Abstract:The purpose of this study was to explore the role of SND1 (secondary wall associated NAC domain protein1, SND1), a fiberspecific NAC transcription factor, on the growth and abiotic stress of Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium. In this study, ClSND1like gene was cloned from C. lavandulifolium and its bioinformatics, subcellular localization and expression pattern analysis were performed. The results showed as follow: (1) the full length of ClSND1like gene CDS is 1 185 bp, encoding 395 amino acids, which are unstable hydrophobic amino acids and more closely related to pyrethrum gene. (2) The results of subcellular localization showed that the ClSND1like gene was not expressed in leaves, but was specifically expressed in the duct wall of stem, which was a lignin specific gene. (3) Realtime quantitative PCR results showed that the expression level of ClSND1like gene was the highest in stem, and very low in root and leaf, and the expression level gradually increased with the aging of stem. The expression levels were significantly increased in osmotic stress and salt stress. These results suggest that the ClSND1like gene may be related to lignin formation, and may be involved in regulating plant growth and salt and osmotic stress. This study lays a foundation for the study of both growth and abiotic stress resistance of ClSND1like gene in C. lavandulifolium, and also provides a new idea for the study of growth and resistance of Chrysanthemum plants.

Abstract:Eugenol synthase was one of the key enzymes in the synthesis pathway of methyleugenol, which was the main active constituent in Asarum heterotropoides. Gene clone and functional analysis of AhEGS would lay the foundation for revealing the synthesis pathway of methyleugenol and its metabolism regulation mechanism. Specific primers were designed according to the sequence screened in the A. heterotropoides transcriptome database, the ORF sequence of AhEGS was amplified by RTPCR, and the corresponding bioinformatics analysis was performed. Realtime fluorescent quantitative PCR method was used to analyze the expression of AhEGS in different developmental stages (young leaf period, flower period, fruit period) and different tissue parts (leaf, rhizome, root). Also we performed prokaryotic expression analysis. The results indicated that: (1) the ORF sequence of the AhEGS gene was 951 bp in length, encoding 316 amino acids, with a theoretical molecular weight of 34.93 kD and an isoelectric point of 6.19. It was a hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure and no signal peptide sequence. AhEGS had the highest homology with rose RcEGS (AFQ98278.1). (2) Realtime quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of AhEGS was highest in roots at young leaf stage. (3) The prokaryotic expression vector pET28aAhEGS BL21 was successfully constructed and transformated into Escherichia coli(E.coli) BL21(DE3). It was showed that about 35 kD of specific proteins was induced in E.coli by SDSPAGE, which was consistent with the theoretical molecular weight; the best induction condition was 16 ℃, 14 h, and 0.2 mmol/L IPTG. It was the first time to clone AhEGS gene. In this study, the prokaryotic expression vector for AhEGS was constructed and also the optimal induction conditions were screened out. These results might provide scientific evidence for the application of methyleugenol metabolic engineering.

Abstract:Based on the transcriptome sequencing of flower development in Lycium barbarum, it is suggested that the Squamosa promoter binding proteinlike (SPL) transcription factor may play an important role in flower development of L. barbarum. In this study, we used RACE method to clone the LbSPL6 gene from a characteristic plant resource in Ningxia——L. barbarum. Then we studied the gene function through bioinformatics and gene expression analysis. The results showed that： (1) the open reading frame of LbSPL6 gene was 1 524 bp in length, which encoded 507 amino acids, and a molecular weight of 55.34 kD; Sequence analysis showed that the LbSPL6 protein contained three conserved motifs; The amino acid sequence of LbSPL6 protein was similar to that of Solanaceae homologous protein. (2) qRTPCR analysis results showed that the LbSPL6 gene was expressed in the floral organs of L. barbarum. Moreover, the expression of LbSPL6 was higher in the tetrad stage and single nucleus pollen stage of anther development. Subcellular localization confirmed the nuclear localization of LbSPL6 protein. These results further elucidated the function of LbSPL6 transcription factor in the development of L. barbarum flowers.

