Abstract:SPL (squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike) is a kind of gene family unique to plants. It plays an important role in the process of flower development. The putative OfSPLs were explored and identified from Osmanthus fragrans transcriptome data and their physicochemical properties, phylogeny, gene structure and expression pattern were analyzed. The key genes involved in the process of flower development were obtained by homologous sequence alignment qRTPCR, subcellular localization and yeast selfactivation. We further provided genetic resources for the mechanism of action and function of the corresponding transcription factors of O. fragrans in flower development. The results showed that: (1) 29 putative OfSPL were confirmed, they are distributed uniformly on 15 chromosomes with SBP domains. (2) According to the phylogenetic tree with Arabidopsis thaliana, they were divided into 8 subfamilies, of which have relatively conservative gene structures. (3) RNASeq data analysis showed thatOfSPL9/10/17/19/21/27/28 had higher FPKM values and had certain specificity in flower tissues. qRTPCR analysis showed that the OfSPL10/21 expression level generally exhibited an upward trend followed by a downward trend. (4) The subcellular localization analysis showed that OfSPL10/21 proteins of O. fragrans localized in the nucleus, and OfSPL10/21 had no selfactivating activity and toxicity. The study found that OfSPL10/21 may participate in the synthesis and regulation of color and aroma during the flowering of O. fragrans.

Abstract:In order to study the function of the stelar K⁺ outward rectifier channels (SKOR) gene in Elytrigia elongata, we cloned EeSKOR promoter from E. elongata by thermal asymmetric staggered PCR (TailPCR) technology, and analyzed the cisacting elements and gene expression of the promoter. The results showed that: (1) the 798 bp promoter sequence of the EeSKOR gene was successfully obtained and named pEeSKOR. (2) This promoter also contains specific transcription factor binding sites, plant hormone response elements, light response elements, tissuespecific promoter elements and stress response elements in addition to the essential core promoter elements. (3) The plant expression vector pEeSKOR∷GUS was successfully constructed. Through Agrobacteriummediated transient transformation, the GUS reporter gene driven by the EeSKOR promoter can be expressed in the leaves, petioles and roots of Arabidopsis. (4) Realtime quantitative PCR detection showed that EeSKOR showed the different expression patterns in the roots of E. elongata, under NaCl, PEG, ABA and SA treatments. The expression of EeSKOR showed a trend of first downregulation and then upregulation under NaCl treatment, under PEG treatment, while the expression of EeSKOR gene was upregulated, and significantly upregulated with time. ABA treatment caused the expression of EeSKOR to be inhibited and decreased significantly with the extension of treatment time. The expression of EeSKOR showed a trend of upregulation and then downregulation under SA treatment, and the expression level of EeSKOR was significantly lower than the normal expression level after 72 h of SA treatment. Studies indicated that EeSKOR gene expression was regulated by NaCl, PEG, ABA and SA. The results of this study would provide an important theoretical basis for the further systematic study on the EeSKOR gene function in E. elongata.

Abstract:CH257 is a threepistil material bred after three backcrosses between ‘threegrain wheat’ and common wheat ‘Shiyou 20’, which can greatly increase the number of grains per ear. In order to analyze the inheritance of three pistil trait in wheat, and dig out its control genes and develop related molecular markers, this study used CH257 and ‘China Spring’ to formulate a combination, and obtained its F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₁ populations for genetic analysis; using homozygous normal and homozygous threepistil F₂ lines, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to construct singlepistil and threepistil mixed pools for 90K gene chip scanning, and molecular markers were developed in the corresponding segments based on the chip results. The results show that the development of the three pistils in CH257 is controlled by a pair of dominant single gene PisCH257. We located PisCH257 on the 2DL chromosome, and develop 5 markers in the corresponding segment of 2DL. The sequence of CH257linked codominant SSR markers is 2DL07, 2DL17, 2DL22, PisCH257, 2DL25 and 2DL38. the linkage markers 2DL22 and 2DL25 are on both sides of PisCH257 and their genetic distances are 1.1 cM and 2.5 cM, respectively. This study provides a basis for cloning the gene that control the three pistil trait of wheat.

