Abstract:WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have been proven to play vital roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Lilium regale Wilson is a wild lily with a high level of resistance to fusarium wilt. A WRKY TF gene LrWRKY4 was cloned from L. regale Wilson by RTPCR based on previous transcriptome sequencing data in this study, and its function was analyzed to explore the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of L. regale during response to fusarium wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum infection. This study lays the foundation for subsequent further studying the function of the WRKY gene family in L. regale. The results showed that: (1) the open reading frame of LrWRKY4 was 993 bp, encoding 330 amino acids. LrWRKY4 contained a highly conserved ‘WRKYGQK’ heptapeptide and a C₂H₂ zinc finger motif, belonging to the group Ⅱc WRKY. (2) The GFPLrWRKY4 fusion vector was successfully constructed and transformed into onion by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the laser confocal microscopy observed that the green fluorescence expressed by the GFPLrWRKY4 fusion protein was specifically distributed in the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. (3) The overexpression vector pCAMBIA2300sLrWRKY4 was constructed and transformed into tobacco, and 11 lines of T₂ LrWRKY4 transgenic tobacco seedlings were obtained. There was no significant phenotype difference between transgenic tobacco and wildtype (WT) tobacco; the root and leaf inoculation assays showed that LrWRKY4 transgenic tobacco was more resistant to F. oxysporum than the WT; qRTPCR analysis showed that the LrWRKY4 gene of L. regale was expressed in 11 transgenic tobacco lines, and the expression of JA/SA signaling pathwayrelated genes were upregulated in LrWRKY4 transgenic tobacco compared with WT as well as some pathogenesisprotein related genes and antioxidantrelated genes. (4) The decay and lesion area of L. regale scales infected with LrWRKY4 RNAi vector were much larger than those of RNAi empty vector infected scales; the expression level of LrWRKY4 in L. regale scales transiently expressing LrWRKY4 RNAi vector was decreased by 45.7% compared with the control, and that was decreased by 93.8% after inoculation with F. oxysporum for 72 h. The expression levels of some JA/SA signaling pathwayrelated genes were significantly decreased in L. regale scales after transient expression of LrWRKY4 RNAi fragment. The results showed that L. regale LrWRKY4 encodes a class Ⅱc WRKY transcription factor, which is localized in plant cell nucleus; the LrWRKY4 was stably expressed in transgenic tobacco, and overexpression of LrWRKY4 can improve the resistance of tobacco to F. oxysporum. However, transient expression of LrWRKY4 RNAi fragment decreased the expression of JA/SA signaling pathwayrelated genes and enhanced the sensitivity of L. regale to F. oxysporum. It is speculated that LrWRKY4 gene is a positive regulator of the defense response against F. oxysporum in L. regale, and LrWRKY4 may induce the expression of defenserelated genes to regulate the resistance to F. oxysporum by participating in JA/SA mediated signal transduction pathways.

Abstract:In order to explore the regulatory role of phytochromeinteracting factors(PIFs)in light induced floral scent synthesis and release, we cloned the coding region sequence from Antirrhinum majus‘Maryland True Pink’, bioinformatic analysis AmPIF4 were performed, and the subcellular location transient expression vector was used to transform tobacco and study the distribution of AmPIF4 protein in the cells in this study, and the temporal expression of AmPIF4 gene was detected by qRTPCR. The function of AmPIF4 was verified via virusinduced gene silencing (VIGS), and the content of floral scent component was determined by ATDGC/MS. The results showed that: (1) the ORF (open reading frame) of AmPIF4 gene was successfully cloned. It had a fulllength of 1 497bp, encoded 498 amino acids, and the theoretical isoelectric point and molecular weight of the encoding protein was 6.44 and 55.58 kD, respectively. Homology analysis showed that AmPIF4 protein had the highest sequence similarity to Sesamum indicum. (2) Subcellular localization assay showed that AmPIF4 protein was specially expressed in the nucleus. (3) qRTPCR analysis showed that AmPIF4 gene was expressed in the whole development period and different organs, and reached the highest level in fullyopened period, among them, the highest expression level was found in the leaves of the fullyopened period, but the difference of the relative expression in the leaves, stems and sepals was not significant. (4) The silence of AmPIF4 gene significantly reduced the relative expression of AmPIF4 gene by about 65% compared with wildtype in snapdragon petals, it was also remarkably reduced compared with the negative control. At the same time, the main floral volatile components in snapdragon petals, myrcene, ocimene, and methyl benzoate, were significantly increased by 22%, 24%, and 12% respectively compared with the wild type, the overall content of floral releases increased. This study suggests that AmPIF4 plays as a negative regulator in floral scent synthesis and release, and may participate in the regulation of light induced floral fragrance biosynthesis.

