Abstract:The Neomicrocalamus prainii is a kind of small climbing bamboo，which could be used for both shootand timberusing purpose. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of the floral organs were described using anatomical observation and paraffin sections, so as to provide new theoretical information for the reproductive biology of bamboo plants. The results were showed as follows: (1) the inflorescence belonged to the indefinite inflorescence, and there was no pedicel. The mean length of the spikelets was 2.98 cm, and each spikelet contained 3-5 florets with a sterile flower at the top. There were 2-4 bracts at the base of the spikelets, and the mean length of the rachilla internode was 0.52 cm. (2) The florets contained 1 lemma, 1 palea, 3 lodicules (among which the two ones were bigger than the third one, and the edges were glabrous), 6 stamens and 1 pistil. The stamens were shuttleshaped and the stigma was threelobed and feathery. (3) The mature pollen grains had twonucleus and one germinal aperture. The anther was four sporangiat, and the anther wall was composed of four layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The tapetum was glandular. There were many abnormal phenomena that could be observed in developing anthers. (4) The ovary was unilocular, parietal placentation, with dualintegument enclosing the anatropous ovule. Megaspore mother cell developed directly from a sporogenous cell, and a megaspore at the chalazal end differentiated into a functional megaspore, which formed a multicore embryo sac after mitosis until maturation. The study indicated that apparently abortive phenomenon occurred in the gametophytes of N. prainii, but most of the gametophytes were normal, and the low seed setting rate is correlated with internal factors, and the external environment is also an important factor.

Abstract:The anther development process of natural diploid Miscanthus sinensis has been observed by carbol fuchsin staining and paraffin sectioning, after collecting young spikes of natural diploid M. sinensis at different stages. This experiment lay the theoretical foundation for reproductive biology and phylogeny of M. sinensis. The results as follows: (1) in natural diploid M. sinensis, there are 3 stamens and the anther is 4 sporangiates, which wall is composed of 4 layers: epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The development of anther wall belongs to the basic type. Middle layer and tapetum degenerated or just leavening the vestige, only epidermis and fibrous layer remained when maturity of the anther. However, there were some tapeyums degraded lingeringly at the time of anther matured. (2) The meiosis of pollen mother cells is of successive type and the mature pollen is 3celled type. The phenomenon that chromosome asynchronous division in pollen mother cell meiosis anaphaseⅡ was observed. (3) The development of pollen grains of the same anther was not synchronous at the process of male gametogenesis. Male and female gametophytes also did not develop synchronously and stamens matured earlier than pistils.

Abstract:In recent years, some populations of Cyatheaceae plants in China have suffered from largescale diseases and insufficient seedlings. To explore whether seedling shortage is related to soil pollution, in this study, based on the successful observation of the normal behavior and morphological of Cyatheaceae Sphaeropteris lepifera sperm, we studied the behavior and morphological change regulations of S. lepifera sperm under the stress of lead and cadmium for the first time. The results showed that: (1) Under the stress culture conditions with Pb²⁺ concentrations of 1.25, 5.00 mg·kg^-1 and Cd²⁺ concentrations of 0.25, 1.00 mg·kg^-1, the life span, swimming displacement velocity and rotation frequency of the sperm of S. lepifera decreased significantly compared with the control group. (2) Pb²⁺ would affect the motility of the sperm of S. lepifera, while Cd²⁺ would affect the ability of the sperm to distinguish the concentration of female substance and makes sperm lose its direction. (3) The changes of sperms morphology and behavior after heavy metal stress include limitation of sperm extension, flagellum contraction and abscission, sperm nucleus deformity, swelling, degradation, sperm mutual adhesion, reverse movement and autolysis. And the malformation types of sperm under lead or cadmium stress were different. It is proved that the single stress of lead and cadmium with low pollution concentration can significantly affect the behavior and morphology of the sperm of S. lepifera and seriously block the sexual reproduction of Cyatheaceae.