Abstract:An efficient protocol for plant regeneration was developed from protoplasts isolated from calli of Lycium ruthenicum, and the genetic stability of the regenerated plants was analyzed by ISSR and FCM techniques. The results showed that: (1) leaf calli were the best material for producing protoplasts, and in the enzyme solution containing 0.5 mg·mL^-1 mannitol, the yield of protoplasts of leaf calli subcultured once was 7.77×10⁶ pieces·g^-1, vitality was 92%. (2) Improved MS mediumSolidLiquid Double layer culture (MS₂SolidLiquid Double layer) was the best way to culture protoplasts. The frequency of protoplast division was 45.9% after 10 days of culture, and the frequency of cell mass formation was 22.9% after 20 days of culture. (3) In 1.5 mg·mL^-1 6BA+0.1 mg·mL^-1 IBA+MS medium, the protoplasts produced by leaf calli could differentiate into regenerated plants. (4) ISSR showed that the average genetic similarity coefficient of the regenerated plants was 0.88; FCM showed that both the regenerated plants and the parent plants were diploid. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for further research on the somatic hybridization technology of L. ruthenicum to transfer the genetic traits of stress resistance of wild plants, and lay a foundation for the selection and breeding of excellent varieties of L. ruthenicum.

Abstract:The fruits of Cornus officinalis in different developmental stages were selected as the research object. The distribution and accumulation of tannin during the development of C. officinalis fruit were studied by means of fruit morphology observation, microscopic and ultramicro technology, histochemical localization and ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and the difference of tannin content in different development stages was tested by single factor ANOVA. The purpose is to provide theoretical basis for the study of tannin in the development of C. officinalis fruit. The results showed that: (1) there are obvious changes in peel color and fruit volume during the fruit development of C. officinalis, which can be divided into three stages: young fruit stage, middle fruit stage and mature fruit stage. Tannin was mainly distributed in the tannin cells of the pericarp of C. officinalis fruit. (2) During the fruit development, the number of tannin cells increased at first and then decreased. In the young fruit stage, the number of tannin cells increased with the fruit development, and began to decrease in the middle fruit stage. (3) The change trend of tannin content in line with the number of tannin cells changed, and the tannin content reached the maximum at 120 days after anthesis, and then decreased gradually. (4) Tannins first accumulated in the small vacuoles of cytoplasm, and then the central vacuole was the main place where tannins accumulate. Tannins mainly have three accumulation forms: granular, irregular and plate. Tannin cells have more mitochondria. In the late middle fruit stage and mature fruit stage, electron dense substances accumulated near the vacuole membrane of the central vacuole. It is considered that the mesocarp parenchyma cells in C. officinalis fruit are the exclusive cells for tannin accumulation, the synthesis and transportation of tannin are closely related to vacuoles, vesicles and mitochondria. The astringency of fruits and the total tannin content decrease at mature stage, and the dynamic change of tannin accumulation is closely related to the adaptability of plants to the environment and the astringency of fruits. The synthesis mechanism of tannin in C. officinalis fruit can be further studied by combining metabolomics and transcriptome methods.

Abstract:To reveal the material basis of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’ fast growth, and to further explore the mechanisms of fast growth of Ph. edulis ‘Pachyloen’, we used paraffin sections combined with optical microscopy techniques to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of starch granules in bamboo culms during the elongation growth of Ph. edulis ‘Pachyloen’. The results showed that: (1) the content of starch granules gradually decreased during the elongation growth of bamboo culms. In individual internodes, the content of starch granules varied from site to site. In the axial direction, the content of starch granules from top to bottom in the same internode increased, and the highest was at the base of the internode. The content of starch granules in nodes was always higher than that in internodes. After the elongation growth ceased, there were still starch granules in the long and short parenchyma cells. (2) In the radial direction, the starch granules gradually decreased from the outside to the inside, and there were obviously more starch granules around the vascular bundle than in other parts. (3) Abnormal diaphragm led more starch granules in the culms and similar content of starch granules in each part of the internodes. The temporal and spatial dynamics of starch granules are consistent with the development of internode cells during the growth of Ph. edulis ‘Pachyloen’, and the nodes might regulate the elongation growth of bamboo mainly by controlling material transportation.

