue existed in the cortex. The lignin content of the 5yearold chestnut cuttings was lower than that of the 30yearold ones, but the number of cambium layers was contrary. Our study indicated that chestnut cuttings were severely browned, resulting in a lower rooting rate; there were significant differences in carbon and nitrogen metabolism related compounds in the cuttings from the different mother trees and different months; the browningrelated substances had significant differences in the cuttings from differentage mother trees, but there was little change between different months.

Abstract:The aim of the research was to study the effects of two plant growth regulators on flower bud differentiation and endogenous hormone contents and provide evidence for the regulation of common buckwheat. PP₃₃₃ and 6BA was sprayed at the different seedling stages on two varieties of ‘BZS’ and ‘CT1’. The bud differentiation was observed by SEM. The flowering time were observed by morphological observation. It recorded the number of flowers and grains. In the process, the changes of three endogenous hormones (IAA, GA₃, ABA) and 6BA were detected by LC/MS. The results demonstrated that: (1) at the second true leaf stage, spraying 100 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃ and 150 mg·L^-1 6BA significantly improved the seed setting rate and yield per plant in compare with the control. The seed setting rate both treatments were increased by 49.5%, 39.4%, yield per plant increased by 41.8%, 23.0%, respectively. (2) Flower bud differentiation was divided into five stages, namely, growth primordial undifferentiating period; growth primordial differentiating period; floret primordial differentiating period; stamen and pistil primordial differentiating stage; stamen and pistil primordial formation period. At the second true leaf stage, PP₃₃₃ and 6BA could accelerate the flower bud differentiation process, making the flowering time advance. (3) Spraying PP₃₃₃ reduced IAA and 6BA contents at seedling stage and budding stage, increased GA₃ and ABA contents, but showed the opposite at flowering stage. Spraying 6BA increased GA₃ and IAA contents at seedling and budding stage, reduced GA₃ and IAA contents at flowering stage, reduced ABA content and increased 6BA content at all three stages. The results showed that spraying 100 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃ and 150 mg·L^-1 6BA at the second true leaf stage had the best effect, accelerated the flower bud differentiation process, advanced the flowering time, increased the number of seed bearing per plant, and improved the seed setting rate and yield per plant of common buckwheat, clearly proved that the second true leaf stage was the critical period that affected flower development of common buckwheat. Spraying PP₃₃₃ could increase fruiting ability by reducing the number of floweres and improving the ability of vulnerable. 6BA treatment could increase the fruiting by increasing the number of flowering and increasing the number of effective fertile flowers.

Abstract:Amomum villosum is a kind of selfpollinated plant, whose pistil stands higher than the stamen and it is a typical material for studying generative cell of Monocotyledoneae on molecular biology. To solve the difficulty of A. villosum pollination, the researcher observed development process to clarify the structural characteristics of its pollen by phytohistochemistry method and isolated generative cells to explore its pollination technology by osmotic shock method. This research shows that: (1) the particularity of pollen development of A. villosum begins with tetrad stage and callosewall is absent. The four small spores are separated and enclosed by a polysaccharide cell wall during the tetrad period. Mature pollen is 2celled and it stores abundant polysaccharide starches and lipids in cytoplasm of A. villosum. Pollen exine is composed of polysaccharide not sporopollen substances of carotene and carotenoid esters. (2) The pollen of A. villosum broken rate is up to 10.67% and release pollen inclusions that contain generative cells in 2% mannitol+5% acetone solution. The generative cells remain intact for about 30 minutes in the released pollen cytoplasm. The isolated hundreds generative cells of A. villosum were collected by micromanipulation and stored in liquid nitrogen tank after placed in centrifuge tube every day.

Abstract:Angelica L. acts as a significant representative of the family Apiaceae, of which the Japanese Islands is usually regarded as one of the important distribution areas and the diversity centers. In this study, we observed the fruits of 9 Angelica species (including 8 endemic species) from Japan in morphology, anatomy and micromorphology, respectively, in order to ascertain their taxonomical features and explore their potential relationships, and to provide more morphological evidence for taxonomical revisions and phylogenetic research. (1) The analyses of observations using stereomicroscope revealed that: the fruits usually obovate and oblong in shape, glabrous or a little pubescent on surface, dorsalcompressed variously, dorsal ribs filiform or narrowwinged, lateral ribs narrowor widewinged, vittae 1 in each furrow and 2-4 in commissure. (2) The result of SEM suggested that: most species had parallel filiform primary ornamentations and squamous, bunchy, cordlike, hummocky or unobvious secondary ornamentations, some contained coralloid or radicular background, and appendages were granular generally. (3) Based on the above morphological characteristics and distinguishing features, the classification key for those Japanese Angelica species was organized, and combined with the results of systematic studies on the Chinese Angelica, it was also proposed the potential phylogenetic position of Japanese endemic species and the relationships with their relatives in East Asian mainland. Totally, the endemic Angelica species of Japan presented abundance of fruit features in morphology, probably providing strong evidence for their interspecies classification and relationships.

