Abstract:Present study used the inflorescences of six grape varieties with different fruit shapes as the experimental materials. The expression of VvIQD10, a member of the grape IQ67 domain (IQD) gene family, was compared by fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. The coding region sequence of the VvIQD10 gene was cloned from the oval grape variety ‘Tianshan’ and analyzed by bioinformatics. The subcellular location transient expression vector was used to transform tobacco to study the distribution of VvIQD10 protein in the cell. Yeast2hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation test were used to study protein interaction. The results showed that: (1) the expression level of VvIQD10 gene in longshaped grape varieties was higher than that of nearly round grape varieties. (2) The length of the open reading frame of the VvIQD10 gene was 1 401 bp, which encoded 466 amino acids. (3) VvIQD10 protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein with no signal peptide and transmembrane domain, but it contained a conserved IQ67 domain. The main structure was alpha helix and random coil. It was closely related to a member of the kiwi IQD family (PSS09955.1). (4) VvIQD10 protein is mainly located in microtubules and plasma membranes, and directly interacted with cytoskeletal tissuerelated proteinscalmodulinlike proteins (VvCML). Studies suggested that the VvIQD10 gene may be involved in the regulation of grape fruit shape, and the recruitment of VvCML protein from cytoplasm to microtubules depended on VvIQD10. It is speculated that VvIQD10 protein may regulate cytoskeletal movement by combining with calmodulinlike proteins, and then participate in shaping of grape berries.

Abstract:In this study, based on the analysis of transcriptome sequencing data, we cloned a candidate gene, glutathione transferase gene (GbGSTU7), which is involved in the regulation of Fusarium wilt resistance in Island cotton, from Island cotton 06146 by RTPCR method, and analyzed its sequence with bioinformatics. The expression characteristics of GbGSTU7 gene in different tissues were analyzed to explore the relationship between GbGSTU7 gene and Fusarium wilt resistance of cotton. The results showed that: (1) the total length of GbGSTU7 gene CDS was 711 bp, encoded 236 amino acids, belonged to the Tau class of GST family. The secondary structure was composed of 5folds and 9helices, and the tertiary structure was spherical. (2) After Fusarium wilt infection, GbGSTU7 gene expression showed a decreasing trend in roots of Fusarium wilt resistant cultivar 06146, and reached the lowest at 48 h, and then increased in stems and leaves, and reached the highest at 12 h in stems and 24 h in leaves. The root of Fusarium wilt cultivar ‘Xinhai 14’ showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, and reached the lowest at 8 h. The trend of decreasing was not obvious in stem and leaf, but it reached the highest at 8 h in stem and 4 h in leaf. In both materials, the expression of GbGSTU7 gene in the root was the lowest, and the expression in the stem was the highest. The results showed that GbGSTU7 gene could respond to the induced expression of Fusarium oxysporum in the tissues of Island cotton resistant and susceptible materials, and both of them had obvious tissue specificity. It is speculated that GbGSTU7 gene may be closely related to cotton resistance to Fusarium wilt, and may play an important regulatory role in the process of cotton resistance to bacterial infection.

Abstract:LEA5 gene was isolated from Brachymenium exile by polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and the promoter sequence of LEA5 gene was isolated by Highefficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (HiTailPCR). The bioinformatics, expression characteristics and salt stress tolerance of LEA5 were analyzed. This research laid a foundation for further investigating the protective mechanisms of LEA5 proteins. The results showed that: (1) LEA5 gene contains 267 bp open reading frame(ORF), which encodes 88 amino acids. (2) The promoter sequence of the 1 053 bp LEA5 gene was analyzed by PlantCARE showed that it had CAAT box, ABRE, MYB, MYC, MYB binding site and other cisacting elements. (3) Quantitative realtime PCR analysis indicated that LEA5 gene expressed in different stages and tissues of B. exile. (4) In addition, the heterologous expression of LEA5 protein increased the tolerance of Escherichia coli to salt stress. These results suggested that LEA5 protein might have an important function in the tolerance of the salt stress.