Abstract:The flowering biological characteristics including flowering forest appearance, floral dynamic, floral organs structure, fruit morphology and regeneration pattern of Oligostachyum spongiosum were observed by the filed investigation and optical microscopy. The process of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis and the development of female and male gametophyte of O. spongiosum were analyzed by paraffin section and light microscope techniques. The results are as follows: (1) O. spongiosum was a massive synchronized flowering bamboo species, and its flowering period was from late April to late May. (2) The inflorescence type of O. spongiosum was paniculate mixed inflorescences. Each inflorescence consisted of 4 spikelets, with 5-17 florets on each spikelet, and the apical florets were not developed. The flower capital was glume flower. Each flower had a lemma and a palea, 3 lodicules, one pistil and 4-6 anthers (usually 6), each of them contained four pollen sacs. The anther wall belonged to the basic type with the typical glandular tapetum, and the cytokinesis was the successive forming the medianly zygomorphic tetrads. Mature pollen grains were 2cell type, spherical, with granular surface ornamentation, with a single germination hole, abnormal shrinkage and cavity aborted pollen grains in some anthers during pollen development. The pistil had unilocular ovary, anatropous, crassinucellate and double integument ovule and plumate stigma with three branches. The embryo sac was of the polygonum type, and the mature embryo sac was composed of an egg organ, a polar nucleus and antipodal cells. O. spongiosum was monochogamy and crosspollination. The fruit was caryopsis. The regeneration of bamboo forest was mainly sexual reproduction. (3) The whole O. spongiosum forest died after flowering, and the seed setting rate was low, and the seed setting rate was 8.1%. This research provides basic data for the study of bamboo flowering mechanism and regeneration of bamboo forest.

Abstract:In this study, Rosa roxburghii ‘Guinong 5’ of threeyearold were used as the materials in 2017. Before the flowering period in early May of the same year, the experimental trees were treated with manual priming leaves which rated of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the spring shoots of the same year, and the plants without priming leaves were used as control (CK). The effects of different leaf loss rate treatments on shoot growth, leaf nutrient content, fruit yield and quality of R. roxburghii in 3 years after leaf loss were studied. The contents of endogenous hormones in the spring shoots, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and transpiration rate (T_r) of the remaining leaves within 30 days after priming leaf loss, the key enzymes affecting Vitamin C synthesis and accumulation (GalLDH, MDHAR, DHAR, AAO and APX), and key enzymes affecting flavonoid synthesis and accumulation (PAL, C4H, 4CL and CHS) of R. roxburghii fruit in the year were measured. The purposes are to explore the influencemechanism of leaf loss on the growth, fruit yield, quality and related physiological characteristics of R. roxburghii Tratt and to provide a theory basis for the determination of reasonable leaves collection amount and the assessment of the loss of leaves due to disaster of R. roxburghii. The results showed that: (1) the loss of R. roxburghii leaves in spring could promote the germination of summer shoots of the same year, increase the number of summer shoots, and inhibit the growth of new shoots in autumn of the same year, following year and the third year. (2) Within 30 days after priming leaf loss, the contents of IAA and ABA of spring shoot decreased rapidly, while the contents of GA₁₊₃ and ZR increased rapidly. The changes of endogenous hormone had a synergistic promoting effect on the germination of the summer shoots in the same year. The remaining leaves of the spring shoots had an obvious shortterm photosynthetic enhancement compensation reaction. (3) The P_n of the remaining leaves of the spring shoots increased rapidly within 15 days after priming leaf loss, then decreased rapidly, and the photosynthetic compensation reaction could not be sustained in the long term. (4) After the leaf loss rate more than 20% in spring shoots would lead to the nutrient loss of R. roxburghii, especially the loss of N, P, K and Mg elements in the leaves were serious, which inhibited the tree potential and the growth of new shoots. (5) In the critical period of the synthesis and accumulation of Vitamin C and flavonoids in R. roxburghii fruits, the activities of GalLDH, PAL, C4H, 4CL and CHS in fruits were significantly decreased with the increase of the leaf loss rate, and the contents of Vitamin C and flavonoids in fruits also decreased significantly with the increase of the leaf loss rate. In this study, it was found that excessive the leaf loss rate significantly reduced the nutrients contents of leaves and fruit yield and quality, and this adverse effect could last for many years. For R. roxburghii with both fruits and leaves used, the amount of young leaves collection should be controlled within 20% in spring.