Abstract:Basic on transcriptome data, we cloned the full length cDNAs of transcription factors genes AmWRKY1like from A. mongolicum by PCR amplification, and their bioinformatic analysis and localization analysis were performed. These will contribute to study the biological functions of AmWRKY1like responding to drought stress in A. mongolicum. The results showed that: AmWRKY1like gene were successful cloned, and the open reading frame (ORF) was 1 182 bp and encoded 393 amino acids, and contains a typical conserved domain of WRKY transcription factors. AmWRKY1like gene was downregulated in leaves of A. mongolicum compared with CK under natural drought and 15% PEG6000 drought conditions via qRTPCR. Subcellular localization assay showed that AmWRKY1like was specifically expressed in the nucleus.

Abstract:In this study, we screened the members of the MYB transcription factor family of T. vernicifluum. After homology comparison, open reading frame (ORF), basic sequence characteristics, etc., TvMYB1 was selected for basic biological information and stress expression analysis. Toxicodendron vernicifluum potted seedlings were used as materials, RTPCR technology was used to clone the cDNA of the TvMYB1 gene of the lacquer tree, and the TvMYB1 gene of the lacquer tree was cloned using the cDNA of the stem and root of the lacquer tree as a template, and the realtime fluorescence quantitative (qRTPCR) analysis was used. After PEG6000 stress, its expression changes in roots, stems and leaves with the change of treatment time. The results showed: (1) bioinformatics analysis showed that the ORF of the TvMYB1 gene is 900 bp long, the encoded protein contains 299 amino acids, the molecular mass is 32.45 kD, and the theoretical isoelectric point is 9.51. The protein structure contains 1 incomplete MYB repeat, the subdomain belongs to the 1RMYB class, and is subcellularly located in the nucleus. (2) Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the protein encoded by the TvMYB1 gene is closely related to the MYB protein of pistachio (Pistacia vera), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), and citrus (Citrus sinensis). (3) The results of realtime fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRTPCR) showed that after PEG6000 treatment, TvMYB1 can be induced to express in different tissues of T. vernicifluum, with the highest expression in leaves, but relatively lower expression in roots and stems. With the extension of the treatment time, the expression of TvMYB1 in roots and stems has an increasing trend, but the opposite is true in leaves. Therefore, TvMYB1 is induced by osmotic stress, plays a role in T. vernicifluum stress response, and is an important candidate gene for research on the stress adaptation mechanism of T. vernicifluum.

Abstract:In this research, the first interspecific genetic linkage map of Viola tricolor and V. cornuta was constructed with 66 individuals of F₂ population crossed between V. tricolor and V. cornuta using SRAP marker technique for genotyping. The results revealed that: (1) fifty SRAP primer pairs with more polymorphic, clear and stable bands were selected from 256 primer combinations. (2) A total of 118 SRAP polymorphism markers were obtained after PCR amplification of the F₂ segregation population with 24.6% distorted marker, which met the requirements for genetic map construction. (3) The interspecific genetic map of V. tricolor and V. cornuta was successfully constructed, consisting of 15 linkage group with 67 SRAP markers, and covering the genome of 327.9 cM. The length of linkage groups ranged from 1.6 cM to 52.2 cM, and the average distance between markers is 4.9 cM. This study laid the foundation for high resolution map construction, gene mapping and molecular markerassisted selection in V. tricolor and V. cornuta breeding.

Abstract:Present study use ‘Benibalado’ as the experimental material. In the early stage of véraison, grape clusters were treated with 300 mg/L ABA, water treated as control. The weight, titratable acid and total soluble solids of grape berries at different development stages were determined. Meanwhile, we detected the concentrations of total anthocyanins and endogenous hormone ABA in grape skins. The expression of ABA signaling pathway and anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes in skins of different development stages were observed by qRTPCR. Promoters of 6 anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes were cloned by PCR, the cisacting elements in these promoters were predicted to exploring the mechanism of ABA promoted grape skin coloring and anthocyanin accumulation of ‘Benibalado’ grape at transcriptional regulation level. The results showed that: (1) ABA treatment significantly increased the total soluble solid while decreased titratable acid of ‘Benibalado’ grape. (2) ABA treatment significantly increased the anthocyanin content and endogenous ABA content in the skin of ‘Benibalado’ berries. (3) After ABA treatment, the expression levels of 9 ABA signaling pathway genes and 6 anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes of ‘Benibalado’ grape skins were significantly increased. (4) The results of cisacting element analyzing showed that the promoter sequences of above six anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes contained several ABRE motif which were reported related to ABA signal response. In summary, the results suggested that 9 ABA signaling pathway genes may play important roles in grape skins coloring, two of them (VvABFs) may directly works with the promoter sequence of anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes, which are abundant of ABRE elements to positive regulate the transcription level of downstream genes and eventually modulate the skins coloring and anthocyanin accumulation of grape.