Abstract:The objectives of this study are to determine the function of the cotton ERFB3 subgroup transcription factor gene GhB301 after ectopic expression of tobacco (in resistance to Fusarium wilt). The overexpression of the GhB301 transgenic tobacco and wildtype tobacco treated with Fusarium wilt spore suspension, were used for analysis of the relationship between the defense enzyme activities and the expression of defenserelated genes and disease resistance before and after infection. The results showed that: (1) after treatment with Fusarium wilt for 15 days, the degree of yellowing of tobacco leaves in two transgenic lines was lighter than that in wild type; (2) Compared with noninoculated controls, the overexpression of the GhB301 transgenic tobacco and wildtype tobacco leaves showed a drastic increase of the enzyme activities of the oxide enzyme (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the peak of enzyme activities appeared earlier than that of wild type material. POD, PAL and PPO activities in the leaves of transgenic materials peaked at 3 d, while the POD and PAL activity in leaves of wildtype materials reached a peak at 5 d; (3) The expression level of reactive oxygenrelated genes, ethylene (ET)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathwayrelated genes, and pathogenesisrelated genes were affected in both the transgenic materials OE1 and OE2 after inoculation with Fusarium wilt. It indicated that the ectopic expression of the GhB301 in tobacco activated the expression of defenserelated genes and increased the activities of the defense enzymes, thus enhancing the resistance of tobacco to Fusarium wilt.

Abstract:With the leaves of pink and green Davidia involucrata in Gongxian as test materials, we measured the physiological indexes including the pigment, osmotic regulator and related enzymes, and analyzed the correlation. In order to provide the theoretical basis and technical reference for the breeding and rational cultivation of pink D. involucrata, the study investigated the key factors affecting the coloration of D. involucrata from physiological characteristics. The results showed: (1) the content of anthocyanin in pink plants was extremely significantly higher than that of green plants in spring, summer and autumn. Its content reaches its lowest in summer. The total content of chlorophyll of pink plants were extremely significantly lower than that of green plants in summer and autumn. The difference of carotenoid and flavonoid content was no significant, and their yearly changes were stable. (2) There was also no significant difference in soluble sugar and soluble protein content, its content reaches its lowest in summer. The proline content of the pink was significantly higher, slowly increasing with the seasonal change. (3) The activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), chalone isomerase (CHI), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of pink plants were significantly higher than that of green plants. PAL, CHI and SOD played the role of decomposing chlorophyll and promoting anthocyanin synthesis, while the effect of peroxidase (POD) was opposite. The activity of PAL in two plants firstly weakened and then increased with the seasonal change, while the activities of POD and SOD were opposite. The activity of CHI of pinkcolor plants gradually decreased, and the green ones increased and then decreased. (4) Anthocyanin was negatively correlated with chlorophyll, flavonoids, soluble proteins, CHI, SOD and PAL. In conclusion anthocyanin was the determining factor of leaf color change. CHI, SOD and POD were the main enzymes that regulated anthocyanin degradation rate.

Abstract:To obtain the appropriate treatment of Phoebe bournei cutting, to explore the regulation mechanism of the rooting and growth of cutting seedlings, we used the L₈(2⁷) orthogonal experimental design to studied effects of branch position, cutting length and leaf retention on P. bournei cutting seedling rooting, growth and physicochemical characteristics. The results showed that: (1) the branch position, cutting length and leaf retention had significant effects on the rooting, growth and physicochemical properties of P. bournei cutting seedlings. (2) For P. bournei cutting seedlings, the middle position of branch with 2 leaves and length of 10 cm as cutting was the most suitable. (3) The main factor affecting the rooting rate of P. bournei cuttings was the physiological state of cuttings, PPO and POD enzyme activities were the key physicochemical indexes. The most important factor affecting the growth of shoots of P. bournei cutting seedlings was the leaf retention, while IAAO enzyme activity and MDA content were the key physicochemical indexes. The results showed that the rooting and growth of P. bournei cutting seedlings were significantly affected by cuttings, laid a foundation for P. bournei cutting propagation and provided theoretical guidance for its application.