Abstract:As a key enzyme downstream of anthocyanin metabolism pathway, dihydroflavonol 4reductase plays an important role in regulating anthocyanin synthesis. In this study, a DFR gene was successfully cloned by RTPCR method with Ophiorrhiza japonica as materials. Subsequently, the properties of OjDFR3 protein were analyzed through bioinformatics methods. Meanwhile, the prokaryotic expression vector of OjDFR3 was constructed and its recombinant protein was prepared and purified which would lay a foundation for the further study on OjDFR3 function as well as the synthesis and regulation of anthocyanins in O. japonica. The results showed that: (1) a DFR gene was successfully cloned (OjDFR3), and sequence analysis displayed that the fulllength cDNA of OjDFR3 was 1071 bp, encoding 356 amino acids, and the putative protein molecular weight was 39.52 kD; (2) Bioinformatics analysis showed that the protein encoded by OjDFR3 gene was composed of 20 kinds of amino acids, of which leucine was the most. OjDFR3 was a hydrophilic protein without signal peptide, and was likely located in cytoplasm. Simultaneously, structure prediction showed that OjDFR3 was composed of αhelix, extended chain and irregular coil; (3) Prokaryotic expression analysis exhibited that the recombinant plasmid pET32aOjDFR3 could be expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), and the optimal expression conditions were 37 ℃, 4 h, IPTG concentration of 0.8 mmol/L. Meanwhile, the purity of recombinant protein was best at 100 mmol/L and 200 mmol/L imidazole concentrations. (4) According to the optimal conditions, a large number of proteins with good concentration and purity were obtained. In conclusions, the results of this study will lay a foundation for further study on the function of this gene as well as the synthesis and regulation of anthocyanin in O. japonica.

Abstract:This study used the MTP sequence of model species as seed sequence to BLASTP the amino acid sequence database of cucumber, and then systematically analyzed the features of obtained CsMTP candidates. To analysis the expression pattern of CsMTPs, qRTPCR analysis were performed using cucumber leaf and root tissues treated by Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Mo²⁺ stresses, which will provide theoretical basis for further studies related to the regulation mechanisms of CsMTPs in cucumber under heavy metal stresses. The results showed that 10 CsMTPs can be divided into Fe / ZnCDF (2) MnCDF (3) and ZnCDF subfamily (5), which were further named as CsMTP3 to CsMTP12 based on phylogenetic relationship. Most CsMTPs contain 6 transmembrane domains (TMD). CsMTP8, CsMTP9 and CsMTP11, which belong to MnCDF subgroup, contain the same sequence DxxxD, HxxxD motifs were observed in CsMTP3, 4, 5 and CsMTP7 of ZnMTP and Fe/Zn CDF subgroups. RNAseq analysis revealed that CsMTPs showed tissue and treatmentspecific expression patterns. CsMTP11, CsMTP3 and CsMTP7 maintained relatively higher expression level and exogenous chemical reagents can induce different expression patterns of the same gene. (3) qRTPCR study demonstrated that CsMTPs could be induced by the treatment of different metals, including metals that are not the potential substrate of MTP family.

Abstract:In this study, based on the transcriptome results and genome database of mulberry, we cloned the cDNA and promoter sequence of MaPP2C8 using PCR method. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the cDNA and promoter sequence of MaPP2C8 and the expression pattern of MaPP2C8 under drought treatment was determined by using qRTPCR method. The results show that: (1) the fulllength cDNA of MaPP2C8 gene was 1 309 bp，which contained an opening reading frame of 1 053 bp and encoded a protein of 350 amino acids residues. (2) MaPP2C8 protein was highly homologous with the species in Moraceae and belongs to the A branch in the PP2Cs family. (3) MaPP2C8 protein may locate in multipositions of the cell, such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cytomembrane, etc. (4) A 1 612 bp promoter fragment upstream of translation initiation site was isolated from mulberry. MaPP2C8 promoter contained three types of hormonerelated cisacting elements, and as many as 3 elements associated with ABA. (5) The expression of MaPP2C8 gene was upregulated by drought treatment, and its expression level was significantly downregulated after rewatering treatment. Our studies suggest that MaPP2C8 gene may play an important role in response to drought stress in mulberry.