Abstract:To explore the effects of pruning measures on the endogenous hormone contents, carbon and nitrogen nutrition contents in Purpleleaf Lagerstroemia indica flower buds of secondary flowering, and provide a theoretical basis for florescence regulation, we took L. indica ‘Ebony Embers’ as experimental materials in this study. The severe pruning were carried out on main flowering branches in late flowering period with no pruning as control. The changes of indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA₃), zeatin riboside (ZR), soluble sugar, starch and total nitrogen contents in flower buds of Purpleleaf L. indica under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the content of endogenous ZR in flower buds of Purpleleaf L. indica increased significantly at each flower development stage after pruning. The content of endogenous GA₃ decreased at the stage of flower bud differentiation, and increased significantly from the initial flowering stage to the late flowering stage after pruning. The endogenous IAA content increased significantly at the stage of flower bud differentiation, and decreased from the initial flowering stage to the late flowering stage after pruning. The endogenous ABA content did not change significantly after pruning. (2) The content of soluble sugar in flower buds of Purpleleaf L. indica increased at first and then decreased after pruning, and reached a significant level at the late flowering stage. The content of starch and total nitrogen increased, while the difference was not significant. (3) The C/N ratio in flower buds of Purpleleaf L. indica in general, and the C/N ratio increased slightly after pruning. The study argued that pruning affects the endogenous hormone levels of Purpleleaf L. indica, and effects the metabolism of carbon and nitrogen nutrition in flower buds by regulating the contents of carbohydrate and total nitrogen. Pruning promotes the secondary flowering and prolongs the blooming period of Purpleleaf L. indica.

Abstract:Two stubbles (rotation stubble and continuous cropping stubble) and six plant materials (Codonopsis pilosula, Allium stativum, Zea mays, Astragalus mongholicus, Sophora flavescens and Helianthas annuus) were selected to form six planting modes of Codonopsis pilosula monoculture and intercropping, and a field random block test of two factors of the stubble and the intercropping mode was set up. The alleviation effect of different stubbles and intercropping crops on continuous cropping obstacle of C. pilosula was measured by monitoring the changes of growth indexes (vine length, main root length, main root diameter, fresh and dry weight of the underground part), root yield and quality indexes (root polysaccharide content, alkynin content, alcoholsoluble extract content and ash content) of the roots. The results showed that: (1) the effects of single cropping and intercropping on the growth, quality and yield of C. pilosula under rotation are more obvious than those ander continuous corpping, and the effects of intercropping under two stubbles are more obvious than those under single cropping. (2) The intercropping treatment with H. annuus, A. stativum and Z. mays had more significant effects on the main root length, the main root diameter and the fresh and dry weight of underground part of C. pilosula than C. pilosula monoculture and other intercropping treatments (intercropping with A. mongholicus and S. flavescens); (3) The intercropping treatment of A. stativum and H. annuus could significantly increase the root yield of C. pilosula during two seasons. Especially, A. stativum performed best. The crop rotation and continuous cropping C. pilosula intercropped with A. stativum increased the yield by 49.92% and 22.55% respectively as compared with the control; (4) Intercropping with A. stativum could effectively increase the polysaccharide content, alkynin content and alcoholsoluble extract content in the roots of C. pilosula during two seasons. The effect of C. pilosula monoculture and other intercropping treatments on the quality improvement of C. pilosula during two seasons was not as good as that for A. stativum intercropping. The study found that, based on the comprehensive analysis of the growth status, root yield and quality of C. pilosula, the participation of the party in A. stativum intercropping was the most beneficial for the plant growth of C. pilosula under two crop rotation, which could effectively alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of C. pilosula and significantly improve the yield and quality of its medicinal parts. Moreover, the enhance effect under crop rotation was more significant than that under continuous cropping.

