Abstract:Calmodulinlike protein (CML) is a very important type of calciumsensing protein in plant cells. Studies have shown that CML proteins play critical roles in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In this study, using the selfpollinated stigma of the Chinese cabbage selfincompatibility line ‘91125’, we cloned the fulllength cDNA sequence of BrCML49 gene and obtained with 1 046 bp, including 960 bp open reading frame, encoding 319 amino acids, having 2 conserved EFhand domains. Sequence analysis found that the BrCML49 protein is a stable hydrophilic protein and does not have the transmembrane region. Realtime quantitative expression analysis (qRTPCR) showed that BrCML49 gene exhibited the highest expression in the anther of ‘91125’, followed by the whole flower and petal, and the expression level was lower in other tissues. In the Chinese cabbage selfcompatibility line ‘14S23’, the BrCML49 gene was highly expressed in the whole flower and stigma, and the expression level is lower in other tissues. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that BrCML49 was mainly localized in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco leaf. The results of this study can lay a foundation for further study on the function of Chinese cabbage BrCML49 gene, and provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the signaling mechanism of Chinese cabbage BrCML49 gene involved in selfincompatible pollen germination and pollen tube growth.

Abstract:PIFs (phytochrome interaction factors) are the key negative regulators of light signal response. As the core member of the family, PIF4 plays a critical role in response to the changes of light and temperature, integrating multiple hormone synthesis and signal transduction. Shadetolerant soybean ‘Nandou 25’ (ND25) and shadeintolerant soybean ‘Rongxian Dongdou’ (RD) were applied to clarify the function and shadeinduced expression response of GmPIF4s ［phytochrome interaction factor 4s of Glycine max (L.) Merr.］ in soybean. In this study, the bioinformatic characteristics of leguminous plant PIF4s were compared and analyzed by bioinformatics and molecular biology methods. We analyzed the expression characteristics of GmPIF4s by qRTPCR in different tissues of soybean (root, stem, leaf and shoot meristem) in different shading time points under full light and 12 h/12 h photoperiod, and in different shade tolerant soybean cultivars, in order to provide a theoretical basis for highyield and shadetolerant soybean breeding. The results showed that: (1) 53 homologous PIF4s were associated with legumes by bioinformatic analysis, among them, soybean contains 7 homologous GmPIF4s. The length of amino acid is between 296-562 aa, and the molecular weight range is 41 491.9-62 228.39 Da. All GmPIF4s were hydrophilic proteins with bHLH domain, no transmembrane structure and located in nucleus. The secondary and tertiary structure prediction of GmPIF4s showed that the structure of GmPIF4a and GmPIF4b were most similar to the AtPIF4. (2) qRTPCR analysis showed that the expression of GmPIF4s were tissuespecific, in the shadetolerant soybean ND25, the relative expression levels of GmPIF4a, GmPIF4b and GmPIF4d were the highest in root, leaf, stem and shoot meristems. Except for GmPIF4a, GmPIF4e and GmPIF4f, other GmPIF4s were upregulated in all tissues above ground. In the shadeintolerant soybean RD, GmPIF4a, GmPIF4b, GmPIF4c, and GmPIF4d have relatively high levels in leaves. Except for GmPIF4f and GmPIF4g, the expression of other GmPIF4s in the above ground tissues was relatively high. (3) With the increase in shading time, GmPIF4a, GmPIF4b, GmPIF4c and GmPIF4d genes were strongly induced by shade treatment, and their expression levels are significantly upregulated; under 12 h/12 h photoperiod condition, no matter under normal light or shade, the expression of GmPIF4s showed a downward trend during the day, but an upwardregulated expression trend at night. It speculated that GmPIF4s expression is regulated by the circadian rhythm. (4) The expression of GmPIF4s in different shadetolerant soybean cultivars under shading condition showed that the expression of GmPIF4a, GmPIF4b, GmPIF4c and GmPIF4d in shadetolerant and shadeintolerant soybean cultivars ND25 and RD were all upregulated with the extension of shading time. However, the expression level of GmPIF4s was higher in the shadeintolerant soybean cultivar RD than that in shadetolerant soybean cultivar ND25, and the difference of GmPIF4s expression between the two soybean cultivars reached a very significant level after 8 hours of shading treatment.