Abstract:We used ISSR and RAPD molecular markers to analyze the genetic variation and relationship of 28 Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR), which provides a biological foundation for accurately evaluating the genetic characteristics, protecting the germplasm resources and cultivating the excellent new varieties of PRR. The results showed that: (1) 257 and 215 bands were amplified by 14 ISSR and 14 RAPD markers. The polymorphic bands and polymorphism ratio were found to be 251, 209 and 97.8%, 97.2%, respectively. Two molecular markers showed that the genetic diversity of wild PRR population was higher than that of cultivated population. (2) According to Shannons information index (I) and Neis gene diversity (H_e), the genetic diversity of population of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia (DL) was the highest, where can be recommended to establish a wild PRR nature reserve. (3) The genetic differentiation coefficient (G_st) indicated that the genetic differentiation of wild PRR populations was mainly within the population which may be caused by genetic drift. Conversely, the genetic differentiation of the cultivated PRR populations was mainly among the populations, indicating that there was less gene exchange among cultivated populations. (4) A UPGMA cluster grouped the 28 populations into 5 major clusters based on both ISSR and RAPD markers and their genetic distances were 0.115 1-0.343 8 and 0.095 5-0.286 2, respectively. This research shows that the complementary ISSR and RAPD methods can effectively analyze the genetic structure and genetic diversity of PRR populations at the DNA level.

Abstract:To screen high density and evenly distributed molecular markers on individual barley chromosomes, we used a total of 2 267 primer pairs previously developed and amplified in CS, barley (Golden promise) and wheatbarley disomic addition lines (2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H). We assigned 534 IT markers to seven barley chromosomes (1H7H) using 6 wheatbarley disomic addition lines: 96 to 1H, 84 to 2H, 60 to 3H, 105 to 4H, 59 to 5H, 80 to 6H, and 50 to 7H, respectively. Further using the Triticeae multiomics center and the barley reference sequence, except for molecular markers CINAU800, CINAU1734, CINAU1796, CINAU1736 and CINAU1691, it was found that gene sequences corresponding to all of other molecular markers could align to the barley reference sequence. This result indicated that 534 specific markers for individual chromosomes of barley were screened and the polymorphic rate (23.56%) was slightly higher than that of other molecular markers. This result further confirmed that these specific markers for individual chromosomes of barley could be used to trace the individual chromosome of barley.

Abstract:To explore the hybridization compatibility of triploid lily and Lilium brownii var. viridulum (BB), and realize the fusion and innovation of the ornamental and edible lily, we used triploid lily Triumphator (LLO) as female parent, L. brownii var. viridulum as male parents, and the normal and cut style pollination, and with genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to analyze the genome composition of parents and progenies. The results showed that: (1) 17 welldeveloped fruits were obtained, and 40 seedlings were obtained by embryo rescue, and the normal pollination was obviously better than that of cut style pollination. (2) GISH showed that all the progenies, which were selected randomly, were aneuploidy with 26-32 chromosomes, among which the O genome chromosome number were 2-8, and the sum of L and B genome chromosomes were 24 invariably. (3) Meaning O genome could not be distinguished from B genome using GISH, and there was no recombination in the parent and progenies. This illustrated, L. brownii var. viridulum and lilies would not be so distant, and when L. brownii var. viridulum as male parent was hybridized with the triploid Triumphator, aneuploidy lilies could be obtained. Since this way could realize the fusion and innovation of ornamental and edible lilies, it provide some valuable information to breed edible and ornamental lilies.

Abstract:In order to reveal the physiological function of calcium in the developing anthers of Anoectochilus roxburghii at different developmental stages, we observed the distribution of calcium in pollinium by electron microscope. The results showed: (1) during sporogenous stage, many calcium precipitations appeared in the vacuoles of anther epidermis and endothecium cells, suggesting calcium were related to vacuolation in the cells. (2) In the early stage of meiosis, many calcium precipitates were accumulated in the nucleus of microspore mother cells. When the microspore mother cell divided, a large number of calcium precipitates appeared between the two sets of chromosomes, indicating that calcium were related to meiosis of microspore mother cell. (3) The surface of plastids was covered with many calcium precipitates indicating that calcium were related to the sugar metabolism of the plastid function in pollen cells. The result indicated that there are still a large number of calcium precipitates on the exine of pollinium surface and in mature pollen cytoplasm, so as to reserve the calcium for pollen germination.