Abstract:In order to explore the adaptation mechanism of leaf structure of Salix sclerophylla to cold and high altitude environment, we used the leaf of S. sclerophylla in Jiali County, Naqu, Tibet as experimental material to study the adaptation characteristics of leaf structure of S. sclerophylla to cold and drought environment by paraffin section technology and plant microscopy technology. The results showed that: (1) the leaves of S. sclerophylla willow are heterophylous leaves with epidermis on the back of the leaves. The main veins of the leaves are convex in the lower part of the leaves, showing irregular semicircles. The palisade tissue is arranged in a column, with 2 to 3 layers. The shape of the sponge tissue is mostly short columnar or short spherical, and the cell gap is large. (2) With the increase of altitude, the leaf thickness of the S. sclerophylla willow increased from 40.4 μm at the lowest altitude (4 000 m) to 68.04 μm at the highest altitude (4 700 m). The thickness of the epidermis of the leaves increased significantly between 4 400 m and 4 700 m above sea level, but the thickness of the upper epidermis varies in not significant from 4 000 to 4400 m change. The thickness of sponge tissue and palisade tissue were between 9.34-24.84 μm and 25.63-40.36 μm, respectively. The thickness of sponge tissue and palisade tissue increased with altitude gradient, but change is not significant. (3) There is no stomatal distribution on the upper epidermis of the leaves of S. sclerophylla willow, and a large number of stomata are scattered in the lower epidermis. The stoma density is 17.87-28.37 No·mm^-2, and the total stoma perimeter per unit area is 0.13-0.25 mm, but the stoma density and the total stoma perimeter per unit area have no significant change in the elevation gradient. Studies have shown that the leaves of S. sclerophylla willows mainly adapt to the cold and drought environment in high altitude areas by increasing the thickness of the leaves.

Abstract:In order to make clear the response mechanism of antioxidant defense to heat stress at the subcellular level and hydrogen peroxideinduced heat tolerance of rhododendrons, we used three Rhododendron cultivars with different heat tolerance as experimental materials to analyze the effects of heat stress and H₂O₂ pretreatment on the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of antioxidant system in the chloroplasts, mitochondria and cytosol of Rhododendron leaves. The results showed that: (1) the order of the three Rhododendron cultivars according to their heat resistance were R. obtusum ‘Yanzhimi’, R. ‘Hongyue’ and R. ‘Hongshanhu’, respectively. (2) Under heat stress, the subcellular distribution of H₂O₂: cytosol > chloroplast > mitochondria. There was no significant difference in the production rate of superoxide radical (O₂^-·) in three subcellular organelles. The MDA content in cytosol was the highest in three Rhododendron cultivars, the subcellular distribution of MDA in R. ‘Hongyue’ and R. ‘Hongshanhu’ was the same with H₂O₂ distribution, but MDA in the mitochondria of R. obtusum ‘Yanzhimi’ was higher than that in the chloroplast. (3) Under heat stress, the order of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in R. obtusum ‘Yanzhimi’ and R. ‘Hongshanhu’: cytosol > chloroplast > mitochondria, however in R. ‘Hongyue’, the order was cytosol > mitochondria > chloroplast. The subcellular distribution of catalase (CAT) in R. obtusum ‘Yanzhimi’ was the same with R. ‘Hongyue’, their CAT activity in the mitochondria was higher than that in the cytosols and chloroplasts, but in R. ‘Hongshanhu’ the activity of CAT in the chloroplasts was the highest. (4) H₂O₂ pretreatment could improve the heat tolerance of rhododendron seedlings by enhancing the antioxidant defense ability of reducing the peroxidative damage under heat stress especially for the seedlings with poor heat tolerance. The results indicated that the subcellular distributions of ROS, MDA and antioxidant enzymes were different among three cultivars. The distribution of MDA was not completely consistent with that of ROS, and the chloroplasts of heatsensitive cultivars _R. ‘Hongyue’ and R. ‘Hongshanhu’ were more susceptible to oxidative damage than those of R. obtusum ‘Yanzhimi’. The effects of H₂O₂ pretreatment on the level of ROS and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in subcellular organelles appeared to be different among the three cultivars.

Abstract:Widely targeted metabolomics was used to study the difference of metabolite contents in the needles of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei and T. wallichiana var. mairei cv. ‘Jinxishan’. The results showed that: (1) a total of 689 metabolites and their integral quantitative values were found, including 326 primary metabolites, 334 secondary metabolites and 29 other components. (2) The results of quantitative analysis showed 71 metabolite contents were significantly difference. Most of differential metabolites between T. wallichiana var. mairei and T. wallichiana var. mairei cv. ‘Jinxishan’ were significant enriched in primary metabolic pathways, such as glycometabolism and lipid biosynthesis pathways, as well as secondary metabolic pathways such as flavonoids biosynthesis pathways. (3) A large number of metabolites in the amino acid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were significantly accumulated in T. wallichiana var. mairei cv. ‘Jinxishan’, while the differential metabolites in sugar metabolism, lipid synthesis and TCA cycle pathways were mainly accumulated in T. wallichiana var. mairei. The study considered that the increase of flavonoid content was attributed to the coregulation of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolic pathways, which improved the adaptability of T. wallichiana var. mairei cv. ‘Jinxishan’ to the environment. At the same time, the energy was supplied by synthesizing large amounts of amino acids to make up for the lack of energy, caused by the decrease of metabolite contents in glycometabolism, lipid biosynt hesis and TCA cycle pathways.

