Abstract:SPL exists in all green plants and plays an important role in plant growth and leaf formation. In this study, ‘Gailiangxianggu’ Chinese kale was used as material, and the whole genome of BoSPL family was identified and analyzed by bioinformatics method. The genes BoSPL3-1, BoSPL10-2 and BoSPL11-2 were cloned by PCR, and the quantitative analysis of different growth stages and different tissue parts of Chinese kale was carried out, which laid a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of the leaf development process of ‘Gailiangxianggu’ Chinese kale and cultivating new varieties of Chinese kale. The results show that: (1) there are 31 members of BoSPL family, and the amino acid length of the coding region proteins are 157-1 028 aa. The amino acid of BoSPL protein has no signal peptide, which belongs to non-secretory protein; The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that all BoSPL family members were located in the nucleus, and a few members were located in vacuoles, chloroplasts and cytoplasm. BoSPL family genes contain 1-9 introns, and all members contain SBP conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis shows that BoSPL can be divided into 8 subgroups of evolutionary groups, with different number of genes in each group, and the evolutionary relationship of BoSPL is similar to AtSPL. (2) Successfully cloned the BoSPL3-1, BoSPL10-2 and BoSPL11-2 genes of Chinese kale, and successfully constructed pCAMBIA1302-35S-BoSPL3-1-GFP, pCAMBIA1302-35S-BoSPL10-2-GFP and pCAMBIA1302-35S-BoSPL11-2-GFP. Transient transformation of tobacco lower epidermal cells mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101, and laser confocal microscopy showed that BoSPL3-1, BoSPL10-2 and BoSPL11-2 were all located in the nucleus, which was consistent with the predicted results. (3) qRT-PCR analysis showed that the relative expression levels of BoSPL3-1, BoSPL10-2 and BoSPL11-2 were all higher in the leaves of ‘Gailiangxianggu’ Chinese kale, but there was no significant difference in the relative expression levels of the three genes in mesophyll, while BoSPL10-2 was significantly higher in the flower-shaped deformed leaves, which might be related to the formation of flower-shaped deformed leaves.

Abstract:In this study, five genes encoding NACA were identified in rice, and physico-chemical properties, structure, localization and expression patterns were analyzed. Subsequently, the subcellular localization of NACA2 and its biological function in the response to drought were studied. The results showed that: (1) there are many conserved motifs in all five NACA proteins. Both NAC domain and UBA domain were found in NACA1-NACA4, but not in NACA5. The phylogenetic relationship of amino acid sequence in different plants was highly consistent with the evolution of species. (2) Analysis of expression patterns showed that the expression level of NACA1, NACA2 and NACA3 was very high in different tissues, especially in reproductive organs. The transcripts of both NACA4 and NACA5 had a low level in all tissues of rice. The expression of NACA was induced by mannitol, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), NaCl, salicylic acid (SA) and cold stress, and the expression changes of NACA2 and NACA5 were the most obvious. (3) The analysis of subcellular localization showed that NACA2 located in nucleus and cytoplasm. (4) Compared with the wild type (WT), overexpression of NACA2 showed less wilting and more green, slowed down the water loss rate of leaves significantly, recovered more faster after rewatering and enhanced the resistance to drought and osmotic stresses obviously. Our study suggested that NACA2 positively regulated the tolerance of plant to drought, which will lay a foundation for further study on the biological function of NACA gene in rice.

Abstract:In this study, based on sequence alignment analysis, we cloned the full-length CjMYB1 gene from wild Camellia japonica and performed gene expression analyses in Camellia varieties with different floral colors, which provided a fundamental basis for understanding the function of CjMYB1 underlying the floral color formation during flower development. The results showed that: (1) CjMYB1 gene (GenBank accession: OL347930) was successfully cloned. Its open reading frame length was 879 bp, encoding a 292 amino acids protein with relative molecular weight of 33.17 kD. CjMYB1 is found to be a R2R3-MYB transcription factor and is homologous to the subgroup 7 of Arabidopsis thaliana MYB gene family. (2) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that CjMYB1 gene had the highest expression level in the floral buds of wild C. japonica, and had a relatively high expression level in sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, suggesting that CjMYB1 plays an important role of regulating the floral development. The expression level of CjMYB1 gene was higher in red Camellia varieties, but lower in pink, light yellow and white Camellia varieties, suggesting that CjMYB1 gene may play a key role in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. (3) Subcellular localization experiments showed that CjMYB1 protein was located in the nucleus.