Abstract:Flowering is the key process in the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in plants. The PEBP (phosphatidylethanolaminebinding protein) proteins played important roles in this process. In this study, the CsPEBP genes were identified, cloned and analyzed in tea plant. The results showed that: (1) five members of the PEBP gene family were identified and cloned from the genome of tea plant, named CsATC, CsMFT, CsBFT, CsFT and CsTFL1, respectively, and their lengths were 519-525 bp, encoding 172-174 amino acid residues, located in 5 different chromosomes, respectively. (2) The structural analysis showed that the homology of amino acid sequence of this protein family is as high as 72.7%, containing 39.88%-42.28% of free curl, belonging to 3 subfamilies, and the genetic distance of these proteins between tea plant and poplar was the closest. (3) The result of subcellular location showed that CsATC, CsMFT and CsBFT were located in cytoplasm, CsTFL1 was located in nucleus, CsFT was both located in cytoplasm and nucleus. (4) Transcriptome and realtimePCR showed that CsMFT gene had the higher expression in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses than other genes in tea plant; The expression of CsFT, CsATC and CsMFT genes were the highest in the stage of halfopened flower. (5) Promoter analysis showed that a large number of lightresponsive elements and hormoneresponsive elements were found in the promoters of CsPEBP genes. (6) CsMFT gene had two transcripts with different lengths of 525 bp and 689 bp. In summary, we cloned five CsPEBPs genes and speculated that they not only participate in the regulation of flowering, but also in the response to various adversities in tea plants, which provided a theoretical basis for the research on the flowering regulation of tea plants.

Abstract:In this study, Chenopodium quinoa CqSAP8 was cloned based on the sequence on the NCBI website. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the sequence, physicochemical property and structure of CqSAP8 protein. The expression patterns of CqSAP8 in tissues and under different abiotic stresses were determined by using qRTPCR method. The results showed that: (1) the CDS of CqSAP8 was 528 bp, encoding 175 amino acids with a relative molecular weight of 18.73 kD and an isoelectric point of 7.46. CqSAP8 was predicated to be a stable hydrophilic protein. CqSAP8 contained a A20 conserved domain in the N terminus and an AN1 conserved domain in the C terminus, which was a typical SAP protein. (2) Sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis showed that CqSAP8 was mostly closely related to BvSAP8 and SoSAP8 with a sequence similarity 89.66% and 89.47%, respectively. (3) qRTPCR analysis showed that CqSAP8 expressed in root, stem, leaf, flower and seed, and the highest expression was found in seed. The expression of CqSAP8 gene reached the maximum at 12 h under drought stress and high temperature stress, which was 13.09 and 17.47 times of that of the control, respectively, while the maximum expression under both high salt and low temperature stress was 3.91 times that of the control, indicating that CqSAP8 responded to a variety of abiotic stresses. Additionally, The expression level of CqSAP8 increased sharply at 24 h under ABA stress, suggesting that the response of CqSAP8 in the early stage of abiotic stress was independent of ABA. This study laid a foundation for further study on the function and molecular mechanism of CqSAP8 gene.

