Abstract:In this study, the flower of a sweet osmanthus cultivar ‘Rixiang Gui’ was used as experimental material, the cloning of OfRAP212 gene were conducted by RTPCR, and bioinformatic analysis was performed to comprise its expression in different tissues, flower development stages and daily cycles in two sweet osmanthus cultivars ‘Rixiang Gui’ with a light aroma and ‘Boye Jinui’ with a strong aroma, by identifying the subcellular location of the encoded protein, and further analyzing the correlation between gene expression and the content of floral scent to explore its relationship with floral scent. The relationship lays a foundation for the research on the molecular mechanism of sweet osmanthus floral scent. The results showed: (1) the OfRAP212 gene of Osmanthus fragrans was successfully cloned. The length of the target fragment was 1 367 bp, containing an ORF of 966 bp in length, encoding 321 amino acids. (2) Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that OfRAP212 contained the conserved domain of RAP212, belonging to ERF subfamily, from the core Eudicots and was clustered into the Oleaceae clade, showing a lineagespecific trait. (3) Online prediction results shows that OfRAP212 protein is located in the nucleus, and mainly distributed in the plasma membrane (69%) and endoplasmic reticulum membrane (64%); the 35S∷OfRAP212GFP fusion protein expression vector was constructed, and infected the epidermis of tobacco leaves by bacillusmediated method. Two days later, the laser confocal microscope observation revealed that the 35S∷OfRAP212GFP fusion protein can be clearly observed on the nucleus and the plasma membrane with green fluorescent signal. (4) qRTPCR analysis showed that OfRAP212 exhibited a distinct tissue expression pattern between the two cultivars, ‘Rixiang Gui’ showing the highest expression in the stems, while ‘Boye Jinui’ had the highest expression in the flowers. During flower development stages of the two cultivars, the gene expression level in primary blooming stage was higher than that in other three stages, exhibiting generally an upward trend followed by a downward trend. The daily analysis found that OfRAP212 existed significant diurnal changes. (5) The correlation analysis showed that the expression of OfRAP212 was consistent with the release of ocimene, and ocimene derivatives. Our results proposed OfRAP212 as a possible candidate gene involving in the regulating of the synthesis of aroma substances. The results showed that OfRAP212 may be involved in the regulation of the synthesis of aroma in sweet osmanthus, and lay the foundation for the molecular mechanism of it. The study showed that OfRAP212 protein of O. fragrans is localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. The expression trend of OfRAP212 gene is consistent with the release of O. fragrans floral scent, and OfRAP212 may participate in the synthesis and regulation of O. fragrans aroma.

Abstract:The functions of plant protein kinase SnRK1s are regulated by many factors. In this work, we used protein kinase GsSnRK1.1 as bait to screen the wild soybean cDNA libray and identified GsPP2CA and GsPKA as interactors of GsSnRK1.1 by yeast twohybrid. To further investigate the mechanism of how GsPP2CA and GsPKA regulate GsSnRK1.1 kinase activity, we expressed and purified these recombinant proteins in E.coli system for pulldown and phosphorylation assays. The results of pulldown analyses indicated that GsSnRK1.1 had physical interactions with GsPP2CA and GsPKA, and the Phostag assays and western blottings using specific pPKDsub antibody showed that the Thr176 of GsSnRK1.1 could be phosphorylated by GsPKA and could be dephosphorylated GsPP2CA. When we complemented these genes into ARY330 (snf1/reg1/sit4) yeast mutant strain, we found that GsSnRK1.1 could play the function of SNF1 kinase to make yeast cells grow on the media with nonfermented sugars. The phosphorylation level of GsSnRK1.1 protein kinase can be regulated by GsPP2CA and GsPKA, which may replace Reg1 and Sit4 in yeast and further to regulate the use of nonfermentative carbon sources by GsSnRK1.1.