Abstract:Five Xinjiang apple local resources with different colours of skin and flesh, Kizi Alma, Kara Alma, Ak Alma, Ili Wild Apple and Lemon Begonia, were selected for quality refinement evaluation by four indicators of fruit appearance quality, inner quality, nutritional quality and aroma quality, and the expression of genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in the flesh of redfleshed apples was investigated. The differences between different fruit quality indicators of local apple resources in Xinjiang were clarified to provide information for the rational use of local apple resources in Xinjiang. The results showed that: (1) all the five featured resource varieties were medium and smallfruited apples, among which the redfleshed Kizi Alma had better appearance quality than the cultivar Fuji, while Lemon Begonia had the lowest appearance quality index. (2) The sugar and acid contents of Ak Alma was significantly lower than that of Fuji, while the acid content of Lemon Begonia was higher than that of Fuji and other varieties. (3) The flesh hardness of Ili Wild Apple was significantly higher than that of Fuji, while the flesh hardness of the redfleshed resource varieties were all lower in flesh hardness than that of Fuji, with flabby flesh and less resistance to storage and transportation, while they were the richest in total phenols and flavonoids and had the strongest antioxidant capacity, all significantly higher than that of cultivar Fuji. (4) In terms of aroma quality, the redskinned resource Kara Alma contained the richest variety and content of volatile substances, with its content nearly twice that of the lowest cultivar Fuji, and the redfleshed resource had the lowest contents of volatile substances. The volatile substances of the red flesh resources were dominated by alcohols, while the red skin resources Cara Alma, Ili Wild Apple and Lemon Begonia were dominated by aldehydes. (5) Principal component analysis showed that the overall quality performance of each Xinjiang apple local resource in terms of nutrition and aroma quality was: KZARM > KLARM > AKARM > FS > YLYPG > NMHT. (6) The expression of genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in the flesh of red flesh apples indicated that the key gene in the process of flesh anthocyanin accumulation was UFGT.

Abstract:The objective of this research was to select the best photoperiod that improves Crocus sativus flower and stigma quality. In this study, the growth characteristics, flower characteristics, saffron stigma quality and value were determined with three weights of saffron corm (20-25 g, 25-30 g, 30-35 g per corm) under 8 h/16 h, 10 h/14 h, 12 h/12 h, 14 h/10 h four photoperiod treatments. Results showed that: (1) 8 h/16 h treatment obviously accelerated apical bud height growth, increased the number of corms with exposed leaves. (2) It had larger flower diameters, increased flower quantities, advanced flowering time in first five days with 8 h/16 h and 12 h/12 h photoperiods. (3) There was no significantly different in stigma crocin, stigma dried weight, stigma fresh weight, the percentage of stigma dry weight on fresh flower weight and water contents under different photoperiods. (4) The contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein increased in 8 h/16 h and 10 h/14 h photoperiods, and decreased in 12 h/12 h and 14 h/10 h treatments. In conclusion, our results indicated that 8/16 h photoperiod was the best for the saffron which benefits to saffron growth and advanced flowering time in early flowering period. However, there was no significant effect on saffron stigma value with different photoperiods.