Abstract:In order to explore the role of NBSLRRlike gene RPS2 in the process of resistance to leaf stripe disease in hulless barley, we took leaf stripe disease resistant variety Kunlun 14 and susceptible variety Z1141 as materials in study. HvnRPS2 gene sequence by designing primer cloning according to transcriptome sequence (RNAseq), and carried out a series of bioinformatics analysis, we used qRTPCR to analyze the expression pattern of HvnRPS2 gene in different resistant hulless barley varieties. The result showed: (1) its fulllength sequence of 3 089 bp, without introns, contained a 2 760 bp open reading frame, encoded 919 amino acids, had a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.93, and had a predicted protein molecular weight of 104.2 kDa. The protein encoded by HvnRPS2 is hydrophilic and its secondary structure is mainly composed of irregular curl and αhelix. (2) The protein multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed, HvnRPS2 has highly conserved NBARC and LRR domains, and belonged to the NBSLRR gene family. and the closest relationship with HvRPS2 in Hordeum vulgare and OsRPS2 in Oryza. (3) qRTPCR results showed that HvnRPS2 gene decreased first, then increased and finally decreased with the prolongation of leaf stripe stress. Compared with normal leaves, the expression level of HvnRPS2 gene in susceptible leaves was significantly downregulated, and the downregulation value of susceptible varieties was significantly higher than that of disease resistant varieties (P < 0.01). The research speculates that HvnRPS2 plays an important negative role in the resistance of hulless barley to leaf stripe disease. The results of the study lay the foundation for further exploring the regulation mechanism of this gene in the resistance of barley to leaf stripe disease.

Abstract:As endogenous small RNAs in plant, miRNAs can play important roles in pollen development and fertility regulation. In order to provide theoretical basis for further discussing miRNAmediated regulatory mechanism of male sterility in broccoli, we constructed the sRNA libraries of cytoplasmic male sterile line and its maintainer line by highthroughput sequencing in this study. Meanwhile, the expression characteristics of fertility related miRNAs and their predicted target genes were detected by qRTPCR technology. The results showed that: (1) a total of 181 conserved and 8 novel miRNAs were identified in broccoli. Among them, 47 miRNAs were differentially expressed. 24 known miRNAs and 4 novel miRNAs were upregulated and the rest were downregulated. Two differentially expressed miRNAs were only expressed in sterile line, and seven differentially expressed miRNAs were specific to its maintainer line. (2) Bioinformatics analysis showed that two associated miRNAmRNAs ［miR8591 targeted pollen coat gene (T2/Unigene_BMK.21608) and miR5174e1 regulated amino acid permease gene (T2_Unigene_BMK.31772)］ were identified. These two miRNAs could negatively regulate their corresponding target genes and participate in microspore development and male sterility occurrence in broccoli. (3) qRTPCR analysis showed that the expression levels of miR159a1, miR164a1, miR319a1 and miRn11 in male sterile line were higher than those in maintainer line. The expression levels of miR164a1, miR319a1 and miRn11 decreased with development of flower bud in sterile line, but increased in maintainer line; miR319a1 and miR397a2 were high expressed in stamen and low in other parts of flower buds, and the expression level of miR397a2 in sterile line was significantly lower than that in maintainers line. Our study speculated that miRNAs may lead to the occurrence of male sterility by inhibiting the expression of male sterility related PPR gene, regulating the expression of LAC gene and regulating hormone and Ca²⁺ mediated signal transduction pathway in broccoli.