Abstract:In order to explore different anthocyanidins and their synthesis regulator genes in Gynura bicolor leaves, we sequenced the transcriptomes of 2 G. bicolors including the purple leaves and the green leaves in control by Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. At the same time, previously reported 6 kinds of anthocyanidins were detected by HPLC and 6 differential expressed genes were identified by the RTPCR.The aim is to reveal its unique anthocyanidins and key gene information for its synthesis and regulation in G. bicolor. The results showed that: (1) 14 unigenes related to anthocyanidins and 34 unigenes related to their synthesis regulator genes were obtained. There were 6 differential expressed genes from all of these genes between the 2 G. bicolors with purple and green leaves, which were 4 significant downregulated genes including pelargonidin (c11692), cyanidin (c42112), anthocyanidin synthase (c38551), flavonoid 3Oglucosyltransferase (c9064) and 2 significant upregulated genes including dihydroflavonol (c35961), flavonoid 3Oglucosyltransferase (c20283). (2) The up or downexpression trend of these 6 genes agreed very well with the testing by the RTPCR. However, the expression trend by transcriptome sequencing was more significantly different than that by qRTPCR. (3) According to the HPLC detection, the result showed that there were not 4 kinds of anthocyanidins such as delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin in G. bicolor. However, the purple leaves had significantly higher content of cyanidin (62.21 mg/kg) than that in green leaves (6.86 mg/kg). At the same time, the content of pelargonidin was below 0.43 mg/kg in 2 G. bicolors. So this study inferred that the reason why the levels of the 2 kinds of anthocyanidins including cyanidin and pelargonidin were decreased significantly in green G. bicolor was the 4 anthocyanin synthesis regulator genes involved in positive regulatory genes like an anthocyanidin synthase and a flavonoid 3Oglucosyltransferase, negative regulatory genes like a dihydroflavonol and a flavonoid 3Oglucosyltransferase.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the effect of different cultivation models on the quality of Dendrocalamus latiflorus shoots, improve economic values of D. latiflorus forests, we used the soil cultivation and noncultivation methods to study the appearance, nutrients, taste substances and amino acid contents of D. latiflorus shoots, analysis of the effects of different cultivation measures on the quality and palatability of D. latiflorus shoots. The results showed that：(1) the individual weight, basis, length and edible rate of the D. latiflorus shoots cultivated in the soil were significantly higher than that of the noncultivated bamboo shoots by 28.09%, 12.76%, 19.61% and 23.53%, respectively, and the thickness of the sill wall was significantly reduced by 46.43%.(2) The contents of ash, protein, fat and starch in cultivated bamboo shoots decreased significantly by 10.08%, 12.77%, 26.09% and 48.84%, respectively, while the contents of reducing sugar, soluble sugar, water and vitamin C increased to varying degrees.(3) The contents of tannin, oxalic acid, cellulose, and lignin in cultivated D. latiflorus shoots decreased by 26.32%, 20.26%, 39.12% and 25.47% compared with that of noncultivated bamboo shoots.(4) The total amino acid content of the bamboo shoots cultivated in the soil significantly increased by 26.08% compared with the noncultivated bamboo shoots. Among them, the contents of bitterness, aromatic and umami amino acids decreased, but the proportion of sweet amino acids increased significantly. The study found that soil cultivation can improve the appearance of D. latiflorus shoots, increase sweetness of bamboo shoots, reduce roughness and sour taste, so that the quality of bamboo shoots is significantly improved.