Abstract:The plant expression vector pBin438Vip3A was constructed and transformed into cotton variety “Jihe 713” by agrobacteriummediated transformation. A new insectresistant gene, Vip3A, was introduced into cotton plants to create new transgenic cotton germplasm resistant to cotton bollworm. The results showed that: (1) Vip3A gene has been transformed into the cotton genome and can be inherited stably. (2) In laboratory, two transgenic lines exhibited high resistance rate to bollworm, and three transgenic lines did resistance rate compared to the control. (3) Based on Southern blotting analysis, the transgenic line BV01 contained a single copy of insertion. (4) According to the results of Elisa, the foreign Vip3A gene was expressed in root, stem, leaf, flower and seed of BV01. Moreover, there were significant differences in Vip3A protein contents of the functional leaves among different stages, in order from high to low: seedling stage, bud stage, anthesis stage, boll stage and bolling stage. In this study, we successfully introduced the Vip3A gene into cotton plants, which possessed high resistance to cotton bollworm, laying a solid foundation for breeding new cotton cultivars with high resistance to cotton bollworm.

Abstract:In this study, we cloned a heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) gene, ZmHSF05 from maize (Zea mays) seedlings by RTPCR amplification and sequencing. The open reading frame of ZmHSF05 is 1 080 bp in length, which encodes 359 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis indicated that ZmHSF05 possessed a conserved DNA binding domain (BD), an activator domain (AD/AHA) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) site. Subcellular localization analysis showed that pEGADZmHSF05 fusion protein only distributed in the nucleus, indicating that ZmHSF05 gene localized in the nucleus. Cisacting element analysis of the 2 102 bp sequence upstream of the ATG of ZmHSF05 gene initiation codon revealed that the promoter region of ZmHSF05 contained several hormone and stress response related ciselements. qRTPCR result indicated that ZmHSF05 was highly expressed in root, and responsive to heat, drought and salt stresses. ZmHSF05 overexpress transgenic lines of Arabidopsis exhibited more thermotolerant phenotype under heat stress, including higher survival rate and cell membrane thermostability than wild type plants. These results indicated ZmHSF05 could be a positive regulator in heat stress response pathway.

Abstract:Sucrose transporter (SUT) plays an important role in the transportation and distribution of sucrose from source to sink. In this study, based on the latest published genomic data of upland cotton, we carried out the complete genome identification of SUT gene family, and systematically analyzed their expression characteristics by bioinformatics and qRTPCR method in upland cotton. Our results showed that: (1) a total of eighteen GhSUT genes (GhSUT1-_GhSUT18) were identified, and were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes in upland cotton. (2) The sequence identity of GhSUT proteins was very high, and all of them had 11-12 membranespanning domains, and were located on the plasma membrane. (3) Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the GhSUT protein was mainly distributed in the dicotsspecific SUT1 subgroup， and SUT2 and SUT4 subgroup which contained both dicotyledon and monocotyledon plants. Among them, SUT1 subgroup had the most members, including 8 GhSUT genes. (4) GhSUT genes within the same subgroup demonstrated similar intronexon organization. However, the number of intron/exon varied greatly among different subgroups. (5) Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression level of GhSUT genes was different. GhSUT1 and GhSUT10 could not be detected in the tested tissues. The expression level of GhSUT5, GhSUT14, GhSUT7 and GhSUT16 was low in the tested tissues, and other GhSUT genes had high expression level in the tested tissues. In addition, GhSUT gene had tissuespecific expression pattern, in which GhSUT2 and GhSUT11 were mainly expressed in source and sink organs, GhSUT6 and GhSUT15 were mainly expressed in sink organs, while GhSUT9 and GhSUT18 were mainly highly expressed in fibers. (6) Further qRTPCR analysis showed that GhSUT2 was highly expressed in the source and sink organs. GhSUT6 was mainly expressed in the roots, petals, fibers and stems of sink organs, but very low in the source organs (leaves). GhSUT18 was highly expressed in the fibers and very low in other tissues. The results showed that the experimental results were consistent with those of transcriptome analysis. The results of this study provided important genetic information for further study on the functions of SUT family genes, and laid a theoretical basis for improving yield and quality in cotton.