Abstract:With garlic varieties ‘Ershuizao’ (early maturity), ‘Majianghongsuan’ (middle and late maturity) and ‘Xuzhoubai’ (late maturity) as materials, we took the paraffin sectioning and microscopic inspection to investigate the morphogenesis of stem tip and inflorescence axis, and determined the contents of soluble sugar, sucrose, starch, and endogenous hormones, as well as related gene expression during the formation of topset in ‘Majianghongsuan’. According to this, we clarifyed the formation process, morphological and anatomical characteristics of topset in garlic varieties with different maturity periods and revealed the relationship among carbohydrates, endogenous hormones, and garlic topset bulb formation to investigate the physiological mechanism of garlic topset differentiation. The results showed that: (1) the formation process of the topset was divided into four periods: initiation period, topset primordium differentiation period (including protected leaf primordium, and storage leaf primordium differentiation), expansion period and maturity period according to the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the growth point of stem tip and inflorescence axis. The morphological and anatomical features of topset in three varieties were the same at the same development periods, but the differentiation time differed depended on the maturity of garlic varieties. When the leaf tip of the involucre leaves was exposed and floral primordium differentiated, the meristem areas around the inflorescence axis produced small protuberances, which marked the beginning of the topset primordium differentiation, and when the outer protective leaf changed from white to purple, the topset entered the maturity period. (2) The soluble sugar and sucrose contents decreased significantly, and starch content increased significantly when the topset began to expand. At the initiation period, the ZR content increased significantly; the contents of IAA and MeJA were maintained at a high level during the differentiation period of topset primordium differentiation. However, the IAA content decreased significantly during the topset expansion and kept at a low level upon the maturity period. (3) The expression of sucrose 1fructosyltransferases 1SST and 1fructan exohydrolases 1FEH were increased significantly in the initial expansion period and the middle expansion period, respectively; the expression of cell wall invertases CWI and trehalose 6phosphateses T6P both increased significantly at the differentiation period of topset primordium; the key transcription factor of auxin signal transduction ARF1 increased significantly in the differentiation period, and the negative regulator JAZ involved in jasmonic acid signaling pathway exhibited a lowlevel expression in the differentiation period and the initial expansion period in garlic. This study suggests that: when a large contents of soluble sugar and ZR accumulate at the tip of the stem, it can initiate the differentiation of topset primordium and promote the formation of topset morphology; high concentrations of IAA and MeJA promote topset primordium differentiation; topset enlargement consumes soluble sugar, and low concentration IAA is beneficial to topset enlargement; mature topset accumulates a lot of starch.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects of shading treatment on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf anatomical structure of Sarcandra glabra, and provide theoretical basis for scientific cultivation of S. glabra, we treated 2yearold S. glabra with four different shading treatments ［L₀ (0%), L₅₀ (50%), L₇₀ (70%), L₉₀ (90%)］ to observe its photosynthesis, leaf anatomical structure and plant growth. The results showed that: (1) with the increase of shading rate, photosynthetic effective radiation(PAR), stomatal conductance(G_s) and transpiration rate(T_r) decreased gradually, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C_i) decreased first and then increased, and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) increased first and then decreased; Under L₅₀ and L₇₀ treatments, PAR, G_s, T_r and C_i were lower, photosynthetic ‘midday depression’ was effectively alleviated, and P_n was higher. (2) With the increase of shading rate, the light compensation point (LCP) decreased gradually, the light saturation point (LSP) and dark respiration (R_d) increased first and then decreased, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) increased gradually, and the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_nmax) of leaves increased first and then decreased; Under L₅₀ and L₇₀ treatments, LCP was lower, LSP and AQE were higher, and P_nmax was higher. (3) With the increase of shading rate, the thickness of leaves, epidermal cells, palisade tissue and spongy tissue increased significantly, while the thickness of cuticle became thinner; Under L₅₀ and L₇₀ treatments, palisade tissue and spongy tissue were developed, palisade tissue cell length became shorter, spongy tissue thickness increased significantly, cell arrangement was loose, and chloroplast number increased significantly; Mesophyll cell and chloroplast structure were complete, granal thylakoid and stromal thylakoid lamellar structure were developed, and the ability of leaf to capture light was enhanced. (4) With the increase of shading rate, the plant height, ground diameter, total leaf area and biomass of S. glabra increased first and then decreased. Under L₇₀ treatment, the plant height, ground diameter, total leaf area and biomass reached the peak values of 58.58 cm, 5.09 mm, 1 038.53 cm² and 15.50 g, respectively. Conclusion: S. glabra has a certain weak light tolerance and light plasticity. 50%～70% shading treatment is beneficial to the growth of S. glabra. In actual production, suitable intercropping stand or shading treatment can be selected according to the light range.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects of spermidine (Spd) on the growth and salt tolerance of oat seedlings, under 70 mmol/L salt (NaCl and Na₂SO₄ molar ratio 1∶1 mixed) stress, we used the saltsensitive variety ‘Baiyan5’ as the test material with hydroponics methods. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of spraying spermidine solution on oat seeding growth, root activity, antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde, free proline and ion accumulation. The results showed that: (1) salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of oat seedlings. Compared with spraying distilled water under salt stress, spraying 0.75 mmol/L Spd significantly increased the aboveground dry weight, underground dry weight and root activity of seedlings by 34.1%, 23.8% and 24.7%, respectively. (2) The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased by 17.0%, 22.9% and 23.7% in leaves and increased 43.0%, 19.4% and 91.2% in roots, respectively. MDA production in leaves and roots was inhibited by 25.2% and 12.8%, respectively. (3) It promoted the accumulation of free proline (Pro) in leaves and roots by 63.3% and 362.6%, respectively, and reduced the values of Na⁺/K⁺, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ in leaves by 6.7%, 16.3% and 4.9%, respectively. our results indicate that foliar spraying of 0.75 mmol/L Spd can improve seedling antioxidant and osmotic adjustment ability under salt stress conditions, through maintaining the stability of the membrane system, reducing the damage of osmotic stress and ion poisoning to the seedlings, and enhancing the overall tolerant ability of the plants to salt stress.