Abstract:The rapidity of stomatal response to dynamic irradiance is one of important factors affecting leaf water use efficiency. In order to explore the physiological mechanism of water use efficiency variation in trees from different succession stages, we studied the lightinduced stomatal conductance (g_s) dynamics and their relation with stomatal traits and leaf longterm water use efficiency in seedplanted seedlings of three species (early succession stage species: Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla, and late succession species Quercus liaotungensis) native to Huanglong Mountain forest region using a pot experiment. Results showed that, (1) time constant during stomatal opening (K_i) in P. davidiana and B. platyphylla was shorter than that in Q. liaotungensis, but time constant during stomatal closing (K_d) in P. davidiana and B. platyphylla was longer than that in Q. liaotungensis, reflecting that stomata open faster in P. davidiana and B. platyphylla, and close faster in Q. liaotungensis. P. davidiana and B. platyphylla had larger g_s response amplitude than Q. liaotungensis during stomatal opening, and P. davidiana had larger g_s response amplitude than Q. liaotungensis during stomatal closing. (2) Q. liaotungensis had the largest stomatal density, smallest stomatal size and biggest stomatal index among three species, stomatal traits in Q. liaotungensis could not explain its slower stomatal opening response. (3) P. davidiana and B. platyphylla had higher photosynthetic rate, maximum carboxylation velocity, maximum electron transport rate, longterm water use efficiency indicated by leaf δ¹³C exhibited as P. davidiana > B. platyphylla > Q. liaotungensis. The results show that higher water use efficiency in P. davidiana and B. platyphylla was partly attributed to their rapid stomatal opening, while rapid stomatal closing in the late succession species Q. liaotungensis did not enhance its water use efficiency, and the longterm water use efficiency is lower than that of P. davidiana and B. platyphylla, which may be related to the slow stomatal opening of Q. liaotungensis limiting its photosynthetic rate.

Abstract:Using spacetime substitution method, we investigated and analyzed the vegetation succession characteristics, changes in soil enzyme activities and their correlations for different years of abandoned land (returned fields 1 a, 2 a, 4 a, 8 a, 13 a, 20 a, 30 a, 40 a) in Minqin Qingtu Lake, farmland as control (CK), to explore the correlation between vegetation communities and soil enzyme activities, To reveal its change pattern and its driving mechanism, and to provide a scientific and theoretical basis for the restoration of receding farmland ecosystem and ecological environment construction in Qingtu Lake area and its similar areas. The results showed that: (1) Qingtu Lake during the natural recovery process after 40 a of fallowing, a total of 42 species, 32 genera and 16 families were found in 9 quadrats, the species composition is as follows: most species belong to a few families, and most species belong to a single genus and family. (2) With the increase of the period of returning farmland, plant species decreased from 19 species at the beginning of fallowing (1 a or 2 a) to 14 species at 4 a, 13 species at 20 a, and 5 species at 30 a. The salinetolerant shrub plant salt claw became the dominant species in this area at 30 a of fallowing, with a maximum importance value of 52.862.The importance value of the dominant species salt claw decreased to 36.008 at 40 a of fallowing. (3) With the increase of the period of returning farmland, there is a fluctuating downward trend in the plant Margalef richness index. The overall trend of Shannon diversity index and Pielou evenness index increased first, then decreased, and then gradually stabilized. Simpson dominance index has a small change range and a stable trend. (4) The activities of the four kinds of soil enzymes in different soil layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) increased firstly, then decreased and then gradually stabilized with the increase of returning years. All decreased significantly after 8 a of farmland withdrawal, and phosphatase activity and urease activity were significantly lower than sucrase activity and peroxidase activity. Both phosphatase activity and urease activity decreased with increasing years of fallowing compared to the control sample plot (CK). Soil phosphatase, sucrase and urease activities all decreased with deepening of the soil layer. (5) Correlation analysis showed that, in the 0-20 cm soil layer, the number of species was significantly and positively correlated with soil sucrase activity, phosphatase activity and urease activity; in the 20-40 cm soil layer, the correlation between the number of species and soil urease activity was extremely significant and positive, while it was significantly negatively correlated with soil peroxidase activity. Margalef richness index was significantly and positively correlated with both phosphatase activity and sucrase activity in the 0-20 cm soil layer, and was highly significantly and positively correlated with urease activity; in the 20-40 cm soil layer, Margalef richness index was extremely significantly positively correlated with urease activity. The correlations between Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance with the four soil enzyme activities were low and none of them were significant. The research suggests that Qingtu Lake during the natural recovery process of 40 a of fallowing, the plant community became relatively simple, and the species diversity decreased year by year, urease activity played a key role in species diversity.