Abstract:To reveal the effects of carbon sources on callus induction and proliferation, we studied comparative analyses of 30.0 g/L sucrose, glucose and maltose on callus induction and proliferation by using pedicel as explants in Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis. Physiological indicators of callus proliferation stage were determined, and the correlation coefficients of cell proliferation and physiological indexes were evaluated. Furthermore, the effectiveness of some physiological indicators on callus proliferation was confirmed. Here are the results. (1) The callus induction rate was 86.00%, 72.00% and 59.67% with sucrose, glucose and maltose treatment, respectively. The callus induction rate of sucrose treatment significantly increased by 19.44% and 44.13% compared with glucose and maltose respectively (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the callus size of sucrose treatment significantly increased by 22.44% and 90.09% compared with glucose and maltose respectively (P < 0.05). In callus proliferation stage, sucrose can maintain both proliferation efficiency and cell viability. However, glucose treatment induced higher cell proliferation rate and poor cell viability, and maltose treatment induced slow cell proliferation rate and vigorous cell viability. Carbon sources conversion treatment indicated that callus cell mass size and cell state decreased sharply, when callus transferred from sucrose to glucose medium. However, the proliferation efficiencies of both from sucrose to sucrose and from sucrose to maltose were well. (2) Carbon sources significantly regulated sugar metabolism, endogenous hormone metabolism and oxidative stress balance in the process of callus proliferation. (3) Starch and glucose were the principal saccharides components of callus, and the contents of starch and maltose were highly correlated with cell mass proliferation efficiency. The combination of sucrose and maltose optimized callus proliferation, the cell mass color was bright yellow, and cell activity was vigorous. (4) Contents of binding IAA, GA₄, and CTK were correlated with callus cell mass size. The addition of 1.0 mg·L^-1 6BA considerably promoted cell proliferation efficiency (P < 0.05). (5) ROS activity was negatively correlated with POD and CAT activities, and POD activity was negatively correlated with H₂O₂ content (P < 0.05). The POD and CAT activities were extremely significant positive correlated (P < 0.01). (6) The results of validation and optimization experiments showed that the addition of maltose and 6BA in the culture medium effectively promoted callus proliferation in A. praecox, in which maltose maintained and improved the cell activity, while 6BA mainly promoted cell proliferation. In conclusion, sucrose was the most appropriate carbon source for callus induction and proliferation in A. praecox. Sucrose and maltose combination improved cell viability, while picloram and 6BA combination accelerated callus proliferation. The optimized medium for callus proliferation was MS + 0.5 mg/L PIC + 1.5 mg/L 6BA + 15.0 g/L sucrose +15.0 g/L maltose + 7.0 g/L agar.

Abstract:The oneyearold seedlings of Paeonia rockii were used as test materials, and different concentrations (0, 100, 300, 500 mg/L) of gibberellin (GA₃) were sprayed on the leaves, and the anatomical structure of the seedling leaves was observed by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. Photosynthetic instrument was used to measure the photosynthetic parameters of the seedlings, and the enzymelinked immunosorbent method was used to measure the endogenous hormone content in the leaves, to explore the effect of exogenous GA₃ on the anatomical structure, photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormone levels of the seedlings of P. rockii. The results showed that: (1) the mesophyll cells of P. rockii treated with low concentration GA₃ increased, and the number of chloroplasts in the outer cells of the fence tissue increased, while the high concentration GA₃ treatment was the opposite; the ratio of fence tissue/sponge tissue (P/S), tissue structure compactness (CTR) decreased, and its tissue structure porosity (SR) value increased; the size of each chloroplast in the mesophyll cells of the seedling leaves treated with GA₃ was significantly larger than that of the control. As the concentration of GA₃ treatment increased, The volume of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells tends to increase, the stacks of thylakoids are gradually loosened, and the starch granules on the chloroplasts are more obvious in the 300 mg/L GA₃ treatment; the length, width, stomatal apparatus size, stomata opening of leaves and stomata density increased at first and then decreased with the increase of GA₃ concentration, and the thickness of the upper epidermal stratum corneum of the leaves increased with the increase of GA₃ concentration. (2) The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (Cond), transpiration rate (T_r), and water use efficiency (WUE) in leaves of P. rockii were significantly higher than those of the control under 100 and 300 mg/L GA₃ treatments. The 300 mg/L GA₃ treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments, while it was significantly lower than the control under the 500 mg/L GA₃ treatment. (3) The contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the leaves of P. rockii was significantly higher than that of the control at 500 mg/L GA₃, but was lower than the control to varying degrees under other treatments. The endogenous zeatin riboside (ZR) and GA₃ contents in the leaves were significantly higher than the other treatments and the control under the 300 mg/L GA₃ treatment, while the other treatments had no significant changes compared with the control; The leaves ZR/ABA, ZR/IAA, ZR/GA₃ and (IAA +GA₃+ZR)/ABA ratios were significantly higher than other treatments under 300 mg/L GA₃ treatment, and the IAA/ABA and ABA/GA₃ ratios of the leaves were significantly higher than other treatments under 500 mg/L GA₃ treatment. The study found that treatment with an appropriate concentration of exogenous GA₃ can significantly increase the leaf photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and transpiration rate of seedlings of peony, adjust the contents and balance of endogenous hormones in the plant, so that the leaves can synthesize more organic matter and promote the growth of seedlings.