Abstract:Using annual Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus seedlings as materials, we investigated the response of biennial A. membranaceus var. mongholicus to different fertilizers (Water soluble fertilizer of alginic acid, Water soluble fertilizer of humic acid, Organic fertilizer, Biological fertilizer of microorganism inoculant and Compound fertilizer) as well as its physiological photosynthetic mechanism in salinealkali land, which provides reference for the popularization and planting of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus in salinealkali land. The results of the study showed that: in salinealkali land, the application of biological fertilizer of microorganism inoculant had no significant effect on the stress resistance, photosynthesis, growth characteristics, yield and quality of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus; the application of compound fertilizer significantly increased the growth of aboveground part of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, while had no significant effect on the yield, and significantly reduced its stress resistance, photosynthesis and pharmacodynamic components; the application of water soluble fertilizer of alginic acid, water soluble fertilizer of humic acid and organic fertilizer significantly increased the stress resistance, photosynthesis, underground growth, yield and quality of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus. Among them, the yield of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus applied with organic fertilizer was the highest, reaching 7 046.2 kg·hm^-2. The pharmacodynamic components of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus applied with water soluble fertilizer of humic acid and organic fertilizer were the highest, the content of AS was above 0.13%, and the content of C7G was above 0.06%. In summary, Organic fertilizer had the highest yield and ensured high pharmacodynamic components of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus, which can be considered as the best fertilizer.