Abstract:The glycosylation reaction mediated by glycosyltransferases is not only a ubiquitous modification but also one of the structure diversity mechanisms for secondary metabolites synthesis. In this study, based on the pomegranate transcriptomic data, we isolated a UDP-glycosyltransferase gene (PgUGT) from peels of ‘Taishanhong’ pomegranate by RT-PCR. The basic physicochemical properties and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics method. The gene expression profiles during fruit developmental stages were obtained by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). By combination with total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin content analysis, the relationships between gene transcription levels and total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin content were discussed. Subsequently, the PgUGT gene was constructed on the prokaryotic expression vector and recombinant expression were performed. The results were as follows: (1) the PgUGT gene of pomegranate was successfully cloned (the access number in GenBank was MW414607). One open reading frame (ORF) of PgUGT gene was 1 557 bp, which encoded 518 amino acids. The molecular weight of protein was 55.9 kD, the isoelectric point was 6.55, the deduced protein was unstable hydrophilic one. PgUGT contained conserved PSPG motif, which belonged to GT-B glycosyltransferase superfamily. The phylogenetic trees analysis demonstrated that PgUGT was clustered into F group according to UGTs category of Arabidopsis thaliana, and was more closely related to that of grape and strawberry. (2) The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression level of PgUGT exhibited a first-rise and then-fall pattern during fruit development, which was different from a gradual declining trend in total flavonoid content and gradual rising trend in total anthocyanin content. (3) The prokaryotic expression vector pCZN1-PgUGT was successfully constructed. The prokaryotic expression results showed that the recombinant plastid expressed in soluble form in E. coli expression systems. The size of fusion protein was approximately 58 kD as expected. The obtained results laid foundation for further revealing the roles and functions of PgUGT gene in flavonoid glycosylation reaction of pomegranate.

Abstract:WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors are plant-specific transcription factors that can regulate plant growth and development and the response to abiotic stress. In this study, the GuWOX gene family was analyzed by bioinformatics methods, the qRT-PCR method was used to detect the expression of this gene family in different tissues and abiotic stress, and four GuWOX genes were cloned by RT-PCR method. The results showed that: (1) there were a total of 16 GuWOX genes, all of which contained a conserved HD domain and were hydrophilic and unstable proteins. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the GuWOX family was divided into 3 major clades (e.g., the Ancient clade, the Intermediate clade and the Modern/WUS clade). Numerous stress and hormone-responsive cis-elements were observed in the GuWOX promoter regions. (2) qRT-PCR showed that the expression of GuWOX1 was the highest in lateral roots and GuWOX15 was the highest in stems. At different time intervals, GuWOX was expressed under salt, phosphorus free and GA₃ treatments. The expression pattern of GuWOX15 was similar under drought stress and ABA treatment, and the expression was up-regulated at 12 h. (3) GuWOX1, GuWOX5, GuWOX6, GuWOX12 genes were cloned and their lengths were 557 bp, 707 bp, 716 bp, 578 bp, encoding 184, 237, 237, 191 amino acids, respectively. The results of this study indicate that GuWOX genes were involved in the development of G. uralensis, the response to adversity stresses, and the regulation of plant hormones. This result laid the foundation for further analysis of GuWOX gene function.