Abstract:In current research, six different age stages (0-49, 50-149, 150-349, 350-549, 550-749 and 750-900 a) of Cinnamomum camphora trees were investigated. We analyzed the dynamic changes of tree growth indicators, new leaves anatomical indexes, and physiological indexes by curve fitting and genetic algorithm, explored the law of C. camphora growth and development, and the senescence mechanism of C. camphora trees, screened senescence leading indicators, evaluated the degree of senescence and judged the tree age, to provide theoretical basis for age prediction, rejuvenation and protection of ancient C. camphora trees. The results showed that: (1) the tree age had a significant influence on the growth and development of C. camphora trees, which was reflected in the plant morphology, structure and physiological function, and the age effect had the largest influence on the physiological index, followed by the growth index of tree body, and the smallest on the anatomical index. (2) C. camphora tree is in the programmed senescence, according to which leaf cells in 130 a, leaf structure and physiological metabolism in 400 a, bark thickness and new shoot diameter in 450 a has entered the stage of senescence, while the eccentric growth of the trees (shoot length, crown width and DBH) is still in vigorous growth within 0-900 a, not entering the senescence stage. (3) Crown width and new leaves SOD activity can be used as single indexes to evaluate the senescence degree of C. camphora independent tree, and the model composed of bark thickness, crown width, new leaves SOD activity, PPO activity, and palisade tissue and spongy tissue ratio can be used as age prediction model of ancient C. camphora trees. Thus, the protection and rejuvenation of ancient C. camphora trees should start from leaf cells, improving their physiological function, especially antioxidant capacity, protecting the integrity of leaf cell structure, in order to ensure leaves in a continuous and efficient state of photosynthesis.

Abstract:Leaves were the main organs for energy, water and gas exchange between plants and the external environment. They were more sensitive to environmental changes and had greater plasticity. Taking the assimilating shoots of differentaged Haloxylon ammodendron in Minqin as the research object, we analyzed the characteristics of the anatomical structure variation of the assimilating shoots of differentaged H. ammodendron and their relationship with soil nutrients by means of paraffin section method, in order to explore the ecological adaptation mechanism of the assimilating shoots of H. ammodendron in arid environment. The results showed that: (1) in addition to the cuticular and pore of catheter, there were significant differences in the anatomical structure indexes of differentaged H. ammodendron assimilating shoots (P<0.05), and the variation coefficient ranged from 5.19% to 21.53%. (2) With the increase of the growth years, diameter of assimilating shoots got smaller，and the radius proportion of each anatomic structure index increased first and then decreased. (3) The content of soil nutrients decreased with the increase of age, and the soil moisture content varied with different locations. (4) The cuticular and palisade tissues were negatively correlated with the content of available phosphorus (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between diameter of vascular cylinder and electrical conductivity (P<0.05). In conclusion, the anatomical structure of H. ammodendron assimilating shoots was closely related to soil conditions, and the leaf structure can be better adapted to arid desert environment by changing, in order to provide theoretical basis for the protection and utilization of H. ammodendron resources in this area.