Abstract:Based on the transcriptome sequencing of aborted female flower in Cucurbita moschata, it is suggested that the CmNPR1 may play an important role in flower development of C. moschata. In this study, we used homology cloning method to obtain the CDS of CmNPR1 from the inbred line‘31’. In order to provide a research foundation for further study on the function and mechanism of CmNPR1 in flower development of C. moschata, we analyzed the bioinformatics, expression characteristics and subcellular localization of CmNPR1. The results showed that: (1) the length of the coding sequence of CmNPR1 is 1 442 bp, and it encodes a 480 amino acidlong protein. The protein sequence contains a BTB/POZ and an ankyrin repeats (ANK), and it has no signal peptide and transmembrane structure. The results of multiple sequence alignment showed that the CmNPR1 have the closest genetic relationship with Cucurbita pepo (96.05%), followed by Cucurbita maxima (95.63%). (2) The expression level of CmNPR1 was the highest at the minimum flower developmental stage (0.5 cm), and the expression level in stigma was the highest among different flower structures. (3) The subcellular localization analysis showed that the CmNPR1 was localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Abstract:SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBPbox) genes encode a family of plantspecific transcription factors that play vital roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis methods to identify and compare the SBP gene family in different tea plant genomes of ‘Tieguanyin’, ‘Huangdan’, ‘Shuchazao’ and ‘Longjing 43’. We used qRTPCR technology to analysis the expression patterns of CsTGY_SBP gene family in different tea plants. This study provides a reference for exploring the inheritance of SBP genes in tea hybrids and parents. The results showed that: (1) there are 21,25,24 and 23 SBP genes were identified in the reference genome of Camellia sinensis ‘Tieguanyin’, C. sinensis ‘Huangdan’, C. sinensis ‘Shuchazao’ and C. sinensis ‘Longjing 43’, respectively. (2) The SBP genes were phylogenetically classified into 8 subgroups. Collinearity analysis indicated that the orthology of CsTGY_SBP genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Vitis vinifera was higher than that of Oryza sativa. The collinearity between C. sinensis ‘Tieguanyin’ and C. sinensis ‘Huangdan’ was found to be more significant in the same species. (3) The results of qRTPCR showed that CsTGY_SBP5, CsTGY_SBP9 and CsTGY_SBP14 showed middleaffinity expression patterns in F₁‘Jinguanyin’. Most of CsTGY_SBP genes showed a lower expression pattern than their parents in F₁‘Huangguanyin’, while CsTGY_SBP5 and CsTGY_SBP8 were significantly higher than their parents in F₁‘Jinmudan’. The expression levels of CsTGY_SBP5, CsTGY_SBP7, CsTGY_SBP12, CsTGY_SBP16 and CsTGY_SBP18 were significantly higher than their parents in F₁‘Zimeigui’, showing a pattern of ultrahigh parental expression. The expression of CsTGY_SBP genes in F₁‘Zimudan’ tends to be the famale parent ‘Tieguanyin’ on the whole, and the expression of CsTGY_SBP genes in F₁‘Ruixiang’ is lower than the male parent ‘Huangdan’ generally. CsTGY_SBP5, which is significantly higher than the parent in F₁‘Jinmudan’ and F₁‘Zimeigui’, may be an important regulatory factor of tea plant heterosis. This study provides a reference for exploring the inheritance of SBP genes in tea hybrids and parents.