Abstract:Leaf architecture of 18 species and 3 varieties of Euodia s.l. (Rutaceae) in China was observed under a stereomicroscope. The primary vein framework is pinnate venation pattern. In most species, the secondary veins are festooned brochidodromous and simple brochidodromous. Very few species are present interior secondaries. Intersecondary veins are absent or present. Tertiary veins are irregularly reticulate or very few weakly percurrent, with marginal tertiary veins being annular. Quaternary veins are irregular reticulate. Quinternary veins are irregular reticulate or freely ramifying. Areolation is poor or moderate developed. Freely ending veinlets of most species are simple or tracheoid idioblasts. Marginal ultimate veins in most species are incomplete, and a few are annular. A key to the sections of Euodia s.l. is presented mainly based on some important external morphological features and leaf architecture characteristics. The results show that the structures formed by the secondary veins and higher veins of these Euodia groups are very stable at the genus level, and there are some interspecific differences. Therefore, the leaf architecture characteristics of Evodia could provide evidences for more accurate identification of some difficult and confused species, which have important taxonomic significance.

Abstract:With three Paeonia rockii varieties (‘Xiangyabai’, ‘Meirenmian’, ‘Zijinguan’) single and semidouble pollens as materials, the optimal medium for pollens of Paeonia rockii was determined. We observed and studied the ultrastructure and physiological and biochemical characteristics of pollen, explored the relationship between the ultrastructure of single and semi-double pollens and pollen germination rate, and the relationship between material metabolism and pollen germination rate. The results show that: (1) the most suitable culture medium for the germination of P. rockii powder is: 100 g·L^-1 sucrose+0.15 g·L^-1 boric acid+10 g·L^-1 agar. (2) Pollen fullness is the main reason that affects pollen germination. (3) The germination rate of single valve pollen of three P. rockii varieties was significantly higher than that of semi-valve pollen. (4) The soluble protein content of ‘Xiangyabai’, ‘Meirenmian’ and ‘Zijinguan’ crown pollen was higher than that of semi-valve pollen, but the MDA content and three protective enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD) were lower than that of semi-valve pollen. It is believed that protein loss and accumulation of MDA, CAT, SOD and POD in pollen may be one of the physiological reasons for the low germination rate of semi-heavy valve P. rockii powder.

Abstract:Cyanobacteria is one of the oldest organisms on earth. It is prokaryotes of oxygenproducing photosynthesis with relatively simple morphology. Jinyang Lake is located in Shanxi Province, which is the largest artificial lake in North China. In this study, five filamentous cyanobacteria were isolated and purified by classical capillary method from algae collected from the water body and shore of Jinyang Lake. Their morphological characteristics (such as cell shape, filamentous width, whether there is sheath) and microstructure were observed by optical microscope, and their phylogenetic relationship were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequence for clarifing the cyanobacteria species in Jinyang Lake. It provided theoretical data for preventing the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms in lake and maintaining the stability of water resources and environment and ecological balance. The results showed that: (1) the five filamentous cyanobacteria belonged to three families according to morphology, among which two strains of filamentous cyanobacteria were Leptolyngbyaceae (JYH005 and JYH012), two strains were Pseudanabaenaceae (JYH008 and JYH022), and one strain was Desertifilaceae (JYH010). (2) According to the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequence, JYH005 was Nodosilinea, and JYH008 was classified as Arthronema, but different morphological characteristics were observed under culture conditions, which may be a new species. JYH010 was a type of Desertifilum. JYH012 was classified as Leptolyngbya. JYH022 was grouped with Pseudanabaenaceae, and the similarity with other cyanobacteria of this family was less than 90%. Therefore, JYH022 belonged to a different genus, so it only was grouped into Pseudanabaenaceae. The research suggested that the morphological identification of the isolated cyanobacteria strains was consistent with the results of 16S rRNA sequence phylogenetic analysis. This study enriched the diversity of filamentous cyanobacteria in Jinyang Lake, Shanxi Province, and provided a certain scientific basis for resource utilization and environmental protection of the lake.