Abstract:The Alfinlike (AL) transcription factor family plays an important role in abiotic stress such as high salt, low temperature, and drought. In this study, the homology ratio method was used to retrieve and identify the genes of grape AL transcription factor family, analyze their bioinformatics characteristics and the expression characteristics of AL gene under abiotic stress by qRTPCR, so as to explore the function of grape AL gene under abiotic stress. The results showed that: (1) we identified 6 members of the AL gene family in grape, they were named VvAL1-VvAL6, and the 6 members were distributed on 6 chromosomes. (2) The AL transcription factors in grape had highly conserved DUF3594 domain and PHD domain and each gene contained 5 exons and 4 introns. The upstream promoter region analysis showed that there was a lot of ciselements associated with various stress and hormone responses. (3) Gene chip expression pattern analysis showed that salt, drought, ABA stress and low temperature (5 ℃) treatments all significantly affected the expression of AL family genes (VvAL1-VvAL6). (4) qRTPCR showed that the expression level of AL gene in grape leaves was different under different stress treatments; under ABA treatment, the gene expression of grape AL transcription factor family was significantly downregulated compared with CK, while PEG treatment not significant. Under salt stress, the expression levels of VvAL2, VvAL4 and VvAL5 genes were significantly upregulated, which were 23 times, 8.5 times and 10.5 times of the control, respectively. The expression levels of VvAL1 and VvAL6 genes were significantly downregulated, which were 33 times and 25 times of the control, respectively. It was found that grape AL transcription factor family is closely related to plant hormone and abiotic stress, especially the genes of this gene family strongly respond to high salt stress.

Abstract:In order to explore the function of wheat WRKY gene, we cloned a WRKY gene from wheat leaves using RTPCR, and analyzed its bioinformatics and expression under different stresses . The results showed that： (1) the WRKY gene of wheat was successfully cloned, and was designated as TaWRKY47. (2) Sequence analysis showed that the length of TaWRKY47 open reading frame (ORF) was 900 bp, encoding 299 amino acids. The amino acid sequence contained a conserved WRKY domain and a zinc finger structure (C₂HC), belonging to Group of WR8aKY Ⅲ family. (3) The subcellular localization analysis showed that TaWRKY47 was located in cell nucleus. (4) Expression pattern showed that TaWRKY47 gene was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, pistils and stamens, with the highest expression found in pistils. The expression of TaWRKY47 cloud be strongly induced by low temperature, drought, salt, ABA and H₂O₂ stresses. It is suggested that TaWRKY47 gene may play a positive role in stress resistance of wheat. The results provided a theoretical foundation for further study of TaWRKY47 gene function and the antistress mechanism.

Abstract:In order to reveal the function of dihydroflavonol 4reductase (DFR) gene in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis of kale, we determined the anthocyanin content of kale leaves with different colors. Meanwhile, according to the DFR sequence information of cabbage, we cloned the BoDFR gene of kale by RTPCR and analyzed by realtime fluorescence quantitative expression. The results showed that: the cDNA sequence of BoDFR was 1 158 bp in length and corresponding to 385 amino acid residues, and the relative molecular weight of coding protein was 42 925.06 Da. The subcellular localization most likely be cytoplasm. Results of secondary structure analysis exhibited that αhelix and random coil were primary secondary structural components of the DFR protein. Sequence alignment showed that DFR protein has a NADPH binding domain and substrate specific binding domain, belonging to the NADBRossmann supergene family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BoDFR had the closest relationship with DFR of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Results of anthocyanins measurement showed that the highest contents of anthocyanins were detected in purple leaves, the higher content of pink leaves, while no anthocyanins were detected in white leaves. Realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of BoDFR was positively correlated with the change of anthocyanin content. The highest expression was found in purpleleaf kale, but very weak expression was detected in whiteleaf kale.