Abstract:Juice sac granulation is a universal physiological disorder of citrus fruits, which is characterized by increased firmness and lower fruit quality in juice sacs. In order to reveal the characteristics of physiological metabolism of other fruit segments during juice sac granulation, we stored ripe ‘Guanxi’ pummelo fruits at room temperature for 60 days in this study. The total cell wall material contents of juice sacs isolated from the dorsal vascular bundles (dorsal juice sacs), juice sacs isolated from the septal vascular bundles (septal juice sacs), segment membrane and pericarp, as well as the soluble solid contents of the two types of juice sacs were determined, while the dynamic ultrastructure of the dorsal and the septal vascular bundles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that: (1) at 10 days of storage, secondary cell wall apparently thickened in sieve tube and companion cells, while the number of mitochondria and vesicles began to increase and secondary cell wall obviously thickened in phloem parenchyma cells. At 20 days of storage, the number of mitochondria and vesicles continuously increased and golgi apparatus appeared (disappeared at the following stages) in the two types of vascular bundles. In the meantime, total cell wall material contents began to significantly increase in segment membrane and pericarp. At 40 days of storage, the number of mitochondria continuously increased only in the septal vascular bundles, and the total cell wall substance levels began to statistically increase in the septal juice sacs. At 60 days of storage, secondary cell wall continuously thickened in the two types of vascular bundles, and the total cell wall component contents continuously increased in segment membrane, pericarp and septal juice sacs, but did not show distinct changes in the dorsal juice sacs during storage. (2) In the whole storage period, the total cell wall material contents of segment membrane were significantly higher than that of pericarp, while the total cell wall component contents of pericarp were distinctly higher when compared with the two types of juice sacs. At the late stages of storage, the total cell wall material contents of septal juice sacs were significantly higher compared to dorsal juice sacs. (3) Soluble solid contents remained constant in the dorsal juice sacs during storage, but significantly decreased in the septal juice sacs from 40 to 60 days of storage. The results in this study suggest that changes in cell wall component metabolism of fruit vascular bundles, segment membrane, and pericarp are earlier than that of juice sacs during storage. The increases in mitochondrial number in phloem parenchyma cells are accompanied with obvious secondary cell wall thickening in fruit vascular bundles, and the significant decreases in soluble solid contents are paralleled by distinct increases in total cell wall material contents in septal juice sacs during storage. The results in this study may facilitate to reveal the comprehensive mechanism of citrus fruit granulation.

Abstract:In order to explore the reason for flower formation of Malus halliana var. parkmanii, this study took single and double petaled M. halliana as experimental materials, and observed the flower organ differentiation process of singlepetaled and doublepetaled M. halliana by means of stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope; The flowers in bud stage and blooming stage of M. halliana var. parkmanii were observed anatomically, and the morphology and number of flower organs were counted; The R was used to analyze the correlation between the number of petals of M. halliana var. parkmanii and the number of floral organs of other circles. The results were as follows: (1) the floral organ differentiation of single and doublepetaled M. halliana can be divided into sepal primordium differentiation, petal primordium differentiation, stamen primordium differentiation and pistil primordium differentiation, each floral organ differentiated and developed in a centripetal order. (2) In the differentiation stage of petal primordium, M. halliana only differentiated one round of 5 petals primordia evenly distributed at the junction of two sepals. However, M. halliana var. parkmanii differentiated two rounds of hashed petal primordia, with 5-7 in the first round and 7-10 in the second. (3) In M. halliana var. parkmanii, there are many cases of sepal petalization, stamen petalization, and abnormal development of pistil and stamen. (4) The correlation analysis of the number of floral organs in each cycle of M. halliana var. parkmanii showed that the number of petals was positively correlated with the number of stamens and the number of stamens in petrification. This phenomenon is different from the phenomenon that the number of stamens decreases and the number of petals increases in the conventional stamen petalization plants. These results showed that the increase of the number of petals was not completely dependent on the stamen petrification, which revealed the diversity and complexity of the reasons for the formation of M. halliana var. parkmanii.

Abstract:Gleditsia sinensis seedlings were used as the research materials, and the development process of G. sinensis thorn was observed and recorded by scanning electron microscope, stereomicroscope and paraffin section method, to clarify the morphological and structural changes of G. sinensis thorn during development process, which provides theoretical basis and technical guidance for the development, genetic improvement and utilization and directional cultivation of G. sinensis. The results showed that: (1) the G. sinensis thorn is branch thorn, which originate from axillary meristem of G. sinensis seedling, and the development process is similar to that of the branches. (2) The structure of G. sinensis thorn is elliptical, the xylem has ringthickened vessels, and the growth rate of xylem is greater than that of phloem. (3) The developmental stages of G. sinensis thorn can be divided into 8 stages, there are no thorn stage (2 d after accelerating germination), thorn primordium stage (3 d), scale leaf basically completed stage (7 d), thorn differentiation stage (8 d), thorn basic structure formation stage (14 d), the period that thorn begins to become woody (30 d), the period when the thorn starts to brown (75 d), and the period when the thorn is completely brown (165 d).