Abstract:The growth and physiology of Chlorella pyrenoidesa were studied by using different concentrations of G. pentaphyllum extract (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 g/L). The results showed that: (1) G. pentaphyllum extract could inhibit the growth of C. pyrenoidesa, with the increasing concentration and the prolonging time of cultivate, the inhibition increased. And the inhibition rate reached the maximum that was 79.41% when C. pyrenoidesa was cultured for 15 days with 25 g/L of G. pentaphyllum extract. (2) Chlorophyll a content in the cells of each concentration treatment group was lower than that of control group. With the increase of extraction concentration and the extension of treatment time, chlorophyll a content decreased more than that of control group. This result indicated that the photosynthetic effect of C. pyrenoidesa was affected. (3) The cell membrane permeability (absorbance OD₂₆₄) of the treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control group, which meant the cell membrane permeability increased with the increase of the concentration of the extract. At high concentration, both OD₂₆₀ and OD₂₈₀ were significantly higher than that of control group. And the cell membrane permeability was increased with the extension time, and more soluble proteins and nucleic acid were infiltrate out of the cells. The experimental results indicated that inhibition was enhanced with the increase of the concentration, and its mechanism of action was to promote chlorophyll decomposition and increase cell membrane permeability as well as promote soluble protein and nucleic acid exosmosis. So the structure of algal cells damaged and metabolic disorders happened, thus allelopathic inhibition was achieved.

Abstract:1-2 true leaves of Chinese olive healthy seedlings as experimental materials, seedlings roots were dipped in different solutions. We studied the effects of two kinds of exogenous auxin Indole3butyric acid (IBA) and 1naphthylacetic acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations (100, 300 and 500 μmol/L) and the processing time (1, 3, 5 h) on the growth of roots and shoots of Chinese olive seedlings. The method of membership grade function was used to carry on the comprehensive evaluation. Further more, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of seedlings of the top five processing, to find the best treatment to promote growth of Chinese olive seedlings and provide a theoretical and technical reference for propagation of Chinese olive rootstock seedlings. Results showed that: (1) exogenous auxin could promote the growth of Chinese olive seedlings and improve root system architecture. Treatments with lowconcentration and highconcentration for shortdurations had some better performances. They could enhance the growth potential of Chinese olive seedlings. (2) According to the comprehensive effect of membership function analysis on the growth of Chinese olive seedlings, the top five treatments were N3001>N5001>N1005>N1001>I3003. The first four treatments were all treated with NAA, which average membership function values were all greater than 0.65. Results showed the promotion of plant height, stem diameter, aboveground biomass, total root length, total root surface area, main root length and lateral root number under NAA treatment were greater compared with IBA treatment. (3) The chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics showed that Y_(Ⅱ) of Chinese olive seedlings treated with N1001 was the highest, which was 8.16% higher than that of the control, ETR was the highest, NPQ was the lowest and significantly lower than CK by 23.78% (P<0.05). Therefore, Chinese olive seedlings under N1001 treatment was optimal. That is Chinese olive seedling roots treated for one hour with 100 μmol/L NAA, which significantly promoted the plant growth, and improved the utilization rate of light energy and the photosynthetic ability.

Abstract:The study aimed to explore the effect of interaction between rhizosphere soil humidity and canopymicroclimate on photosynthesis in grape under drought stress. The changes of rhizosphere soil humidity, canopymicroclimate factors, photosynthetic parameters of deepfurrow planting and flatfurrow planting were studied under drought stress in field with rain shelter, using twoyearold seedlings ‘Jingya’ and ‘Red globe’ as testing materials. The results showed: (1) under drought stress, the rhizosphere soil humidity and canopymicroclimate interacted, and they effected photosynthesis by affecting water condition in grapes. The soil moisture threshold was the most effective soil moisture point for water utilization in photosynthesis of grape, and showed a “threshold drift” phenomenon. There was a significant negative correlation between the soil moisture and canopy air humidity. Therefore, higher canopy air humidity was beneficial to achieve higher photosynthetic efficiency under lower rhizosphere soil humidity condition. (2) Under drought stress, compared with flatfurrow planting, deepfurrow planting had obvious advantages to improve rhizosphere soil humidity and canopymicroclimate. Grape had stronger waterretaining capacity and higher water utilization efficiency under deepfurrow planting, thus had stronger photosynthetic efficiency. (3) Under deepfurrow planting, it was suggested: the rhizosphere soil relative water content of 30%-50% was the scope that significantly affected photosynthesis in grapevines; the appropriate soil moisture range for ‘Jingya’ and ‘Red Globe’ were 43.32%-50% and 40.19%-50%, respectively. The rhizosphere soil relative water content of 43.43% and 40.19% were the most effective soil moisture that generated the highest water utilization efficiency during photosynthesis in the leaves of ‘Jingya’ and ‘Red Globe’, respectively.