Abstract:Iris lactea var. chinensis is a perennial herbaceous halophyte of the genus Iris and shows high salt tolerance and ornamental value. In order to study the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in I. lactea, we cloned a WRKY transcription factor gene IlWRKY28 from I. lactea through rapid amplification of cDNA ends technology (RACE), and obtained a 1 302 bp fulllength cDNA sequence, which contains a 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of 108 bp, a 3′ UTR of 174 bp and an open reading frame of 1 020 bp. IlWRKY28 encodes 339 amino acids, the predicted protein molecular weight and isoelectric point is 37.22 kD and 7.04, respectively. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that IlWRKY28 contains a conserved WRKY motif and a C2H2type zinc finger domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that I. lactea IlWRKY28 was much closer to Ananas comosus AcWRKY28 and Kobresia littledalei ClWRKY28. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that after salt treatment, the IlWRKY28 gene was significantly up regulated in the I. lactea shoots. The results of this study laid an important molecular foundation for the further study of the function and mechanism of IlWRKY28 in the tolerance of I. lactea to high salt stress.

Abstract:WRKY transcription factor is one of the most important transcription factors for plants in response to pathogenic bacteria stress, and participates in disease resistance and the regulation of signal transduction pathways. In order to study the biological characteristics of pepper WRKY genes, we used the pepper highly resistant disease material CM334 as the test material to clone and obtain the transcription factor CaWRKY14 in response to Phytophthora infestans. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the gene has a total DNA length of 2 530 bp and a cDNA length of 1 662 bp. It contains 5 introns, encodes 553 amino acids, and contains a WRKY conserved domain. Realtime fluorescence quantitative expression analysis showed that CaWRKY14 was not only induced by ABA and Phytophthora capsici stress, the expression level reached the peak at 12 h and 24 h, respectively, 8.54 and 8.04 times of the control. It is also induced by high salt, heat shock and drought stress. In addition, after silencing CaWRKY14 transcription factor using VIGS technology, it was found that the diseaseresistant material CM334 tended to develop disease after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans. Studies have shown that CaWRKY14 gene may play an important role in the process of pepper response to Phytophthora capsici.

Abstract:Amelanchier sinica has important ornamental, nutritional, and ecological value. Genetic diversity studies could lay a foundation for the protection and utilization of its resources. We analyzed the genetic diversity of 96 individuals from 6 natural populations in Shaanxi Province using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, so as to clarify the genetic relationship of A. sinica and provide theoretical basis of the protection, breeding and utilization for A. sinica resources. The results showed: (1) eight primers with strong polymorphism were identified from 64 AFLP primers, generating a total of 277 bands, of which 116 (42.86%) showed polymorphism. (2) The results of UPGMA clustering, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and structure analysis indicated that the 6 wild populations of A. sinica were divided into two groups. (3) There was obvious genetic differentiation between north and south in the Qinling Mountains, and there was some gene flow among the populations. The results of molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) indicated that 37% of genetic variation is derived from among populations and that 63% is derived from within populations. The results of the Mantel test (r = 0.192, P = 0.220) of the wild populations of A. sinica in Shaanxi Province indicated that the correlation between geographical distance and genetic distance was not significant. The results showed that AFLP molecular markers could be used to analyze the genetic diversity of A. sinica accurately and effectively; more genetic variation in A. sinica existed within populations, while gene exchanged among populations was limited. The overall genetic diversity of A. sinica in Shaanxi Province was relatively low, while some populations had higher genetic diversity. These results provide a theoretical basis for the protection of wild germplasm resources, breeding of elite varieties and development and utilization of the resources of wild populations of A. sinica.