Abstract:In this study, Lycium barbarum was use as experimental material, ultrathin section technique, microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze the changes of microstructure and ultrastructure of leaves and young roots of L. barbarum under different NaCl concentrations. The results showed that, with the increase of NaCl concentration, (1) the upper epidermal cells of the leaf became thicker, and the cells of fenestrations tissue appear shortened, became loose and disordered, the primary structure of the young roots did not change significantly. (2) The chloroplasts in fenestrated tissues of the leaves no longer adhered to the cell membrane, the double layer membrane of chloroplasts was damaged, the basal lamellae was arranged loosely, disorganized, swollen and vacuolated, the number of starch grains and osmiophilic granules increased, slight changes in mitochondria in chloroplasts. The shape of mitochondria in the cortical cells has changed, the structure was damaged, the inner and outer membranes were blurred or even ruptured, most cristae were blurred, vacuolation was occurred. The cell nucleus disintegrated and the content matrix flowed out. The study showed that different concentrations of NaCl stress had different effects on the microstructure and ultrastructure of the leaves and young roots of L. barbarum. The microstructure and ultrastructure of the leaves and young roots of L. barbarum were significantly changed at NaCl concentrations greater than 200 mmol/L. The changes of mitochondria in the leaf pulp cells were not as significant as those of chloroplasts, and it was assumed that the salt tolerance of mitochondria in the leaf pulp cells was stronger than that of chloroplasts.

Abstract:To explore the internal relationship between embryo morphology, physiological and biochemical changes and dormancy release of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum seeds in the process of low temperature stratification, we relieved seed dormancy by low temperature stratification treatment in this study. The changes of embryo morphology, embryo rate, germination, content of nutrients (starch, soluble protein,soluble sugar), levels of endogenous hormones［gibberellin (GA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA)］ and activities of key ratelimiting enzymes in respiratory pathway ［pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and 6phosphateglucose dehydrogenase (G6PDH)］ were measured at different stratification time points. The results showed that: (1) the seed embryo of S. hexandrum was torpedo or cotyledon embryo, the germination rate of seeds increased significantly at the late stage of stratification (60-75 days) (P < 0.05). (2) During stratification, pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity decreased significantly(P＜0.05), while soluble protein content and indoleacetic acid (IAA) content increased significantly (P＜0.05), and the ratio of germination promoters and inhibitors (GA/ABA, IAA/ABA, GA+IAA/ABA) also increased. (3) Seed embryo rate was negatively correlated with soluble sugar content, and seed germination rate was positively correlated with soluble protein content. It was found that there was no morphological dormancy in S. hexandrum seeds, the decomposition and transformation of nutrients in seeds provided energy for various metabolic activities in the process of seed dormancy release, and starch was probably the most important energy supplying substance in this process, and the activation of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the increase of the proportion of germination promoters and inhibitors (GA/ABA, IAA/ABA, GA+IAA/ABA) and the significant increase of IAA content were the key to dormancy release.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on the colonization characteristics and physiological indexes of Mentha spicata and Dianthus plumarius under different salt stress levels, we used the method of pot experiment in this study to divide M. spicata and D. plumarius into inoculation treatment and control treatment, and applied different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mmol/L) of NaCl stress. After the end of the stress, we measured the colonization characteristics and physiological indicators of the two plants. The results showed that: (1) with the increase of salt concentration, the colonization rate, colonization intensity, arbuscular abundance and vesicle abundance of M. spicata and D. plumarius continued to decrease, and the various colonization indexes of D. plumarius are generally higher than that of M. spicata. (2) Inoculation of AM fungi increased the total chlorophyll content, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of M. spicata and D. plumarius in each salt concentration, while significantly reducing the proline content of the two under different salt concentrations. (3) Inoculation with AM fungi increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in M. spicata and D. plumarius to varying degrees, and reduced the malondialdehyde content of M. spicata and D. plumarius under different salt concentration. The study found that inoculation with AM fungi can improve the osmotic adjustment ability and antioxidant enzyme system activity of M. spicata and D. plumarius in different degrees under salt stress, enhance the salt tolerance of plants, and make plants grow better under salt stress conditions.