Abstract:This study aims to make clear the characteristics of triterpenic acid components and contents in fruits of jujube germplasm resources and to provide theoretical reference for the development and utilization of triterpenic acid. The crisp mature fruits of 219 jujube germplasm resources were used as the test materials, by using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) method, the triterpenic acid components including maslinic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were determined, and we performed the descriptive statistics, correlation and cluster analysis to screen the excellent resources of higher triterpenic acid contents. The results showed that： (1) the distribution range of total triterpenic acid (TTA) in jujube resources was 95.72-737.82 μg·g^-1, and the average content was 306.83 μg·g^-1 with variation coefficient 29.02%, the highest content resource was ‘Dalixiaoyuanzao’. In terms of the four components, the contents of maslinic acid were the highest, followed by betulinic acid, the contents of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were lower. The genetic diversity of each component was abundant in different jujube resources, among which the variation coefficient of ursolic acid was the highest (60.75%). (2) The normal test results showed that the contents of maslinic acid, betulinic acid and total triterpenic acid were normally distributed, and the contents of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were not normally distributed. (3) The correlation analysis results showed that the total triterpenic acid contents were significantly positive correlated with all four components, and there were also correlations between components, the maslinic acid contents were significantly positive correlated with betulinic acid, the betulinic acid content were significantly positive correlated with oleanolic acid, and the oleanolic acid content were significantly positive correlated with ursolic acid. (4) Cluster analysis can divide 219 resources into 4 groups, which were the groups with the highest content of ursolic acid, the groups with higher contents of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, the groups with lower content of each components, and the groups with the higher contents of maslinic acid, betulinic acid and total triterpenic acid. (5) We screened out 13 germplasm resources including higher contents of each component and total triterpenic acid, which can provide raw materials for the development of triterpenic acid related functional products.

Abstract:Using soil pollen composition in different periods to infer the vegetation succession law after the eruption of the Changbai Mountain volcano to restore the change process of the vegetation community in this area is of great significance for revealing the vegetation succession law in the study area at different periods. We analyzed the sporopollen composition in soil profiles developed after the last two major eruptions in Changbai Mountain, and deduced the vegetation succession in the alpine zone. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation succession after the two eruptions had a similar process, including the sporophytes stage, the herbaceous plants stage and the woody plants stage. (2) The succession process at altitude 1 800 m in the north slope after the most recent volcanic eruption was predicted as: bryophyte community→herb community→Betula ermanii community. (3) In the south slope after the penultimate eruption, the succession process at altitude 2 050 m was derived as: bryophyte community→herb community→Betula ermanii community, while at altitude 2 160 m, it was: bryophyte community→herb community→Pinus pumila community. The studies showed that the eruption of the volcano had caused major damages to vegetation, which caused the retreating of alpine timberline and the disappearance of Pinus pumila community. More than 1 000 years after the last volcanic eruption, the alpine timberline has not recovered to the level before the big event.

Abstract:Based on field investigations, we reported the new distributions of Salvia sonchifolia in Guizhou and Guangxi Province. On the basis of 16 distribution records and 11 environmental factor parameters, the MaxEnt model was applied to predict the suitable distribution areas of S. sonchifolia. The accuracy of the model was verified by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The results showed that: (1) the mean value of the area under ROC curve was 0.999, and the accuracy of the model was high, suggesting its feasibility of predicting potential suitable areas of S. sonchifolia. The suitable distribution areas of S. sonchifolia were mainly located in Southwestern China and parts of countries adjacent to Southern China. The core suitable areas were concentrated in the limestone mountainous areas of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Eastern Sichuan, and the ChinaVietnam border in southeastern Yunnan. (2) Jackknife test indicated that the main environmental factors determining the potential distribution areas of S. sonchifolia were precipitation of warmest season, mean temperature of driest season, precipitation of wettest month and lowest temperature of coldest month. Statistical analysis of the environmental factors related to the potential distribution demonstrated that the most appropriate habitat conditions for S. sonchifolia were precipitation of warmest quarter from 650 mm to 1 500 mm, lowest temperature of coldest month from 0 ℃ to 10 ℃, mean diurnal range of temperature from 6.5 ℃ to 8.5 ℃ and precipitation of coldest quarter from 0 mm to 250 mm. This study will be helpful for resource survey and related study of S. sonchifolia.