Abstract:To explore the effect of returning discarded and crushed pear tree branches to the field and make discarded branches get resourceful use, we conducted a trial of pear tree branches crushing and mulching to return to the field from the year of 2017 to 2018 with ‘Jinmi’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai‘Jinmi’) as the object. This experiment was carried out with four treatments: no discarded branches return (0 kg·plant^-1, CK), low volume of discarded branches return (4 kg·plant^-1, T₁), conventional volume of discarded branches return (8 kg·plant^-1, T₂) and high volume of discarded branches return (12 kg·plant^-1, T₃), then their effects on soil mineral element content, soil microbial content, soil enzyme activities, pear newborn branch growth condition, pear leaf growth condition and pear fruit quality in pear orchard were discussed. The results were shown as follows: (1) about mineral elements in soil: under T₂ treatment, the contents of organic matter (OM), total manganese (Mn), total iron (Fe), total copper (Cu), total zinc (Zn), total boron (B), total calcium (Ca), total magnesium (Mg), total sulfur(S), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen, available potassium (AK) and available phosphorus (AP) in soil returned notably increased, and the Pear Orchards pH value markedly increased, improving the soil acidification. However, T₃ treatment significantly decreased the total manganese, total zinc, and nitrate nitrogen contents in the soil. T₁ treatment also significantly reduced the total sulfur, total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents in the soil. (2) About the soil microbes and soil enzyme activity: T₂ treatment significantly increased the number of soil fungi and actinomycetes in the pear orchard, and at the same time significantly increased the activity of soil catalase; Although T₃ treatment significantly decreased the activity of soil peroxidase, it significantly increased the number of bacteria in the soil. (3) About pear tree growth: the diameter of the new branches of pear trees increased significantly under the T₁ treatment. However, no matter under which treatment, the leaf thickness, leaf weight, chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of the pear trees did not change apparently. (4) About pear fruit quality: T₂ treatment significantly increased the pear fruit weight, vertical and horizontal length, Vc content, and fruit hardness, but the titratable acid content of the pears decreased significantly, which promoted a significant improvement in fruit quality. The above conclusions show us that returning the appropriate amount of pear branches crushed and mulched in winter can significantly improve the soil mineral element content and organic matter content, effectively improve soil acidification, increase the number of soil fungi and actinomycetes and their related soil enzyme activities, promote the growth of new branches and improve fruit quality. In conclusion, under this experimental conditions, the best amount of branches returned to the field for the purpose of improving the comprehensive properties of soil properties in a short time was 8 kg·plant^-1.

Abstract:We analyzed soil samples from the plantation of Mixed plantation of Cumninghamia lanceolata and Mytilaria laosensis; C. lanceolata and Michelia macclurei and pure plantation of C. lanceolata in the Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry. The soil aggregates were classified into >2 mm, 0.25-2 mm, and <0.25 mm fractions by a drysieving procedure. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents, and their stoichiometric ratios were calculated, and to examine the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of C, N and P within soil aggregates. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of SOC, TN and TP were 21.37%, 21.00% and 21.46%, respectively in the 0-10 cm soil layer and were 20.35%, 16.51% and 17.82%, respectively in the 10-20 cm soil layer. The spatial variation of TN was lower than that of SOC and TP but there were significant positive correlations among them. SOC and TN were distributed in the microaggregates and among of them had the greatest values in the C. lanceolata and M. macclurei plantation, however, the distribution of TP was relatively uniform among aggregates and ages. The coefficients of variation of C/N, C/P and N/P were 14.09%, 19.75% and 22.24%, respectively in the 0-10 cm soil layer and were 19.56%, 21.28% and 24.49%, respectively in the 10-20 cm soil layer. Variation of C/N was lower than that of C/P and N/P. Averaged C/P and N/P values in the macroaggregates were higher than that in aggregates of other sizes. C/N, C/P and N/P had good indication for SOC storage. The results showed that there was a lack of phosphorus in the mixed forest of C. lanceolata and M. macclurei. It was suggested that P should be supplemented in time to avoid the limitation of phosphorus on the sustainable utilization of soil.