Abstract:miRNA is widely involved in the development of plants. The leaf type varied among different Chinese kale varieties. To understand evolutionary characteristics of the miR156a family and its expression pattern during leaf development of Chinese kale, we performed bioinformatics analysis on different miR156a members and the corresponding precursor premiR156a genes in Chinese kale. Morphology of leaves of four Chinese kale varieties were recorded, and expression of miR156a precursors were analyzed by qRTPCR in different tissues of ‘Cuibao’. In addition, the expression levels of premiR156a and SPL2/10/15 in the first true leaves, mature leaves and ‘Gu’ leaves were also measured in ‘Cuibao’ and ‘Gailiangxianggu’. The results contained four aspects as below. (1) Multiple sequence alignment and evolutionary tree analysis showed that miR156a family and premiR156a3p_1 was highly conserved in Chinese kale during evolution. Secondary structure prediction revealed that each member of premiR156a could form a stemloop structure and contained two or three miR156a’s sequences. Target gene prediction showed that miR156a5p and miR156a mainly targeted SPL family while miR156a3p_1 targeted different genes such as CTPS. (2) The leaf shape of ‘Cuibao’ and ‘Gailiangxianggu’ are the most similar and the difference is that ‘Gailiangxianggu’ has its unique ‘Gu’ leaves. The qRTPCR analysis exhibited that the expression level of premiR156a was high in the leaves of ‘Cuibao’ at vegetative growth stage. (3) The expression level of premiR156a members varied in different types of leaves in ‘Cuibao’ and ‘Gailiangxianggu’. The expression of premiR156a was abundant in mature leaves and ‘Gu’ leaves, while the expression levels of premiR156a3p_1 and premiR156a5p were higher in the first true leaves. (4) Target gene analysis showed their different expression trends existed in different varieties. In ‘Cuibao’, the expression level of SPL10/15 was high in the mature leaves while the expression level of SPL2 was reduced. In ‘Gailiangxianggu’, the expression level of SPL10 was reduced in the mature leaves and ‘Gu’ leaves while SPL15 was high in the ‘Gu’ leaves and no difference was detected in the transcript amounts of SPL2. As a result, members of miR156a and their target genes SPL2/10/15 may be involved in regulating leaf development of Chinese kale. The target genes of miR156a in different varieties may be different, which might related to the various leaf phenotypes in Chinese kale.

Abstract:In this study, the chloroplast complete genomes of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Ammopiptanthus nanus were used as research objects, and their genomic structure and phylogenetic relationship were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the chloroplast genomes of A. mongolicus and A. nanus have a typical foursegment structure, with total length of 153 935 and 154 140 bp. Among them, the large singlecopy region (LSC) is 83 891 and 84 126 bp, and the small singlecopy region is 18 022 and 18 014 bp (SSC), respectively. The pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) with lengths of 26 011 and 26 000 bp, respectively. The chloroplast genomes of A. mongolicus and A. nanus have annotated 130 genes, including 85 proteincoding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. (2) 26 and 15 palindromic repeats, 39 and 50 tandem repeat, 23 and 34 dispersed palindromic repeats were detected in the chloroplast genomes in the two species. At the same time, 96 SSRs were identified in the chloroplast genomes of A. mongolicus and A. nanus, of which 74 and 73 were mononucleotides, 5 and 6 were dinucleotides, and 17 were compound SSR. Boundary analysis shows that the IR region between A. mongolicus and A. nanus is similar, but there are still some differences. (3) A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the chloroplast genomes of 17 species of Papilionoideae, and 2 species of Caesalpinioideae, using the neighborjoining method (NJ). The phylogenetic tree showed that A. mongolicus and A. nanus were clustered into independent branches with higher support. This study provides a theoretical basis for further studies on interspecific identification, development of SSR molecular markers, conservation work, population dynamics, and further study of the evolution process of the Trib. Podalyrieae.

Abstract:The distribution characteristics of polysaccharides and lipid droplets in the development anther of Anoectochilus roxburghii were studied by cytochemistry. The result shoued that: (1) in young anthers, a small amount of starch grains are accumulated in the epidermis and the endothecium of the anther wall and the sporogenous cells. When the microspore mother cell forms a callose wall, the starch grains in the cells of anther wall and microspore mother cells decrease, and some lipids appear in the microspore mother cells, which continue to the bicellular pollens. However, in the twocelled pollen, the sugar metabolism was significantly enhanced, and by the time of flowering, more starches and fewer lipids were accumulated in the mature pollens. (2) The A. roxburghii pollen develops in the form of pollinium. There are three developmental characteristics of the pollinium: ① some special cell walls of sporogenous cells have been specialized and determined the outline of the pollinium. ② During the microspore mother cell period, the callose wall covers on the surface of entire pollinium, not on internal pollen. ③ In anaphase of bicellular pollen, the sporopollenin exine covers on the surface of the whole pollinium, not on internal pollen grains. These structural features of the development in the form of pollinium of A. roxburghii are reported little, and some interesting questions about pollen development of higher plant have been raised.