Abstract:In this study, we used 60dayold seedlings of Malus hupenensis as materials, and sets T₁ (5 000 r/min×3 h), T₂ (5 000 r/min×6 h), T₃ (10 000 r/min×3 h) and T₄ (10 000 r/min×6 h) hypergravity stress, with no hypergravity stress as the control (CK). We investigated the chlorophyll, soluble protein, malondialdehyde, proline contents and membrane permeability of the seedling leaves under the hypergravity stress and transcriptome analysis on them, to preliminary explore the transcriptome response mechanism of M. hupenensis under hypergravity stress. The results showed that: (1) the hypergravity stress caused the leaves of the M. hupenensis seedlings to change from a stretched growth state to a different atrophy growth state, and the T₄ showed a significant atrophy growth state. (2) Under hypergravity stress, the chlorophyll and malondialdehyde contents of the seedling leaves of M. hupenensis under T₃ and T₄ were significantly higher than that of CK, and there was no significant difference between CK, T₁ and T₂ treatments. The proline content of leaves under all hypergravity stresses were significantly higher than that of CK. The membrane permeability under T₄ was significantly higher than that of CK, and there was no significant difference between T₁, T₂, T₃ and CK. The soluble protein content is reduced to different degrees under each hypergravity stress, but it is not significantly different from CK. (3) The sample sequencing results shows, the sequence length of most transcripts is more than 1 000 nt, total of 37 725 accounting for 79.15% of all transcripts, and CK, T₂, T₄ samples and the corresponding new genes are dominated by transcripts with FPKM value <5.0, the number of transcripts were 21 412, 20 162, 22 368 and 1 352, 1 411 and 1 406 respectively, accounting for 45.78%, 43.10%, 47.82% and 81.45%, 85.00% and 84.70%, respectively. (4) GO function annotation and enrichment analysis show that there are obviously different ways of differentially expressed genes in GO enrichment classification, as the intensity of hypergravity stress increases. It implies that the response of M. hupenensis to hypergravity is complex, but it mainly focuses on transcription factor activity and protein dephosphorylation. (5) Differential transcription factor expression analysis shows the bZIP family, the WRKY family and the ERF family have a relatively large upregulation with the increase of the intensity of the hypergravity stress. Among them, the gene expression levels of the bZIP and WRKY transcription factor families all show an upregulation trend with the increase of the intensity of the hypergravity stress. However, the expression of MD01G1177100, MD08G1096000, and MD13G1130700 in the ERF family has a downregulation trend with the increase of the intensity of hypergravity stress. The research showed hypergravity stress caused varying degrees of damage to the seedlings of M. hupenensis, and the total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, proline contents and membrane permeability of the leaves were all significantly affected. Therefore, the contents of chlorophyll, soluble protein, malondialdehyde and proline in the leaves of seedlings, and the membrane permeability can be used as indicators of resistance to hypergravity stress. The research speculated that the effects of hypergravity stress on the transcription factors of M. hupenensis are mainly concentrated in the family of WRKY, bZIP and ERF transcription factors. The results of this study lay a theoretical foundation for mining and screening candidate resistance genes.

Abstract:In order to solve the taxonomic problems of Orchidaceae Pleione and explore the significance of leaf ultrastructure in taxonomy, this study uses scanning electron microscopy to investigate 15 mature leaf epidermal ultrafeatures of 15 Pleione species such as cell boundaries, cuticle and stomatal apparatus restrict and et al, and to determine their taxonomic significance. (1) Cell boundaries, epidermal cell wax quality, stratum corneum texture, stomatal distribution, wax around the stomatal, inner edge of the outer arch of the stomatal, keratinization, relative height of the stomatal, epidermal cell length, epidermal cell area and guard cell length, these 9 indicators of guard cell area are of great value and significance for the classification of this genus. (2) Using these indicators could distinguish S. Humiles S. Pleione and P. bulbocodioides complex. (3) The cluster analysis clustered 15 species of Pleione into four branches, which is basically consistent with the results of traditional taxonomy and molecular systematics. P. × taliensis Cribb & Butterfield has many indicators same with P. yunnanensis (Rolfe) Rolfe and P. forrestii Schltr., their relationship need further research.