Abstract:The ‘Zijinhongxia’ grape was used as test material, and the fruit were bagged with 5 different types of bags (white paper bag, nonwoven and white paper doubleply bag, green paper bag, blue paper bag and brown paper bag) in the early stage of veraison, and with not bagging as control. In order to study the effect of different fruit bags on fruit quality, anthocyanin content and the expression of anthocyanin synthesis related genes, we determined the fruit weight, fruit vertical and horizontal diameter, total soluble solids and titratable acid of grape berries at different development stages. Meanwhile, the expression of anthocyanin synthesis related genes was also evaluated by qRTPCR. The results showed that: (1) white, blue and brown paper bags were not favorable to the increase of total soluble solids in mature fruit, and blue and brown paper bag were not favorable to the reduction of titratable acid content in mature fruit. (2) Bagging treatment will reduce the color index of red grape significantly, and the content of anthocyanin in pericarp was reduced significantly because of bagging except that nonwoven and white paper doubleply bag did not significantly influence the mature pericarp. (3) For the expression of 6 anthocyanin synthesis related genes, bagging treatment mainly behaved inhibition. However, nonwoven and white paper doubleply bag promoted the upregulated expression of F3′H and UFGT genes, and white paper bag promoted the upregulated expression of MYBA1, DFR and LDOX genes in mature fruit. In summary, our results suggested that the effect of nonwoven and white paper doubleply bag on fruit quality and fruit coloring is minimal, and this type of fruit bag can be used for fruit bagging. The second choice is white and green bag. However, because the blue and brown paper bag seriously reduces fruit quality, therefore they are not suitable for ‘Zijinhongxia’ fruit bagging.

Abstract:Traits are the basis of plant individuals, so it is particularly important to reveal the change mechanism of individuals from the perspective of traits. In this study, we investigated the effects of different trampling intensities on functional traits of Artemisia scoparia, a dominant herb in semiarid sandy grassland. The results showed that: (1) trampling significantly reduced the height of vegetation in the early growing season at the community level, but there was no significant difference in plant height of A. scoparia among different trampling intensities. (2) The leaf length and width of A. scoparia increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of trampling intensity, and reached the highest values under moderate grazing trampling. Stem diameter increased with the increase of trampling intensity. There were no significant differences in root and whole plant traits with the increase of trampling intensity. (3) The leaf length, leaf width and leaf area decreased with the increase of leaf thickness. There was a significant positive correlation between the leaves and the number of firstorder root branches and the biomass of leaf, stem and root. Trampling intensity had no significant effect on the phenotypic traits except stem diameter. Asymmetrical changes of different phenotypic traits were used to tradeoff during the growth and development of A. scoparia. The increase of trampling intensity had little effect on the biomass accumulation of roots, stems and leaves in the early growing season, indicating that A. scoparia had strong resistance to grazing trampling in the early growing season. These results have important guiding significance for selection of grazing pressure and species conservation in semiarid sandy land in the early growing season.