Abstract:The photosynthetic pathway of two early spring ephemeral plants, Ixiolirion songaricum and I. tataricum in Xinjiang, were investigated by anatomical structure observation, photosynthesis measurement, stable carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C) and photosynthetic enzymes activity determination. The results showed that: (1) the two species had one layer of vascular bundle sheath cells and were closely arranged, the sheath cells contained more chloroplasts and were more centrifugally distributed which were similar to the Kranz structure, revealed by the leaf anatomy and ultrastructure observation. (2) The maximum net photosynthetic rate of I. songaricum and I. tataricum was 14.81 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 15.04 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively. Both of them had a low CO₂ compensation point with 3.57 μmol·mol^-1 and 2.54 μmol· mol^-1, respectively. The δ¹³C value was -25.36±0.55‰ and -25.76±1.38‰ for I. songaricum and I. tataricum, respectively, and the photosynthetic enzyme PEPC/Rubisco ratio was 0.244 and 0.322, respectively. (3) The maximum net photosynthetic rate, δ¹³C value and PEPC/Rubisco ratio indicated that the photosynthetic pathway of the two ephemerals were C₃. However, the C₄like vascular bundle sheath structure, relative lower CO₂ compensation point and dark respiration, and higher PEPC/Rubisco ratio than some C₃ and C₃C₄ intermediate plants suggested that the photosynthetic pathways of the two ephemeral species are not typical C₃ pathways, but should be defined as C₃C₄ intermediate.

Abstract:The Dof (DNAbinding with one zinc finger) protein family is a group of plant specific transcription factors involved in the regulation of plant growth and development and metabolism pathway. So far, the expression pattern of ZmDOFs in different tissues or in response to various abiotic stresses has rarely been reported. Here, the expression profiles of 9 ZmDOFs under various abiotic stresses (salt, drought, nitrate nitrogen deficiency and ammonium nitrogen deficiency) have been carefully studied used realtime quantitative qRTPCR. The results showed: (1) bioinformatic analysis indicated that 9 ZmbZIPs scattered in 5 chromosomes, and clustered into four subfamilies through evolutionary analysis. (2) Tissue expression analysis showed that 9 ZmDOFs have tissue specific expression patterns, especially high expression in tassels or young ears. ZmDOF1, ZmDOF4, ZmDOF11 and ZmDOF12 were upregulated by 18, 60, 11 and 75 fold in ears, respectively, compared with roots, while ZmDOF19, ZmDOF26, ZmDOF27 and ZmDOF42 were upregulated by 360,28,13 and 44 fold in tassels, respectively, compared with roots, indicating that these genes play a pivotal roles in tassel of ear development. (3) Results by qRTPCR indicated that some ZmDOFs were differentially induced in response to osmotic, salt, and nitrogen stresses. 7 ZmDOFs were obviously upregulated under NO^-₃ (>5 fold) or NH⁺₄ (>2 fold) depletion treatment, respectively. ZmbDOF12，ZmbDOF27 and ZmbDOF42 were upregulated by > 10fold under NO^-₃ depletion treatment, indicating these genes involved in the regulation of nitrate nitrogen stress response pathway. 5 ZmDOFs and 8 ZmDOFs were obviously induced under NaCl (>2 fold) or osmotic (>2 fold) stresses, respectively, indicating the important and distinct roles of ZmDOFs in response to abiotic stress. These finding provide valuable information for further studies of ZmDOF genes in maize.