Abstract:In order to clarify the responses of soil enzyme activities to changing precipitation regimes in desert steppe, we carried out this study based on field experiments (started in 2014) of different gradient changes of precipitation (50% reduction, 30% reduction, control, 30% increase and 50% increase) in a desert steppe in Ningxia. The sampling time was from May to July in 2016. The activities of soil enzymes were studied after two years of treatments, their relationships with plant biomass, microbial biomass C∶N∶P ecological stoichiometry, and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed too. The results showed that: (1) compared with natural precipitation, the 30% reduction in precipitation did not significantly affect the three soil enzyme activities (P > 0.05), while the 50% reduction in precipitation significantly decreased the invertase activity (P < 0.05). Increased precipitation significantly increased the activities of invertase and phosphatase (P < 0.05), whereas no significant effect on urease activity (^P > 0.05). (2) Decreased precipitation had little effect on plant biomass (especially 30% reduction), whereas it reduced microbial biomass C, N, P and increased microbial biomass C∶N and C∶P to varying degrees. Increased precipitation increased plant biomass and microbial biomass C, N, P to certain degrees. (3) Mostly, the activities of soil invertase and phosphatase increased with the increasing plant and microbial biomass. The soil factors that had significant influences on soil enzyme activities included water content, NO₃^-N, NH₄⁺N, C∶P, organic C, total N, C∶N, and pH (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that shortterm reduction in precipitation (especially 30% reduction) would have little influences on soil enzyme activities in the studied desert steppe; increasing precipitation could promote plant growth and microbial activity, and then improve the activity of invertase. However, with the increase of plant biomass accumulation, more organic C is sequestrated in soils, the activity of phosphatase in soils increased correspondingly and promoted the mineralization of organic P, resulted in the aggravation of P limitation of microbes.

Abstract:Juniperus tibetica community is one of the main forest communities in the Three River Headwaters, which plays vital roles in ensuring the safety of water ecology of China, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change. Based on the natural J. tibetica community at Banma, Guoluo, Qinghai, we revealed the community species composition and the relationship between species diversity and soil factors through field investigation and indoor analysis. This study will provide references for species diversity protection and resource plants development and utilization. The results indicated that: (1) there are 169 species of plants in the J. tibetica community, belonging to 36 families and 101 genera. Among them, Compositae, Rosaceae and Ranunculaceae have the most species, accounting for 14.20%, 13.61% and 9.47% of the total number of species in the community. (2) There are significant differences in the species diversity characteristics of the shrubgrass layer in the J. tibetica community, the Margalef (2.90), ShannonWiener (2.35) and Simpson index (0.80) of the herb layer are higher than the Margalef (1.03), ShannonWiener (1.45) and Simpson index (0.70) of the shrub layer, while the Pielou index (0.79) is lower than that (0.89) of the shrub layer. (3) The soil organic matter, whole nitrogen and whole phosphorus contents and pH mean value of 0~60 cm soil layer are (87.54±20.32) g·kg^-1, (4.68±1.36) g·kg^-1, (0.83±0.18) g·kg^-1 and (6.73±0.51), respectively. (4) Shrub layer Margalef index and ShannonWiener index are extremely significant positively correlated with soil organic matter content (P<0.01). The Margalef index and ShannonWiener index of the herb layer are significant negatively correlated with the total potassium content of the soil (P<0.05), and positively correlated with the pH value (P<0.05). Soil organic matter, total potassium contents and pH value are the key factors affecting the community species diversity.