Abstract:DREB1 (dehydrationresponsive element binding protein 1) belongs to a subfamily of transcription factors found in plants that plays a key role during the response to abiotic stresses. On the basis of transcriptome sequencing data, we report a DREB1 gene, designated ZjDREB1.4 in this study, that was isolated from zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), a popular warmseason turfgrass. (1) The ZjDREB1.4 gene encodes a protein that contains 226 amino acids and has an AP2 domain flanked by sequences characteristic of DREB1 proteins from other species. (2) The expression of ZjDREB1.4 was significantly induced by 4 ℃cold stress, moderately induced by high salt and slightly induced by drought stress. (3) The product of the fusion gene ZjDREB1.4GFP was primarily targeted to the nucleus. (4) Yeast onehybrid assays indicated that ZjDREB1.4 showed strong transactivation activity but weak binding to the DRE in which ACCGAC was the core sequence. (5) Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ZjDREB1.4 showed similar growth to WT (wild type) with only a 3-8 day delay in bolting, but showed higher survival rates with high temperature or freezing temperature stress. Since ZjDREB1.4 functions in stress tolerance with weak adverse effect on plant growth and development, the potential usage of it in plant breeding is worthy of further study.

Abstract:This study used strawberry variety ‘Benihoppe’ as test material. The FaSPS1 gene expression in different stages of strawberry fruit development was analyzed. The FaSPS1 gene was cloned by PCR and the plant expression vector with reporter eGFP gene was constructed. The strawberry fruit was transformed by transient transgene method. The aim of this study was to identify the transgenic plants by detecting the expression of FaSPS1 gene and observe green fluorescence. The changes of the expression of FaSPS1 gene during the ripening and development of strawberry fruits were analyzed after the overexpression and antisense expression of FaSPS1 gene. The special role of FaSPS1 gene in the ripening and development of strawberry fruits was explored to provide ideas for further understanding the molecular mechanism of strawberry fruit development and ripening regulation. The results showed that: (1) FaSPS1 gene (GenBank number AB267868.1) was successfully cloned; FaSPS1 gene overexpression vector and antisense gene expression vector with reporter gene eGFP were successfully constructed, and the transgenic strawberry plants were identified by transient transgene transformation and fluorescence and target gene expression detection. (2) Overexpression of FaSPS1 gene can promote the ripening of strawberry fruit, advance the ripening period of strawberry fruit, and increase the sucrose and fructose contents in the fruit, but antisense expression can inhibit the ripening of strawberry fruit and increase the malic acid content in the fruit. (3) After gene overexpression or antisense expression, the expression of ripeningrelated genes in strawberry fruits were regulated to varying degrees. Among them, sugar metabolism genes FaSPS2/3, FaSUT1, fruit softening genes FaEXP1, FaEXP3, FaXYL1 and hormone metabolism genes FaJAZ1, FaJAZ2, FaJAZ8, FaOPR3, FaPYL1, FaPYL8, FaPYL9 and FaNCED1 showed the most significant changes. It is speculated that FaSPS1 gene may regulate strawberry fruit ripening by affecting sugar metabolism genes, fruit softening genes and hormone metabolism genes related to fruit ripening.

Abstract:In this study, the CsCIGR gene was cloned from Camellia sinensis cultivar ‘Longjing 43’ by RTPCR method based on tea genome database. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame length of CsCIGR gene was 1 677 bp, encoding 588 amino acids. Evolutionary analysis indicated that CsCIGR belongs to the PAT1 subfamily of the GRAS family. Multiple sequence alignments indicate that the CsCIGR protein of tea plants has a high degree of similarity to the amino acid sequences of GRAS proteins from other plants. The physicochemical properties of amino acids showed that CsCIGR transcription factor was a hydrophilic proteins. Subcellular localization prediction indicates that CsCIGR may be located in the nucleus. Promoter prediction analysis showed that the promoter region of CsCIGR contained stress response element (STRE), drought response element (MYC), anaerobic inducer (ARE) and other cisacting elements related to stress response. The results of qRTPCR showed that the CsCIGR gene responded to high temperature (38 ℃), low temperature (4 ℃), drought (200 g·L^-1 PEG) and high salinity(200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl). The expression levels of CsCIGR were significantly induced by high salinity, low temperature, and high temperature stresses. It is speculated that CsCIGR gene plays an important role in the response of C. sinensis to stresses. The results of this study provide important theoretical basis for screening genes of C. sinensis resistance breeding.