Abstract:The planting scale of Salvia miltiorrhiza continues to expand, producing many stems and leaves, resulting in a huge waste of resources. Drought significantly affects the production and accumulation of active components in medicinal plants. This study used ‘Chuan Danshen 1’ (CDS-1) as the material and used the soil water stress method to study the effects of long-term water stress on the total phenolic acids (TPA), the contents of 8 major phenolic acids and the antioxidant activity of the stem and leaf ethanol extracts. This study preliminarily clarified the response behavior and antioxidant capacity of phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves to soil water stress, and provided scientific theoretical guidance for the development and utilization of S. miltiorrhiza stems and leaves. The results showed that: (1) TPA of CDS-1 stems and leaves was sensitive to soil moisture. The TPA content of August, September and October samples (SL-8, SL-9 and SL-10) increased as the soil relative water content (SRWC) decreased, but there are significant differences between different months. Under the same SRWC, SL-9 has the lowest TPA content, only 41.4%-91.1% of SL-8 and 24.0%-79.9% of SL-10. (2) Under long-term soil water stress, the rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid and protocatechuic aldehyde were significantly accumulated in the stems and leaves of CDS-1. Drought stress increases the contents of TPA and single phenolic acid, but severe water shortage (SRWC is 35%) will reduce the content of phenolic acid. (3) Ethanol extracts of the CDS-1 stems and leaves had strong antioxidant activity, and their DPPH· and ABTS·⁺ scavenging activities increased with the decrease of SRWC, which was consistent with the change trend of TPA content. It was found that moderate drought stress significantly increased the phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of the CDS-1 stems and leaves. Scientific irrigation technology can be used to increase the phenolic acid content of the stems and leaves in the cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza to promote the comprehensive utilization of S. miltiorrhiza.

Abstract:The seedling male sterile plants ‘Y-14’ and ‘Sunshine Muscat’ were used as test materials to study the changes of antioxidant enzyme activity and endogenous hormone contents during the bud development period, for demonstrating the physiological and biochemical characteristics of male sterility in grapes. The results showed that: (1) compared with ‘Sunshine Muscat’, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in the buds of ‘Y-14’ were significantly reduced, while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly. (2) The content of auxin (IAA) in ‘Y-14’ was higher than that in ‘Sunshine Muscat’, and the content of abscisic acid (ABA) was significantly lower than ‘Sunshine Muscat’; In the early stage of bud development, the content of gibberellin (GA₃) in ‘Y-14’ is lower than ‘Sunshine Muscat’, while methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is significantly lower than ‘Sunshine Muscat’ in the later stage; the content in ‘Y-14’ trans-Zeatin Nucleoside (TZR) is lower than that in ‘Sunshine Muscat’. (3) In the early mononuclear stage, the content of ABA in ‘Y-14’ changed smoothly while the ‘Sunshine Muscat’ increased sharply. At the same time, the content of GA₃ began to be higher than that in ‘Sunshine Muscat’, while the MeJA began to be lower than ‘Sunshine Muscat’ in the early mononuclear stage. And it showed gradually significant difference. In summary, the abnormal changes of SOD, POD, CAT activities and MDA, IAA, ABA, GA₃, MeJA contents may have led to the male sterility. The early mononucleus period may be the critical period for the male sterility of ‘Y-14’.

Abstract:In the present study, radish (Raphanus sativus) was selected as the experimental plant, and the seedlings were treated with single and mixed solution of uranium (U, 50 μmol·L^-1) and cadmium (Cd,10 μmol·L^-1), respectively. The accumulation characteristics of U and Cd in radish seedlings, as well as the biomass, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of radish were measured for exploring the biological effects of the single existence of U and its combination with Cd. The results showed that: (1) U and Cd were mainly distributed in the root of radish, which significantly inhibited the growth and root activity of radish seedlings, and the inhibition effect by the U+Cd mixed treatment was more serious than the single treatments. (2) After single U treatment, the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids in radish leaves decreased, and the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) decreased by 43.9% compared with the control. Furthermore, the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and electron transfer rate (ETR) of the photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) decreased significantly, while the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), dark respiration rate (R_d) and nonphotochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased significantly. Single Cd treatment also significantly reduced the P_n of radish leaves, but had no significant effect on the photosynthetic pigment contents and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. (3) After being treated with the mixed solution of U and Cd, the content of U in radish was significantly higher than that of single treatment, while the content of Cd showed an opposite trend. Moreover, the biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of seedlings were decreased more than those of single treatment. In conclusion, it was found that after U treatment, the light utilization efficiency and electron transfer rate were significantly inhibited, which resulted in the inhibition of seedling growth. The incorporation of Cd not only enhanced the U absorption efficiency in radish, but also caused more serious toxic to radish plants.