Abstract:To explore the law of leaf color change of Davidia involucrata, we selected pink D. involucrata (pink bracts and leaves) and common D. involucrata (green leaves and white bracts) to compare the anatomical structure and pigment content. The results showed that: (1) two colors of D. involucrata leaves were bifacial leaf, containing a palisade tissue with onelayer neatly arranged long columnar cells and a loosely arranged sponge tissue. The upper epidermal cells of some pink leaves bulged outward, and the total thickness, cuticle, palisade tissue and sponge tissue of the pink were thicker than those of green ones, while the epidermis was thinner. (2) There was no differentiation between palisade tissue and sponge tissue in two D. involucrata bracts. The upper epidermal cells of the pink bracts bulged significantly with the thickening of the cuticle, while the lower epidermis became thinner. (3) The contents of flavonoid and anthocyanin in pink leaves were 1.52 times and 3.67 times that of green leaves. The difference of photosynthetic pigment content between two leaves was not obvious, but the chlorophyll a/b value of pink leaves was significantly lower. The anthocyanin content of pink bracts was significantly higher than that of white bracts, while the flavonoid content of the two was not much different. In conclusion, anthocyanin directly caused D. involucrata leaves and bracts to turn pink, and flavonoid helped the leaves appear pink. The anatomical structure of pink D. involucrata leaves and bracts had changed, which had the higher light energy utilization efficiency and were more suitable for the wet environment.

Abstract:Tryptophan is an important amino acid for protein synthesis. It is also the precursor of plant growth hormone IAA and some secondary metabolites, and plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as insect and disease prevention. In order to explore the effect of tryptophan on the growth and development and defense substance accumulation of Chinese cabbage type rapa (Brassica rapa L) and its possible mechanism. In this study, exogenous tryptophan was used to spray the leaves of rapa seedlings, and the effects of tryptophan on the growth and development of rapa seedlings and the synthesis of auxin IAA and secondary metabolites, glucosinolates, were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the treatment with low concentration of tryptophan (100 mg/L) could effectively promote the development of leaves and roots of rapa, but with the increase of concentration, the promotion effect was gradually weakened. (2) Fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that, after exogenous tryptophan treatment, the three synthesis pathways of auxin IAA in rape seedling leaves were activated, the key enzyme genes BrTAA1 and BrYUCCA8 in the IPA pathway, BrAMI1 in IAM pathway and BrCYP71A13 and BrNIT2 in IAOx pathway, were strongly induced and upregulated. Thus, the content of IAA was significantly increased. (3) Exogenous tryptophan treatment also activated the expression of the downstream such as BrTGG1 and BrPEN2. The altered expression of these genes resulted in the accumulation of indole glucosinolates. The study found, the exogenous tryptophan treatment can effectively promote the accumulation of growthregulating substances and biodefense substances in rapa by regulating the synthesis pathway of IAA and the expression of genes related to the synthesis pathway of indole glucosinolates, thus increasing biomass and improving potential disease resistance.

Abstract:In order to explore the energy regulation of cut tree peony flower and its relationship with the vase quality, the secondary stage ‘Luoyanghong’ cut tree peony flowers were applied as the experimental materials to investigate the relationship between the cut flower vase quality and the expression of SnRK1, a sensitive gene for energy charge and energy metabolism, under the high energy charge level (natural growth in the field, FNG) and low energy charge level (postharvest of natural growth and stored at 5-6 ℃ for 15 days, PCS). The results demonstrated that: (1) PCS accelerated the opening and senescence processes of cut tree peony flowers in the vase remarkably, and therefore, reduced the vase life and the maximum flower diameter significantly, comparing to that of FNG. In addition, PCS advanced the peak of respiratory climacteric and increased respiratory rate while accelerated sucrose degradation, which led to quick reduction of the activities of petal succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and mitochondrial complex IV (CCO), rapid declines in ATP and EC levels, advanced PsSnRK1 gene upregulation and increased expression level. (2) The decrease in energy charge level can induce the upregulation of PsSnRK1 gene expression due to its quick respond to energy deficiency in tree peony petals. This study confirmed that the decrease in the energy charge level of petals after refrigeration was one of the important factors that led to the rapid senescence of the cut tree peony flower in vase process. The energy status of petals plays an important role in vase quality regulation of cut tree peony flower, which provides a new strategy to improve the vase quality of cut tree peony flower by regulating the cut flowers energy level.