Abstract:Plant specific transcription factor (BRI1EMSSUPPRESSOR1，BES1) family involved in regulating the brassinosteroids (BR) signaling pathway and play an important role in plant growth and response to abiotic stress. In this study, the BES1 transcription factor family of tea plant was identified by bioinformatics method. The expression patterns of tea CsBES1 gene in 8 tea tissues were analyzed, and the CsBES1 transcription factor family was expressed at low temperature. In order to reveal the function of CsBES1 transcription factor family and its response to environmental stress, we analyzed the expression of CsBES1 transcription factor family in tea plants under drought and ABA hormone treatment. The results showed that: (1) ten members of the BES1 transcription factor family of tea tree were identified from the whole genome of tea tree, all of which had complete BES1_N domain. According to phylogenetic relationships, 10 CsBES1 transcription factor families were divided into 3 groups, including 2, 3 and 5 members respectively. Each gene of this family contains 2~11 exons. (2) The analysis of tissue expression pattern showed that the expression of BES1 transcription factor family was higher in the young shoots and mature leaves of tea plants, and there were differences among different members. (3) The upstream promoter region analysis showed that there was a lot of ciselements associated with various stress and hormone responses. (4) The results of fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that the expression patterns of BES1 gene were different under different stress conditions. Under low temperature and abscisic acid treatment, the expression levels of CsBES11， CsBES17, CsBES18 and CsBES19 genes increased significantly. However, the expression of CsBES12, CsBES14, CsBES15, CsBES16, CsBES17, CsBES18 and CsBES19 genes increased significantly under drought stress.

Abstract:Gammatocopherol methyltransferase (γTMT) is one of the key enzymes in the vitamin E synthesis pathway. In this study, we cloned three homologous copies of the γtocopherol methyltransferase gene (γTMT) from the wheat cultivarChinese Spring using RTPCR (reverse transcription PCR). The similarity of three sequence CDs (coding sequence) was 99.12%. TaγTMT6A and TaγTMT6B coding sequences both contain 1 101 bp and encode 366 amino acids, while TaγTMT6D encodes only 365 amino acids due to nonsense mutations. The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that the molecular weights of the three proteins were 39.58, 39.53 and 39.50 kDa, respectively, and the theoretical isoelectric points were 6.67, 6.41 and 7.08. They all belonged to hydrophilic unstable nonsecretory proteins. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that TaγTMT protein shared high similarity to γTMT protein from Panicum miliaceum and closest genetic relationship. Realtime quantitative PCR analysis showed that the TaγTMT gene was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, glumes and seeds, and highly expressed in leaves. Meanwhile, expression of the TaγTMT gene was upregulated induced by ABA, NaCl, PEG treatments. This result will provide the foundation for further study of the function of the TaγTMT gene in wheat.

Abstract:Thioredoxins are a kind of low molecular weight redox proteins widely existing in plants, which play important roles in the developmental regulation and stress responding processes in plants. Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Luohan No. 2’, were used in this study. A thioredoxin gene TaTrxh9 was cloned from common wheat by using RTPCR. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to define the chromosomal localization and sequence characteristics of TaTrxh9, and its expression patterns responding to osmotic stresses were detected by qRTPCR. The results showed that: (1) TaTrxh9 gene was successfully cloned, sequence analysis indicated that TaTrxh9 was located on the short arms of group one chromosomes, and three homoeologues of the gene were designated as TaTrxh91AS, TaTrxh91BS and TaTrxh91DS, respectively. (2) Four introns were detected in each of TaTrxh9 homoeologues and a large number of polymorphisms were detected in introns among homoeologues, while the coding regions of homoeologues were highly identical (>98%) and encoded an identical protein sequence with the length of 131 amino acids. Characterization of TaTrxh9 protein indicated that a TRXfamily conserved domain and a CXXC redox active site was detected, and the TaTrxh9 was predicted to have a typical spatial structure of thioredoxin, including a peripheral framework composed of 4 helixes and a central axis composed of 5 antiparallel β sheets. (3) qRTPCR analysis showed that TaTrxh9 gene was downregulated in leaves under drought stress, while initially increased and then declined in roots. Under salt stress, no significant response of TaTrxh9 gene was detected in leaves and only a transient induction was observed in roots. The expression pattern of TaTrxh9 under treatment of ABA is similar to that under the drought stress. It was speculated that the responding process of TaTrxh9 gene to drought stress was associated with ABAmediated regulation of gene expression.