Abstract:Organic acids play an important role in fruit quality of plum, and malate transporters are involved in transtonoplast transportation and accumulation of organic acids in fruit. In order to reveal the organic acid composition and its correlation with malate transporter genes (PsALMT9 and PstDT) in plum fruit, this study used two plum cultivars (Prunus salicina ‘Huangguan’ and Prunus salicina ‘Black Amber’) as samples to determine the organic acid composition and content, single fruit weight, titratable acid (TA) and pH of fruits at different stages of fruit development, and using quantitative realtime PCR (PCR) to analyze the relative expression levels of PsALMT9 and PstDT. We also carried out the pearson correlation coefficient to determine the correlation of PsALMT9， PstDT and fruit acids. The results showed that: (1) malic acid is the main organic acid component at all developmental stages of ‘Huangguan’ and ‘Black Amber’ (proportion for 73.83%~92.10%), followed by tartaric acid (4.59%~14.26%), the contents of citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid and succinic acid are low (0.47%~7.21%), and the content of fumaric acid is trace. (2) The pearson correlation coefficient showed that malic acid was significantly positively correlated with TA, and significantly negatively correlated with pH; PsALMT9 was significantly positively correlated with tartaric acid, and significantly positively correlated with acetic acid and oxalic acid; PstDT was significantly positively correlated with citric acid and TA, but both PsALMT9 and PstDT were less correlated with malic acid. Our research indicated that ‘Huangguan’ and ‘Black Amber’ belong to malatetype fruits, and fruit acidity is mainly determined by malic acid. PsALMT9 may be involved in the transtonoplast transport of tartaric acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid simultaneously, and PstDT may be involved in the transtonoplast transport of citric acid, while the transtonoplast transport process of malate may be related to the synergistic regulation of varied membrane protein genes such as PsALMT9 and PstDT.

Abstract:In order to screen the best photoperiod to promote the quality of Talinum crassifolium (Jacq.) Gaertn., we conducted pot experiment to study the influence of different photoperiods on the growth and quality of T. crassifolium, as well as the changes of physiological characteristics during the flowering process. The results showed that： (1) the extension of photoperiod was not only beneficial to the growth of T. crassifolium, but also promoted the formation of its nutritional quality. (2) Under the photoperiod of 14 h/10 h (Day/night), the plant height, stem diameter, root length, leaf area and dry and fresh weight of shoots in T. crassifolium were better than other treatments, and the growth was the best. The contents of cellulose, V_C, oleanolic acid, flavonoids, total phenol and free amino acid in T. crassifolium were the highest. (3) The contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein and Ca in T. crassifolium leaves increased at first and then decreased at 14 h/10 h photoperiod. In conclusion, 14 h/10 h photoperiod was the best for the growth and quality of T. crassifolium and its flowering process may be related to the metabolism of soluble sugar, soluble protein and Ca.

Abstract:Doubletrihelix genes play important roles in promoting morphogenesis and resistance to stress. In order to identify their function in tomato, we tested the expression patterns and responses of five doubletrihelix genes in different tissues, to phytohormones and abiotic stress by bioinformatics and expression analysis. Experimental results showed that: (1) five members and their species specificity were determined in tomato by bioinformatics analysis. (2) Expression pattern analysis showed that SlGTL3 specifically expressed in root and stem and others high in fruits by means of qRTPCR, suggesting the tissues specificity of doubletrihelix genes in AC⁺⁺. (3) Hormoneinduced test displayed that SlGTL5 responds to four kind of phyhormones very quickly and SlGTL1 is only induced by ABA. (4) It was proved that expression levels of SlGTL3 and SlGTL5 can be altered by salt, SlGTL3-SlGTL5 by extreme temperature, SlGTL3 and SlGTL5 by mechanical wounding, and SlGTL1, SlGTL4, SlGTL5 by dehydration. The results indicated that SlGTL3 function is correlated with plant morphogenesis and abiotic stress, while others to fruits development. Our study also suggested that SlGTL1 is related with ABA signaling and SlGTL5 with signaling transmission as the result of its fast responses to various exogenous hormones.