Abstract:Based on soil samples at six habitats of Berberis vernae in different altitudes range from 2 300 m to 4 000 m in eastern of QinghaiTibet Plateau, we analyzed soil microbial community structure and diversity by highthroughput sequencing method. The results showed that: (1) in the soil of B. vernae habitats, the bacterial community mainly included 21 bacterial genera of 10 bacterial phylum, and the fungal community was made of 59 fungal genera of 8 fungal phylum such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. (2) The richness and diversity of bacterial community in 0-20 cm soil layer of Haidong Ledu No.1 site (hdld1) at low altitude was the highest, the richness of fungal community in 0-20 cm soil layer of Huangnan Zeku site (hnzk) was the highest, and the diversity of fungal community in 0-20 cm soil layer of Xining Datong site (xndt) was the highest. With the increase of altitude, the richness and diversity of bacterial community in 0-20 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers decreased firstly, then increased and then decreased, the richness and diversity of bacterial community in 20-40 cm soil layer showed a trend of increased firstly and then decreased, while the richness of microbial fungi community in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers increased first, then decreased and then increased. The diversity of fungal community in 0-20 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers increased firstly and then decreased with the elevation, but the change trend of fungal richness in 40-60 cm soil layer and fungal diversity in 20-40 cm soil layer was not obvious. (3) Nitrate nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (OP) and available potassium (AK) had obvious effects on soil microbial community. Above all, the diversity of soil microbial community in B. vernae habitats at different altitude gradients in alpine regions showed a different trend as altitude change, which was mainly affected by environmental conditions, soil physical and chemical properties and vegetation distribution.

Abstract:With the natural forest in Mulinzi National Nature Reserve in Southwest, Hubei Province as the research object, we took the trees with DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥ 5 cm in forests as specific analysis objects. By analyzing the important value of tree species and their Uniform angle index, Dominance, Mingling stand spatial structure parameters, such as a distribution, stand spatial distribution pattern, size, degree of differentiation, trees mixed degree and the change, and through the stand spatial structure analysis of bivariate distribution, we revealed the spatial structure characteristics and dynamic changes of the stand in five years, to provide accurate data for the sustainable management of the forest type of this stand, in order to promote the ideal stand structure and maintain the species diversity in this area. The results showed that: (1) the main edificator in the 2014 and 2019 standing forest were Cyclobalanopsis glauca, which was dominant in the forest, and the important value of Carpinus turczaninowii increased by 0.63%, and its relative importance in the standing forest ranked second after Cunninghamia lanceolata. It indicated that C. turczaninowii had a stable population structure in this forest; (2) The standing fores were still in a slightly conglomerate distribution state as a whole, and the strength of each tree species was mixed. The average mixing degree increased by 0.02, and the average size ratio decreased by 0.01. The growth of standing forest was still in a moderate state, the overall spatial structure of the standing forest changed little in the past 5 years, but it was in the transition stage from the current standing forest structure to the ideal structure; (3) In the binary distribution of standing forest spatial structure of each group with pairwise combination of structural parameters, the change trend of different value grades of each parameter was basically unchanged, but the binary distribution results of Dominance and Mingling degree show that individual forest trees under situation of absolute disadvantage, disadvantage and zerodegree mixing, and weakdegree mixing were decreased. Meanwhile, the stability of standing forest was improved. Studies have shown that, although the dynamic change of spatial structure of natural stands in the study area is not obvious, they are developing toward better and more stable structure.

Abstract:In this paper, a taxonomic study on the Lichen genus Protoparmeliopsis M. Choisy from Xinjiang were conducted. Four species of Protoparmeliopsis, P. laatokkaensis (Rsnen) Moberg & R. Sant, P. garovaglii (Krb.) Arup, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch, P. muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy, P. peltata (Ramond) Arup, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch, collected in sampling area were identified by morphological, anatomical, chemical and molecular biological methods. Among them, Protoparmeliopsis laatokkaensis is new to China. P. laatokkaensis distinguished by having an areolate to weakly lobate thallus, semiimmersed apothecia and with visible black prothallus. The morphological, anatomical, chemical and ecological descriptions of species are given. Photos of Protoparmeliopsis species occurred in study area of Xinjiang and key are also presented.

Abstract:Plants usually enhance their resistance by regulating the production of metabolites when infected by pathogenic fungi. Metabolomics, as one of the most powerful tools for identifying plant resistancerelated (RR) metabolites, has contributed greatly to indepth exploration of disease resistance mechanism, and can assist in the evaluation of resistant genotypes and the breeding of resistant cultivars when used in combination with other omics technologies. This paper reviewed the procedure of identifying plant RR metabolites based on metabolomics, the RR metabolites discovered in recent years and their mechanism of action. The challenges in the study of RR metabolites based on metabolomics are also discussed.