Abstract:In this work, a field study was conducted to investigate pod plumpness, yield, nutrition quality under unmulching (UM), mulching film (FM) and superabsorbent polymer (SP) conditions to explore the effect of FM and SP on watersaving. SP was furrowed into the ridge at the rate of 75, 150 and 225 kg·hm^-2 before sowing. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of superabsorbent polymer and developing a new technology for watersaving in dry region peanut. The results showed that: (1) pod yield under SP (75~225 kg·hm^-2) was 3.48%~16.01% higher compared to UM. When the SP amount applied increased, the yield increased first and then decreased. The yield was the highest when 150 kg·hm^-2 of SP (SP150) was applied. However, the yield of the SP150 was no significant (P>0.05) difference from FM. (2) Compared with UM, the plump rate of pods and seeds significantly increased under FM, it was 14.62% and 14.11% higher. The plump rate of pods and seeds gradually increased before SP150 was applied, then decreased with the amount of SP increased continuously. It was 10.99% and 15.99% higher than UM when the SP150 condition. (3) Quality analysis demonstrated that quality traits including fat, oleic acid, the ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid (O/L) of all seeds under FM and SP treatments were higher compared to UM. The general sample including all seeds with economic value increased more than the typical sample containing only plump and consistent seeds. The fat and oleicacid content, O/L of general sample increased by 9.66%, 12.27%, 23.08% compared to UM when SP150 was applied. While it was no significant difference from FM. All these results indicate that SP had positive effect on yield and quality of peanut. The SP application of 150 kg·hm^-2 improved most pod plumpness and yield, increased quality traits of peanut seeds mainly by the general sample. It was basically the same as FM.

Abstract:The relationship between nitrogen sources and the growth of Carthamus tinctorius seedling was discussed in order to increase production of C. tinctorius sprout, with 13, H7 and 310 safflower strains as test materials. Pot sand culture experiment was conducted to study effects of 8 treatments for ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, bioorganic fertilizer, urea, bioorganic fertilizer/ammonium nitrogen, bioorganic fertilizer/nitrate nitrogen, bioorganic fertilizer/urea, ammonium nitrogen/nitrate nitrogen on biological characteristics of C. tinctorius seedlings, soluble sugar, soluble protein, nitrate, hydroxyl safflower yellow A (HSYA) and flavonoids, accompanied by the control experiment without fertilizer. The results showed that: (1) the plant height, leaf length, fresh weight per plant, edible parts quality and biological yield of safflower seedlings were all improved by all nitrogen treatments, compared with control experiment. Edible parts quality, fresh weight per plant and biological yield of C. tinctorius seedlings by urea treatment were the best，which increased by 31.46%, 25.15% and 35.63% on average in contrast with those of control experiment, the average output ratio was 81.94, then those were followed by bioorganic fertilizer/nitrate nitrogen, which increased by 27.59%, 21.78% and 29.81% on average, the average output ratio was 78.18. (2) Soluble sugar content in C. tinctorius seedlings was reduced by ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The content of soluble protein in C. tinctorius seedlings was increased significantly when urea was applied alone, followed by the combination of bioorganic fertilizer and urea. (3) When ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and urea were applied with bioorganic fertilizer, the increase in nitrate content in C. tinctorius seedlings was smaller than that of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and urea applied alone. (4) Different nitrogen sources had little effect on the content of HSYA in C. tinctorius seedlings. The content of flavonoids in C. tinctorius seedlings decreased after fertilization, which increased slightly when combined application of bioorganic fertilizer/nitrate nitrogen. When the nitrogen source was from bioorganic fertilizer/nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, the biological yield, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein and flavone were relatively high, along with the relatively low nitrate content, which was the best fertilization scheme.

Abstract:In this study, the dominant species Eurya alata population in Mulinzi Nature Reserve of Hubei Province was taken as the research object, and the static life table, the survival curve, the mortality rate curve and the disappearance rate curve were draw up; The spatial distribution characteristics of all age classes were analyzed by paircorrelation function, and the spatial relationships between different lifehistory stages were explored by bivariate paircorrelation function, which provides a theoretical reference for expounding the role of different construction laws of evergreen deciduous broadleaf mixed forest in the maintenance mechanism of species diversity in Mulinzi Nature Reserve. Results showed: (1) E. alata population is the growing population; The survival curve tended to be the DeeveyⅡ type. (2) The mortality and disappearance rate curves were unimodal. The Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ age classes of E. alata population showed aggregation distribution and decreased with the increase of diameter grade. Ⅵ, Ⅶ age classes appeared to be randomly distributed on a large scale. (3) Under the complete spatial randomness, all stages of life history are positively correlated with range scale. Antecedent condition excludes the habitat heterogeneity, there is no correlation and negative correlation between adult trees and sapling and small trees on a small scale; and other stages of life history are positively correlated on a small scale, but no correlation on a larger scale. The results show that, E. alata population are rich in saplings and in good regeneration state, and in the process of natural succession, habitat filtration, diffusion restriction and density restriction may drive the population construction process.