Abstract:In order to explore the function of LEC1 gene to abiotic stress response in wheat, we cloned a TaLEC1 gene from wheat using RTPCR combined with RACE technology. The expression patterns of TaLEC1 from different tissues of wheat and under different stress treatments were analyzed by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRTPCR). These would be provided a foundation for the drought, high temperature and high salt response mechanism study of LEC1 gene in wheat. The results showed that: (1) the fulllength cDNA sequence of TaLEC1 was successfully cloned. The length of cDNA sequence of TaLEC1 is 1 074 bp, contains a 741 bp open reading frame (ORF), with 23 bp in the 5′ UTR and 310 bp in the 3′ UTR. TaLEC1 was predicted to encode a 246 amino acid protein with typical CBFD_NFYB domain. (2) Real time quantitative PCR (qRTPCR) analysis showed that there were significant differences in the expression levels of TaLEC1 among different tissues and the highest expression was found in 10 d leaves. (3) TaLEC1 could be upregulated by plant hormone ABA and belongs to ABAdependent expression regulation pathway. (4) During PEG simulated drought stress, TaLEC1 was induced to upregulate expression within 0.5~1 h of stress treatment. The expression of TaLEC1 showed a stable upregulation trend during the whole 42 ℃ stress process and the expression level was sharply upregulated under 12 h and 48 h of stress treatments, to 52.8 and 34.5 times of that of the control, respectively. TaLEC1 was rapidly upregulated within 0.5 h of high salt stress treatments. These research have shown that TaLEC1 is involved in ABAdependent stress response in wheat, suggesting that it may play an important dehydration protection function in wheat tolerance to high temperature and osmotic stress.

Abstract:In this study, CPD (combined PI and DAPI) staining and sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45S rDNA probe were applied to analyze the prometaphase and metaphase chromosomes of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston, a medicinal plant, and the karyotype of this species was established by combining the chromosome measurements and the CPD bands and rDNA FISH signals. (1) The mean haploid karyotype length was (30.38±1.58) μm. The karyotype formula was 2n=24=14m+10sm (2SAT) with the range of chromosome relative length being 11.22-7.12. The karyotype asymmetry indice, CI, A1, A2, As K(%), TF% and AI were 41.63±6.70, 0.27, 0.16, 58.18, 41.82 and 2.57, respectively, and the asymmetric karyotype belonged to the 2A type of the Stebbins’ category. (2) Four and a half pairs of 45S rDNA sites were identified in the diploid complement. Among these rDNA sites, four pairs were located at the terminals of the short arms of chromosome pairs 3, 8, 9 and 12, respectively; and one site was located at the terminal of the short arm of one homologue of chromosome pair 10, showing heterozygosity of rDNA site. The investigation established the molecular cytogenetic karyotype of C. decapetala for the first time, providing basic data for the genome study of this species.

Abstract:In November 2017, we designed 5 treatments under different strip clearcutting in Moso bamboo forests in Huangshan District of Anhui Province, including the contrast (CK), 3 m logging strip (D1), 6 m logging strip (D2), 9 m logging strip (D3) and 12 m logging strip (D4). We investigated several indexes of spring shoot and new bamboo in 2018, mainly including the number of spring shoot and new bamboo, the diameter of breast height (DBH) of new bamboo and the biomass of new bamboo. We discussed the effects of different strip clearcutting measures on Moso bamboo forest restoration in order to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and reasonable logging widths of strip clearcutting of Moso bamboo forests. (1) The number of spring shoot per hectare in four logging treatments was larger than that of CK, and it increased with the increase of logging intensity. The number and rate of degraded shoot per hectare in treatments with higher intensity (9 m and 12 m logging strips) was lower than that of treatments with lower intensity (3 m and 6 m logging strips) and CK. (2) The mean DBH of new bamboo in four logging treatments were lower than that of CK, and the mean DBH of new bamboo in treatments with higher intensity (9 m and 12 m logging strips) was significantly lower than that of mother bamboo, and it was negatively correlated with logging strip margin. The proportions of new bamboo with small and medium DBH were increased in treatments with higher intensity (9 m and 12 m logging strips). (3) The biomass of aboveground per hectare of new bamboo in four logging treatments were lower than that of CK, following the order of CK, D3, D4, D2, and D1, respectively. There are different responses to different strip clearcutting measures on qualitative characteristics in Moso bamboo forests. In conclusion, the recovery ability of spring shoot and new bamboo in 6-9 m logging strips is better. However, the recovery of Moso bamboo forest after strip clearcutting is a periodic process, and it is necessary to consider the longterm effects of different logging intensity on the quality of new bamboo.