Abstract:In this study, we used pot experiment to explore the effects of different soil pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.3, 9.5) on the growth, physiological characteristics and active component contents of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, in order to clarify the effect of soil pH on the growth of P. multiflorum and provide a theoretical basis for selecting suitable planting soil for P. multiflorum. The results showed that: (1) P. multiflorum could grow normally when the soil pH was 6.5-9.5, and the leaves wither and fall off at pH 4.5 and 5.5, and a few cannot survive. The leaf area first increased and then decreased in the range of pH 4.5-9.5, and reached high peaks at pH 6.5 and 7.5, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments. (2) Within the range of soil pH 4.5-9.5, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of P. multiflorum showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and peaked at pH 6.5 and 7.5. The contents of proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein in leaves showed a decreasing trend as the pH increased. The content of malondialdehyde in leaves first decreased and then increased with the increase of pH. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) all increased first and then decreased with the increase of pH. (3) Within the soil pH range of 4.5-9.5, the content of active components in the P. multiflorum tubers decreased with the increase of pH, but all reached the standards of the Pharmacopeia of the Peoples Republic of China, and the contents of stilbene glycoside and bound anthraquinone were 1.89% ~ 5.41% and 0.10% ~ 0.25%, respectively. When the soil pH was 4.5, the contents of stilbene glycosides and total anthraquinones in the P. multiflorum were the highest, which were 5.41% and 0.38%, respectively. P. multiflorum had a certain tolerance to acid and alkali, but during the artificial training and planting of P. multiflorum, strong acid soil should be avoided as much as possible. It was advisable to choose neutral to weakly alkaline soil with a pH of 6.5 to 8.3.

Abstract:During 2018 and 2019 in Xinjiang Awat County of Aksu area of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences test base, we investigated the effects of temperature on photosynthetic physiology and boll development of island cotton with the way of setup increase greenhouse field in full bloom stage for a 3 d (H3), 6 d (H6) and 9 d (H9) as treatments and with field state of nature as the control (CK). The results showed that: (1) the transpiration rate (T_r), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) increased and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) decreased in the relative leaves of boll with the increase of high temperature stress. (2) With the extension of high temperature and processing time, the cotton boll para leaf PSⅡ largest quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m), the actual light quantum yield PSⅡ (Φ_PSⅡ), and photochemical quenching (qP), relative photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) showed a decreasing trend. While, the initial fluorescence (F_o) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) showed an increasing trend, and the differences of H3, H6 and H9 were significant different compared with those of CK (P<0.05), among which the rapid rise or fall of each parameter mostly occurred in the 3 to 6 d continuous high temperature. (3) With the increase of high temperature stress time, the quality of cotton seed, fiber and boll shell dried matter decreased obviously. Boll number per plant, boll weight per plant, lint percentage and lint yield all showed a significant decreasing trend. In addition, the high temperature also affected boll development, resulting in the reduction of boll length and volume. The results showed that under the shortterm high temperature stress, the photosynthetic capacity of counterpoint leaves of island boll decreased significantly, which was mainly caused by nonstomatal factors. Continuous high temperature stress results in decreased PSⅡ openness, decreased electron transport capacity, and inhibited photosynthesis. Boll development and yield component factors are negatively affected, resulting in reduced yield.

Abstract:To explore the genetic variation and heterosis of growth and shoot traits of F₁ progeny of Castanea during young forest stage and lay a theoretical foundation for parent selection and early selection index screening of Castanea, we used the progenies of 9 combinations (interspecific and intraspecific cross between C. mollissima and C. henryi) and their parents as materials to analyze the genetic variation and heterosis of growth and shoot traits in study. Meanwhile, The genetic distance among 7 parents was detected by SSR molecular markers, which was used to analyze the relationship between the heterosis of growth and shoot traits and genetic distance of parents. Results showed that: (1) there was a high genetic variation among growth and shoot traits for F₁ progeny of Castanea. The variation range of F value about traits was 5.08-22.03 among combinations, and the variation coefficient within combinations ranged from 6.60% to 27.69%. The general heritability of each trait is above 0.5, except for ground diameter, the inheritance of transfer ability of other traits were all above 100%,which indicated that the traits were greatly influenced by heredity and high genetic stability. The midparent heterosis rate of each trait ranged from -6.01% to 44.40%, and there was a general superparental separation phenomenon of F₁ progeny of chestnut hybrids in growth and shoot traits. (2) A total of 115 polymorphic allelic loci were detected from 7 mating parents in 28 SSR markers. The number of allelic loci per SSR markers ranged from 3 to 5, and the average was 4.1. The mean of Shannons index (I) and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 1.25 and 0.674, respectively, which reveal that the genetic diversity were abundant in parents. (3) There was a significant linear relationship between the heterosis of annual branch length, diameter, node spacing and genetic distance of parents, and the genetic distance increased with the increase of heterosis.