Abstract:By employing the method of using space as a substitute for time and continuum index, we analyzed the plant species composition of sixty representative typical plots and the height, density, biomass, Shannon-winner index, Pielou index and Simpson index of plant communities at the different succession stages in the Dolomite karst area of southeastern Guizhou Province, in order to explore the evolution characteristics of plant communities and get into the foundation for the natural restoration rules of plant communities in the karst area of Dolomite. The results showed that: (1) the dominant species of each group are composed differently, the substitution rules of the group are pioneer species, sub-pioneer species, transition species, and finally replaced by the climax species. (2) The structural characteristics of height, density and biomass of the communities gradually increased with the succession of plant communities, with the range of change being 0.58-9.54 m and 585-3 145 plants·hm^-2 and 8.45-128.56 t·hm^-2, respectively. (3) The species richness of plant communities decreased with the development of succession stages, and the number of species from herbaceous stage to climax stage decreased from 48 species to 10 species. (4) With the development of plant communities succession stages, the shannonwinner index increased firstly and then decreased, from 3.48 in herbaceousscrub stage to 4.73, and then decreased to 3.46 in climax stage; The Pielou index showed a decreasing trend, with the highest being 0.95 in herbaceousscrub stage and the lowest being 0.78 in the evergreen and deciduous stage; The Simpson index gradually increased and reached the maximum 0.10 in the climax stage.

Abstract:To explore the construction mechanism of shrub communities in Alxa Desert, we quantified the phylogenetic structure of each assemblage in Alxa Desert using net relatedness index (NRI) and analyzed the variation pattern of NRI along longitude and latitude gradient and the relationship between NRI and soil factors and hydrothermal factors. The results were as follows: (1) the shrub communities in the southeast of Alxa plateau were mainly phylogenetically overdispersed, and in contrast, the shrub communities in the west and north of Alxa plateau were mainly phylogenetically clustered. (2) NRI of the shrub communities in Alxa Desert decreased with increasing longitude and decreasing latitude. (3) In Alxa Desert, the soil texture, soil bulk density, soil pH value and soil organic carbon content had no significant influence on the phylogenetic structure of the shrub communities. Annual precipitation and temperature annual range (The difference of the extreme maximum temperature and extreme minimum temperature) were the most correlated factors with the phylogenetic structure of shrub communities in Alxa Desert among the precipitation factors and temperature factors, respectively. Annual precipitation was negatively correlated with NRI, and temperature annual range was positively correlated with NRI. The extreme maximum temperature and extreme minimum temperature showed significant correlation with NRI. Based on these analyses, we speculated that temperature annual range influenced the phylogenetic structure of shrub communities through the extreme minimum temperature and extreme maximum temperature. Studies showed the shrub communities in the southeast of Alxa plateau were mainly affected by interspecific competition and the shrub communities in the west and north of Alxa plateau were mainly structured by environmental filtration, and that the phylogenetic structure of shrub communities in Alxa Desert were mainly affected by annual precipitation and the extreme temperatures.

Abstract:Based on field investigations, the taxa, life forms, toxicity, poisonous parts and utilization value of the wild poisonous plant resources of Xishuangbanna were analyzed. The investigation showed that there were 79 families, 214 genera and 289 species of wild poisonous plants in Xishuangbanna, among which the dominant families were mainly Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Araceae, Apocynaceae and Rutaceae, and the dominant genera were Euphorbia and Solanum. Herbaceous plants accounted for 36.68%. The toxic parts were mainly the whole plant or the whole grass, accounting for 37.37%. Most toxic plants are mild poisonous plants, 5 kinds of highly poisonous and 11 kinds of strong poisonous. Through interviews and investigations, poisonous plant species such as Phytolacca acinosa, Gelsemium elegans, Abrus precatorius, Datura stramonium, Datura metel, Vernicia fordii and Ricinus communis. It requires special attention to identify these poisonous species. In the future, the identification and prevention of common poisonous plants should be highlighted, and the development and utilization of poisonous plants should be strengthened.

Abstract:Cyrtandromoea grandis Ridl., a species has been recorded in Thailand, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, is newly found in Bulang Mountain, Menghai County, Yunnan Province, China. The species is related to Cyrtandromoea grandiflora C. B. Clarke, but differs in its inflorescences from the lower woody parts of stem and contains 3-18 flowers.

Abstract:Eurya nitida Korthals f. roseaflora Q. Wang, a new form of Eurya (Pentaphylacaceae) from Beibei District, Chongqing Municipality, China, is described. It differs from the typical form, Eurya nitida Korthals， by having pink petals in both female and male plants， and this character is quite stable. Pink flowers make the new form more ornamental.