Abstract:This study uses an approach of space sequence instead of temporal sequence, we measured C, N and P contents and C∶N, C∶P, N∶P ratios of the leaves of dominant species and soil in four forests, in Pingtan Island, eastern of Fujian Province, China: shrubgrassland, coniferous forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed wood and broadleaved forest. The aim was to analyse the summary of changes in C, N and P stoichiometry of plant and soil in different forest successions, and explored the relationship between plant and soil of nutrition in Pingtan Island. The results showed that: (1) because the sources of C, N and P in soil was differential, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen content (STN) increased with succession. The soil total phosphorus (STP) content decreased initially, and then increased. Soil C: N ratio gradually increased with succession, Soil C∶P and N∶P ratios increased initially, and then decreased. (2) With progress in succession, plant leaf carbon (LC) content increased initially, and then decreased; Leaf nitrogen (LN) content and phosphorus (LP) content decreased initially, and then increased, which reflected that plants adopted different ecological adaptability in each successional stage. Leaf C∶N and C∶P ratios increased initially, and then decreased; Leaf N∶P ratio gradually increased with succession. (3) The correlation analysis showed that was a significant positive correlation between soil SOC and STN, which means a strong coupling relationship between soil C and N. A significant positive correlation was observed between plant LN and LP which together reflected the photosynthesis of plants. LP content was significantly and positively correlated with STP, and the N∶P ratio of leaves was greater than 16 in each successional stage. These results indicated that the growth of plants was mainly restricted by soil P in Pingtan Island.

Abstract:Based on the multiple field surveys in 2017 and 2018, the study combined the relevant data to analyze the seed plants in Sanjiangyuan National Park and analyze the composition, nature and characteristics of the flora. The results showed that: (1) there are 832 species of 232 genera and 50 species of seed plants in Sanjiangyuan National Park. Droughttolerant and coldtolerant perennial herbs are the main components, and woody plants are less. It is the core distribution area of seed plants in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve. (2) The park has the highest plant resource richness in the Yangtze River source park, and the Lancang river source park and the Yellow River Source Park are successively decreasing. Among them, 244 seed plants are distributed in all three parks. (3) At the level of the family, the small and mediumsized departments constitute the main body of the park, while the 12 larger and large families represented by the grass family together constitute the superiority of the seed plants in the park. At the genera level, a single genera constitutes the main body of the Sanjiangyuan National Park genera, and the medium genera contains the largest number of seed plants. (4) The type of distribution area of this district is mainly distributed in the world. Except for cosmopolitan, the section of the park mainly reflects the distribution characteristics of temperate nature. (5) The type of distribution area of genera has obvious temperate nature, closely related to Eurasia, and the distribution of north temperate is the main component. (6) The species of seed plants in this area are divided into two categories: endemic to China and endemic to nonChinese species. The distribution of endemic species in China is closely related to the Hengduan Mountains, which affects the formation of the flora. The distribution of nonChinese endemic species has obvious temperate nature under the joint influence with central Asia and East Asia and secondary influence with temperate Asia and North temperate. (7) The richness of seed plant resources, the diversity of life forms and the distribution characteristics of temperate nature of families, genera and species in this park fully reflect that the plant flora of the park is compatible with its unique geographical location and climatic conditions.

Abstract:Hoya burmanica Rolfe (Asclepiadaceae), a species has been recorded in Myanmar and India, is newly found in Yunnan Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, Dehong, Yunnan Province, China. The species is related to Hoya pandurata Tsiang, but differs in its triangular to ovatelanceolate leaves, main nerve slightly raised on lower leaf surface, corollas cupshaped.

Abstract:Biatora carneoalbida is reported new to China based on the specimen collected from Hebei Province. The study on morphology, anatomy and chemistry, and a phylogentic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence were carried out. The new record species can be distinguished by crustose thallus; apothecia usually clustered, disc orange yellow; clavate, 8spored asci; hyaline, fusiform ascospores (13.3-20.0) × (1.7-5.0) μm in size. Specimens are currently collected in HMASL and HBNU.