Abstract:Based on MaxEnt model and ArcGIS technology, we obtained 107 effective distribution points of Paphiopedilum micranthum in China and screened 13 factors for MaxEnt model prediction through field investigation, combined with specimens and literature review. The AUC was used to analyze the reliability of the model and visual processing was carried out in ArcGIS 10.6 to analyze the potential distribution area of P. micranthum and calculated its size. Jackknife, the contribution rate of predictive factors and the response curve were used to analyze the dominant factors affecting the distribution of Paphiopedilum. The results showed that: (1) in general, P. micranthum distributed scattered in the large scale of the countrywide, and the karst mountains in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces (autonomous regions) are the main distribution areas. On a small scale, it generally presents the characteristics of micro topography and small population aggregation distribution, with 64.95% of the distribution points having an actual distribution area of not more than 100 m². (2) The potential distribution predicted the AUC of training data and test data, which are 0.992 and 0.987, respectively. Southwest to southern Guizhou, Central Guizhou, Southeast Yunnan and north to Northwest Guangxi are the potential distribution areas. The most suitable areas are Southeast Yunnan and southwest Guizhou to Northwest Guangxi, with an area of about 3 912.71 km². (3) The dominant factors affecting the potential distribution of P. micranthum are T_TEXTURE (Fine), precipitation of the driest quarter (55-85 mm), annual average precipitation (1 220-1 480 mm) and T_CaCO₃ (2.5%-2.7%). The contribution rates of the four dominant factors are 30.0%, 20.1%, 16.2% and 7.0%, respectively. We concluded that P. micranthum is excavated seriously and required the strict habitat. According to the actual distribution, survival status, threatened status and prediction results of potential distribution areas of P. micranthum in China, we suggest that P. micranthum should be included in the list of national key protected plants, and strengthen the native places protection through nature reserves or specific conservation region.

Abstract:In the previous study, we obtained the lowpolarity active ingredient Fr.2a from the chloroform extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa fruits, and found that Fr.2a showed a wide range of synergistic antimicrobial effects when used in combination with a variety of antibiotics. On the basis of Fr.2a, the active components in other polar range of the chloroform extracts from Z. jujuba Mill. var. spinosa fruits were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, and the refined product Fr.B was obtained. Then, the composition of Fr.B was determined by GCMS, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The synergistic antibacterial spectrum and mechanism of Fr.B were determined by antimicrobial spectrum analysis and cell permeability analysis. The refined Fr.B was prepared into ointment by melting method. The synergistic effect of the ointment on antibiotics was evaluated by wound infection model in mice. The results were as follows: (1) the Fr.B component obtained by further refining the chloroform extracts of Z. jujuba Mill. var. spinosa fruits, mainly contained fatty acid compounds such as elaidic acid, oleic acid, cis10hexadecenol, palmitic acid and so on. (2) Fr.B showed extensive synergistic antibacterial action when combined with gentamicin, tobramycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, fusidic acid, nystatin, ketoconazole and amphotericin B, respectively. (3) Fr.B can enhance the permeability of bacterial cells by destroying the integrity of cell membrane and cell wall. (4) Fr.B can significantly enhance the bactericidal effect of erythromycin on methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vivo and in vitro, thereby improving the therapeutic effect of erythromycin on wound infections caused by MRSA strains. In conclusion, Fr.B obtained in this study has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial synergistic activity, which can enhance the efficacy of erythromycin in the treatment of wound drugresistant bacteria infection. This provides new ideas and solutions for overcoming microbial resistance to antibiotics.