Abstract:Drought stress was simulated with different concentrations (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) of PEG6000 solution. We used three cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to clarify the effects of drought stress on the activities of three key enzymes as well as the accumulation of flavonoids. Results revealed that: (1) with the increase of PEG6000 simulated drought stress concentration, the activities of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), C4H (cinnamic acid4hydroxylase) and 4CL (4coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase) in the three alfalfa cultivar leaves increased first and then decreased but there were differences among different enzymes. PAL reached the maximum under 10% PEG stress, whereas, C4H and 4CL reached the maximum under 15% PEG stress and significantly higher than the corresponding control. (2) Compared with the control, with the increase of PEG6000 simulated drought stress concentration, the content of flavonoids in three cultivars of alfalfa increased first and then decreased, and the content of flavonoids was the highest under the stress of 10% to 15% PEG6000 and significantly higher than the corresponding control. (3) The activities of three key enzymes in the upstream synthesis of flavonoids in alfalfa leaves are closely related to the content of flavonoids and the content of flavonoids in the leaves of three alfalfa cultivars are related to their key enzyme activities to varying degrees. The results showed that different degrees of drought stress can increase the synthesis of flavonoids in alfalfa plants by promoting the accumulation of key enzyme activities upstream of flavonoids in alfalfa and moderate drought stress can significantly increase the related enzyme activities to promote the content of flavonoids.

Abstract:To explore the internal relationship between stalk qualitative trait and strength of the basal internodes in maize, this experiment selected different densitytolerant maize cultivars as materials. Random block design was used in the experiment to comparing the basal internode characteristics and analyzing the internal relation between lignin accumulation, enzyme activities and the rind penetration strength (RPS) under field conditions. The results showed that： (1) the dry weight per unit length (DWUL) and diameter of ‘XY335’ was higher. The rapid formation period of stalk strength was different among different cultivars and was closely related to the lignin accumulation. (2) The RPS formation period for densitytolerant cultivars was 5-7 days longer than ‘XY41’(a cultivar with poor density tolerance). The RPS and lignin accumulation amount were significantly higher than that of ‘XY41’ of 24.9%-36.6% and 12.5%-47.0%, respectively. (3) Before the tasseling stage (VT) is the key period for the rapid accumulation of lignin. The activities of enzymes for lignin synthesis in the V12-V15 stage were significant or extremely significant correlated with the lignin accumulation in the tasseling stage (VT). (4) Especially in V12 stages, the lignin synthesisrelated enzymes of ‘XY335’ were significantly higher than ‘XY41’, the PAL, TAL, CAD and POD of ‘XY335’ were 1.85, 0.30, 0.11 and 0.42 U·mg^-1 higher than that of ‘XY41’. Which indicating that V12-V15 stage was crucial for the formation of maize basal internode stalk strength. The higher activities of enzymes in V12-V15 stage could effectively promote the rapid accumulation of lignin, then improve the stalk strength, and thus enhance the lodging resistance of maize stalk.

Abstract:Artificial vegetation afforestation is a sand control technology with great benefit and challenge of ecological restoration in alpine sandy land. In this paper, four artificial vegetation (Hippophae rhamnoides, Salix cheilophila, Pinus sylvestris and Populus simonii) that have been transplanted to the East Sandland of the Qinghai Lake for 8-10 years are selected, and observed from airflow change in temporal and spatial scale with methods of handheld anemometer and quadrat survey. In analysis of their airflow structure around a single plant and windbreaking function of plant community changed in species, height layers and growing periods, we found that: (1) there were significant differences in vegetation species and height layer in wind velocity decreasing extent (20%-85%) and effective protecting distance (1.0-10.0 m), prominently in S. cheilophila and P. simonii (50%-85%，3.5-8.0 m). (2) Position difference around a single plant in wind velocity showed that: windward part>bilateral part>leeward part, while almost no difference in air flow direction. (3) Windbreaking function (18%-76%) of artificial plants was outstanding in middle and lower air layers, and showed a comparison of P. sylvestris > S. cheilophila > H. rhamnoides > P. simonii. In 2008-2017, their windbreaking function increased by 5% to 15%, in accordance with their sand transport rate decreased by 30% to 90% in recent 6 years, and threshold wind velocity of sand moving increased by 2.0-3.0 m/s. In conclusion, the air flow disturbance and significant windsand protection function around plants reflected wind preventing mechanism of creating spatial differences in wind velocity and direction, and these four artificial vegetation had local feasibility in selecting 1.0 -2.0 m afforestation specifications.