Abstract:In order to reveal the pattern of variation and ecological adaptation of leaf morphological traits in the natural populations of Caragana microphylla, we collected leaves from ten natural populations of C. microphylla. We analyzed seven leaf morphological traits by multiple comparisons, nested analysis of variance, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that: (1) extremely significant (P < 0.01) variations of leaf morphological traits of C. microphylla were found within and among populations. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) was 10.13%, ranged from 6.23% to 12.78%. The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient for all morphological traits was 43.62%, and the variation within population (30.09%) was higher than that among populations (24.91%), indicating that the leaf morphological variation within population was the main source of leaf morphological variation in C. microphylla. (2) Environmental factors also affected the variation of leaf morphological traits of C. microphylla, especially along the altitudinal gradient. The PCA results indicated that leaflet width, petiole width and petiole length played dominant roles. The results of UPGMA clustering analyses showed that ten populations of C. microphylla could be divided into three groups and two groups on the basis of leaf morphological traits and environmental factors, respectively. The Mantel test showed there was no geographic continuity in the variation of leaf morphological traits in C. microphylla. Overall, these results provided critical information for the adaptive evolution and utilization of the important species.

Abstract:An unbranched filamentous green algal strain isolated from Heihe, Zhangye, Gansu Province, China, was deposited at the Freshwater Algae Culture Collection at the Institute of Hydrobiology with accession number FACHB2451. The most outstanding morphological features were relatively long vegetative cells (3-8 times as long as wide), a prominent bilobed chloroplast with median constriction, and both ends terminated in about equally shaped, rounded or tapered. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence, the strain was identified as Koliellopsis inundata Lokhorst, which was considered as a new recorded genus and species of freshwater Trebouxiophyceae species from China. The 18S rDNA sequence of our strain showed high similarity with those of type strain K. inundata from periodically flooded agricultural fields in the borderland of Belgium and the Netherlands. The phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rDNA sequence showed that the strains of K. inundata were clustered with other unbranched filamentous Koliellaceae (Koliella, Raphidonema and Raphidonemopsis) into a subclade.

Abstract:Oberonia orbicularis Hooker f. and O. delacourii Gagnep. are reported as two newly recorded species of Orchidaceae from China for the first time. O. orbicularis is most similar to O. integerrima Guillaumin and O. pachyrachis Rchb. f. ex Hook. f., but differs by its peduncle with narrow wings on both sides in basal half and orbicular lip with crenulate or fimbriate margin and notched apex. Since O. orbicularis was discovered in Mengla County, Yunnan Province in 2013 for the first time in China, it is a newly recorded species. Then, O. delacourii is most allied to O. ensiformis, but can be easily distinguished by the lip apex with quadrate sinus and fimbriate margin. The rediscovery of O. delacourii is reported as newly recorded species from China except the type collection from Loas in 1929. Detailed descriptions of these two newly recorded species are provided and the voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou (IBSC).

Abstract:Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a natural phenomenon caused by the disorder interaction between the nuclear genome and the cytoplasmic genome, in which the male organs are abnormal and the female organs can accept the foreign pollen and develop. CMS is a powerful tool for plant hybrid seed production and an important way to utilize plant heterosis. Molecular mechanism of CMS, the basis of its effective use, has been a hot research, but its mechanism research is relatively lagging. In this paper, the formation, characteristics and classification of mitochondrial chimeric genes (orfs), the characteristics of posttranscriptional modifications (RNA editing), their relationship with CMS, and the characteristics and classification of gene translation products and their relationship with CMS were reviewed in order to provide theoretical reference for further analysis of its molecular mechanism.