Abstract:(1) To investigate the relationship between sulfate transporter genes (SULTR) and βNoxalylLα,βdiaminopropionicacid (βODAP) content in Lathyrus sativus, we first identified 13 LsSULTR genes from transcriptomic database (SRP145030), which coding the four major groups of SULTR Ⅰ-Ⅳ separately. Therein, LsSULTR3; 3 and LsSULTR3; 5 were characterized by the conversed STAS (PF01740) and Sulfate_transp (PF00916) domain of SULTR, and gene expression levels of LsSULTR3; 3 and LsSULTR3; 5 strongly suggested relation with βODAP biosynthesis. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that LsSULTR3; 3 and LsSULTR3; 5 can be regulated by various cisacting elements such as MYB and hormone response factors. In addition, proteinprotein interactions and protein phosphorylation also play an important role. (2) cDNAs of LsSULTR3; 3 and LsSULTR3; 5 were cloned with 1 962 bp encoding a peptide of 653 amino acid residues, and 1 923 bp encoding a peptide of 640 amino acid residues, respectively. (3) Semiquantity RTPCR analysis showed that LsSULTR3; 3 gene was expressed highest in stems and followed by main roots, old leaves, flowers, seeds in early flourishing podding stage (S2) and seedfillingflourishing stage (S6); while the LsSULTR3; 5 gene was expressed highest in flowers and followed by main roots, lateral roots and seeds in S2 stage. These results will help to reveal the mechanism of sulfur transport and assimilation, βODAP biosynthesis in L. sativus.

Abstract:In order to explore the potential productivity of rice under the condition of planting green manure Lathyrus sativus and reducing nitrogen application, we set up six treatments: winter fallow + no fertilization (NF), green manure L. sativus + no nitrogen fertilizer (GM), winter fallow + 100% nitrogen fertilizer (CK), green manure L. sativus + 80% nitrogen fertilizer (GM + 80%N), green manure L. sativus + 70% nitrogen fertilizer (GM + 70%N), green manure L. sativus + 60% nitrogen fertilizer (GM + 60%N), and studied the effects of different treatments on growth, nutrient absorption and yield of rice. The results showed that: (1) compared with CK, turning green manure L. sativus and reducing nitrogen application could significantly improve the plant height, tiller number and dry matter accumulation of rice, among which GM + 70%N fertilization treatment had the most obvious effect. (2) Under the GM + 70%N fertilization treatment, the plant height and effective tiller number of rice at different growth stages increased 13.32%-15.73% and 33.98%-59.47%, respectively, compared with the control conventional fertilization (100%N), and the dry matter accumulation increased 23.19%-144.18%, and the increasing rate decreased with the advance of growth stage. (3) The yield of rice was increased under the treatment of turning green manure L. sativus and reducing nitrogen fertilizer, The GM + 70%N and GM + 80%N treatments significantly increased the yield of rice by 13.84% and 7.25%, respectively, and the nutrient absorption of rice plants and grains was more comprehensive under the GM + 70%N treatment. The study found that planting L. sativus and reducing the application of appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer can effectively promote the growth of rice and the absorption and accumulation of nutrients, and significantly improve the yield of rice. It shows that turning green manure L. sativus can replace 30%-40% of the nitrogen fertilizer application in the rice field, and can avoid the prosperity of rice and achieve high yield of paddy rice, which is a better tillage measure for rice planting in Sichuan.

Abstract:Pomatocalpa tonkinense (Gagnep.) Seidenf, a newly recorded species of Pomatocalpa from China is reported. The voucher specimens are kept in the Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany (IBK). This species is easily distinguished from the other two species of Pomatocalpa previously recorded in China by its inflorescences sparsely numerous many flowers, sepals and petals with 2 purple stripes. In this paper, the description of the newly recorded species, plates and a key to Pomatocalpa taxa in China are provided.

Abstract:ABC transporter (ATPbinding cassette transporter) is one of the largest protein families. It is widely found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and has attracted more and more attention in plant field in recent years. As the transportable substrates of ABC transporters are diverse, they can widely participate in the developmental processes of plant. Meanwhile, ABC transporters also have great effects in the growth of plant flower organs and the formation of ornamental characteristics of plants. In this study, the characteristics and subfamily classification of ABC transporters were summarized. In addition, the functions of ABC transporter family in the growth of flower organs and their ornamental characteristics were highlighted. The potential application of ABC transporters in improving plant ornamental traits was also explored, which could supply useful strategies for improving the plant ornamental traits.