Abstract:To study the characteristics of soil quality restoration after strip clear cutting, we took the Phyllostachys edulis forest in Jianou City, Fujian Province as the research object, set 5m (Treatment 1, C₁) and 7 m (Treatment 2, C₂) two kinds of cutting width, with a control (CK) with no cutting, the characteristics of new bamboo growth and soil nutrient changes in the new whip growing period (period Ⅰ, October2018) and the next year after harvesting (period Ⅱ, June2019) were studied. The results showed that: (1) the number of shoots by C₁, C₂ and CK were 2 227, 2 650 and 1 955 plant·hm^-2, respectively. C₂ treatment was significantly different from C₁ and CK (P<0.05); There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the treatments of the rate of returning bamboo shoots, which showed that C₁2. (2) The DBH of the two harvesting treatments were significantly lower than that of CK, shown by CK>C₂>C₁. (3) After logging, the contents of TP (total phosphorus) and TK (total potassium) in soil increased, while the contents of TN (total nitrogen) and TC (total carbon) decreased, compared with those of Ⅱ period. The contents of soil TN, TP, TK and TC under C₁ and C₂ treatments were all greater than that of CK during period I, but the soil TC content was less than that of CK during period Ⅱ. The results showed that, strip cutting could increase the number of bamboo shoots and bamboo stands and increase the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. The recovery status of 7 m strip cutting in bamboo forest was better than that of 5 m cutting overall.

Abstract:The functional diversity of plant communities is very important for maintaining ecosystem functions. In this test, R software package (FD, vegan) and single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the relationship between functional diversity and environmental factors of alpine meadow communities in different slope directions, so as to reveal the adaptation strategies of plants to the environment, the functional characteristics of community species and the change mechanism of internal structure and function of ecosystem on microhabitat gradient. The results showed that: (1) the species richness, plant height, specific leaf area, leaf organic carbon, leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus in the north and northwest slopes were significantly higher than those in other slopes of the alpine meadow in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). (2) The difference of functional richness was obvious (P < 0.05), plant height, specific leaf area, leaf organic carbon, leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus showed a decreasing trend from north to south slopes. (3) The functional evenness of plant height, specific leaf area, leaf organic carbon, leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus in north slope were significantly higher than those in south slope, and the functional uniformity of multiple traits was significantly different between different slopes (P < 0.05). (4) The specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen function dispersion of north slope and plant height, leaf organic carbon and leaf phosphorus functional dispersion of northwest slope were higher than those of south slope, and the difference between slopes was significant (P < 0.05). (5) Plant community functional diversity was positively correlated with soil water content, soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with declivity, soil pH, soil temperature and illumination (P < 0.05).

Abstract:Primulina qintangensis Z.B.Xin, W.C. Chou & F. Wen, a new species from limestone areas of Guangxi, China is described and illustrated. It resembles P. leiophylla (W.T.Wang) Yin Z.Wang, but can be easily distinguished by a combination of characteristics, especially in its leaves whorled, blade near aequilateral, lateral veins ca. 3; cymes 5-8, oncecompound, 1-3flowered per cyme; peduncle glabrescent or sparely puberulent; obviously smaller bracts, ca. 8 mm × 2 mm; pistil white; disc bright yellow. We found only one population with 3 000 mature individuals at the type locality. This species is provisionally assessed as Vulnerable (VU C1) using IUCN criteria.

Abstract:Three genera and five species of Brassicaceae from Shaanxi Province are recorded here for the first time, namely Neomartinella Pilger, Rapistrum Crantz and Diplotaxis de Candolle for genera, and Neomartinella yungshunensis (W. T. Wang) AlShehbaz, Cardamine anhuiensis D. C. Zhang et J. Z. Shao, Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess., Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. and Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC for species, respectively.

Abstract:Plants have the characteristics of fixed life. The abiotic stresses common in habitats such as high temperature, low temperature, drought and salt which seriously affect the growth and development of plants. Protein phosphorylation is an important mechanism for plants to respond to abiotic stress, mainly through the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation modification of proteins to regulate the stress response of plant cells to external stress, quickly transmit stress signals in plant cells and activate the morphology of the stress environment. Physiological and molecular levels play an important role in the process of adaptation mechanism. This article mainly introduces the enrichment, detection and identification techniques of plant phosphorylated proteins, and reviews the phosphorylated modified proteome of plants in recent years in response to abiotic stresses such as high temperature, low temperature, drought, flooding, salt, nutrient deficiency and elemental toxicity. The progress of scientific research aims to provide a reference for understanding the protein phosphorylation modification of plants in response to abiotic stress.