Abstract:Epiphyte is an important structural component of the forest ecosystems and is of great significance for maintaining forest ecosystem species diversity and ecosystem function. This study investigated the composition of epiphytic vascular plants in five microhabitats (steep slope, lesssteep slope, high plateau, valley and ridge) of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest in Taiyang River Provincial Nature Reserve of Puer City, Yunnan Province, and combined with topographic data and other environmental data to analyze the diversity of epiphytic vascular plants and their relationship with microhabitats. The results showed that: (1) a total of 97 species and 12 302 species of epiphytic vascular plants, belonging to 16 families and 45 genera, were recorded in the study area of the monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest. The speciesabundance curve showed that Belvisia henryi, Vittaria doniana and Humata platylepis had obvious dominance. (2) Epiphytic vascular plants had higher species diversity and individual abundance in ridge habitats, while epiphytic vascular plants had lower individual abundance in lesssteep slope and valley habitats. (3) There were significant differences in the richness of epiphytic vascular plants among different diameter classes and different height hosts (P < 0.05). The species were mainly distributed in the middle and lower parts of the tree trunk. (4) The main environmental variables affecting the species richness and individual abundance of epiphytic vascular plants were altitude, light intensity and temperature; Regression analysis showed that the species richness of epiphytic vascular plants had a linear positive correlation with altitude and a linear negative correlation with light intensity; The individual abundance of epiphytic vascular plant species showed a linear negative correlation with light intensity and a linear positive correlation with altitude and temperature.

Abstract:In order to identified the plant resources and their influencing factors of spatial characteristics of largescale islands, we investigated the Haitan Island, a largescale island in Fujian Province. Combining the line transect method and quadrat sampling method, the plant composition, life forms and floristic geographical components among 20 mountains of this island was investigated. In addition, spearman correlation analysis, variance decomposition and multiple regression were adopted to explain the effects of spatial characteristics on species richness, different groups of plants (life forms, floristic and geographical components of genera) and beta diversity among 20 mountains. The result shows that: (1) there are 541 species of which richness varies greatly belonging to 381 genera and 110 families in 20 mountains of Haitan Island. (2) According to the classification of life forms, nanophanerophytes and therophytes make up the majority of the species. Meanwhile, complex geographical complexity, extensive connections, and strong tropical kinship constituted the characteristics of floristic geography. (3) Elevation and perimeter area ratio are significant factors affecting the species richness and the distribution pattern of plant groups (life forms, floristic geographical of genera) in largescale island mountains. (4) Beta diversity increased with the increase of area ratio and elevation ratio, but decreased with the increase of perimeter area ratio. The study reveals that the plants composition of largescale island mountains is not always affected by area, and elevation and edge effects are also important influencing factors.

Abstract:In order to understand the change characteristics of soil bacterial community structure and soil physical and chemical properties caused by land uses in salinized soil, this study selected CK (Original salinized soil0, PD12Y ［Continuous rotation of rice and corn for 12 years (corn)］, P12Y (Rice continuous cultivation for 12 years), DP12Y ［Continuous rotation of rice and corn for 12 years (rice)］, D12Y (Continuous corn for 12 years). Illumina HiSeq highthroughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the characteristics of soil bacterial community structure in different planting years of maize (D12Y), and the relationship between soil physical and chemical factors and bacterial community structure was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) proteobacteria was the most dominant flora in all soils, accounting for 21.25%-46.87%. The second most dominant bacteria group was Blastomonas, accounting for 7.10%-25.36%. Its abundance in the salinized wastelands (CK) treatment was 25.36%, 96.28%-257.18% higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05). The third most dominant phyla were Actinobacteria, accounting for 5.30%-18.87%, and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was the highest in CK, 105.00%-261.51% higher than other treatments (P<0.05). (2) At the genus level, Salinimicrobium, unidentified Actinomarinales and Candidatus entotheonella of salttolerant soils were significantly decreased by different land use salinization methods (P<0.05). (3) The results of soil physical and chemical properties showed that total nitrogen, alkalihydrolyzed nitrogen and total phosphorus were the highest in PD12Y and D12Y treatments, and alkalihydrolyzed nitrogen in D12Y treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05), and total P in PD12Y treatment was the highest (P<0.05). The available P in PD12Y treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05). At the same time, soil pH (P<0.05), electrical conductivity and water content were the lowest in PD12Y treatment. (4) Redundancy analysis (dbRDA) and Spearman correlation analysis showed that soil water content and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting the bacterial community structure.