Abstract:The hypocotyls of mature seeds, hypocotyls of immature seeds and callus of tea ‘Fuyun 6’ and ‘Tieguanyin’ were used as materials, and the hairy root induction rate was used as an indicator to explore the bacterial concentration, Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain, explant type and preculture time on the induction of hairy roots. The results showed that: (1) the induction rate of hairy roots increased first and then decreased when the bacterial concentration OD₆₀₀ was in the range of 0.4 to 1.2. At OD₆₀₀ = 0.6, ATCC15834 had the highest hairy root induction rate of 23.96%, while at OD₆₀₀ = 0.8, A4 and K599 had the highest hairy root induction rates of 10.51% and 13.11%, respectively. (2) All three kinds of A. rhizogenes can induce hairy roots in tea plants, but their rooting abilities are different, of which ATCC15834 has the strongest rooting ability, for ATCC15834, K599 and A4, the ability of hairy root induction on tea plant was declining in turn. (3) The induction rate of hairy roots is related to the explants. The hypocotyls of mature seeds of tea plants can be induced to produce hairy roots, and the induction rate is ‘Fuyun 6’> ‘Tieguanyin’, while the hypocotyls of immature seeds and callus are difficult to produce hairy roots. (4) Callus without preculture and the preculture time of 1-2 days is easy to brown and cannot produce hairy roots, while callus precultured for 3 days can produce hairy roots after infection, with an induction rate of 1.85% (‘Fuyun 6’) and 0.59% (‘Tieguanyin’). (5) Genomic integration and transgene expression of hairy roots of mature cotyledons of ‘Fuyun 6’ and ‘Tieguanyin’ were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection and betaglucuronidase (GUS) assays. The above results showed that ATCC15834 had the highest induction rate of hairy roots with hypocotyls of mature seeds of ‘Fuyun 6’ when OD₆₀₀ was 0.6. These findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the tea tree genetic transformation system mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and is of great significance to the optimization of the high efficiency genetic transformation system and the development of new receptors in tea plants.

Abstract:The line graphs have been widely used in scientific papers. Good line graphs can display complex data in front of the readers with an intuitive, concise and clear way. The graphs would help readers to read and obtain information, and more helpful to express the author's ideas. This is conducive to the dissemination of scientific and technological information. Taking the problems using the line graphs as examples, the paper introduces several optimization methods of line graphs in scientific papers. Based on years of experience in graphs editing and processing, the authors of the paper provides optimized examples of scientific and technological papers through graph type selection，adjustment of horizontal and vertical coordinates and legend, merge and split of graphs, graph conversion, code application, etc. This paper provides information and methods for the rational editing of scientific papers. Through the optimization of the line graphs, the author ’s ideas and scientific research results can be accurately expressed. Moreover，it effectively promotes the rapid dissemination of scientific and technological achievements.

Abstract:During the investigation of wild plants in Jinyun Mt., Beibei, Chongqing, we discovered a plant of Urticaceae on valley by stream at an altitude 500-800 m. Although pistillate inflorescences of this species have receptacle, it is more consistent with the characteristics of Pellionia due to the 5 tepals on apex with hornlike projections and achenes tuberculate. Moreover, combined with molecular phylogenetic evidence, this species is obviously belonging to Pellionia. This species is characterized by its pistillate inflorescences with receptacles and involucres, and by this one character it can be placed within Sect. Elatostematopsis W.T.Wang. This species is similar to P. cephaloidea W.T.Wang, but differing from the latter in its herbs, penninerved leaves, secondary nerves 2-3 at leaf narrow side and 3-4 at broad side, 2 outer bracts, glabrous, abaxially 1greencarinate, 8-12 inner bracts, glabrous, abaxially 1greencarinate, tepals on apex with hornlike projections, achenes oblong, tuberculate. Based on the morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence, we described it as a new species of Pellionia, named Pellionia jinyunensis C. Xiong, F. Chen & H. P. Deng.

Abstract:Through systematic investigation and data collection of Cypripedium plants, we found 15 species of Cypripedium plants in Gansu Province, accounting for 39.47% of Chinese Cypripedium species. Among them, 9 species are endemic to China. The investigation found two new record species of Cypripedium genus in Gansu Province: Cypripedium palangshanense T.Tang et F.T.Wang and Cypripedium plectrochilum Franch.. After sorting out, the key to the species of Cypripedium in Gansu Province was recompiled.