Abstract:Adjustment of hydraulic architecture and dynamic in non-structural carbohydrates are crucial for understanding the survival prospects and mortality risks of plants under drought stress. We used Populus bolleana Lauche. as the target species. By analyzing the changes of leaf hydraulic traits, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents and their components under different water treatments with contrasting, crown heights, we explored the differences in physiological responses and adaptations of leaves at different height levels. The research showed that: (1) during June to August, for the drought treatment group, the leaf water potential, leaf water content and branch water content in the upper part of tree crown were generally lower than those in the lower part; the osmotic potential at full turgor and the water potential at turgor loss point were not significant differences among different crown heights; (2) under drought stress, the net photosynthetic rate decreased with the increase of crown height, the chlorophyll SPAD value was significantly lower in the upper part of the crown than in the lower part, while the water use efficiency was higher in the upper part of the crown than in the lower part; (3) the specific leaf area under drought treatment was significantly lower than that of the control at each crown height, while the Huber value in the middle and upper part was higher than that of the control, but the difference was not significant; (4) the starch content of leaves in upper crown was significantly higher than that in lower crown under drought treatment; the soluble sugar and NSC contents in the upper part of the tree crown were significantly higher than those in the lower part of the tree crown; the contents of soluble sugar, starch and NSC in phloem had no significant difference among different crown heights; the contents of soluble sugar, starch and NSC in fine roots had no significant difference among different water treatments. It was found that the increase in crown height under drought treatment exacerbated drought stress in P. bolleana branches and leaves, resulting in a greater risk of xylem embolism in the upper branches of the crown than in the lower, and led to differences in the distribution and components of NSC among different organs, while P. bolleana plants could mitigate drought stress through adjustments in water use efficiency and morphological adaptations.

Abstract:In order to reveal the relationship between tree radial growth and climate in the Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, the study collected tree-ring samples of Pinus densata, Pinus yunnanensis and Tsuga dumosa on Yulong Snow Mountain, established a chronology of the difference between the ring width of three tree species, and analyzed the response and redundancy analysis of the ring index and climatic factors to identify the main climatic factors affecting the radial growth of trees in Yulong Snow Mountain. It provides a basis for the management and protection of forest ecosystems in the region, and for exploring the forest dynamics of Northwest Yunnan under the background of climate change. The results showed that: (1) the established chronology of the width difference between the three tree species has few low frequency changes, and the degree of dispersion is low, and the commonality of the year-on-year change is high, which can represent the annual ring characteristics of the trees at the sampling point; the mean sensitivity of the differential chronology of P. densata, P. yunnanensis and T. dumosa is 0.21, 0.22 and 0.17, respectively, and the overall representativeness of the sample is 0.96, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, all of which are higher than the threshold of 0.85, indicating that the information in the chronology is representative. (2) In response function analysis, the radial growth of P. densata was significantly and positively correlated with the current February precipitation. The radial growth of P. yunnanensis was significantly and negatively correlated with the mean temperature and maximum temperature of current May, and was significantly and positively correlated with the mean temperature of current October. The radial growth of T. dumosa was significantly and positively correlated with the precipitation of current January and May and the relative humidity of current October, and was significantly and negatively correlated with the maximum temperature of current May. (3) The results of the redundancy analysis showed that the precipitation of current January and February, and The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) of current May promoted the radial growth of three species, and the correlation coefficient of PDSI was the strongest. The increase in precipitation of current October enhanced the radial growth of P. densata and T. dumosa, while inhibited P. yunnanensis growth. The study believes that the winter precipitation, moisture conditions of May and October precipitation in the current year were main environmental factors affecting the radial growth of three species on Yulong Snow Mountain. If warming and drying trends intensified, it will not be conducive to the growth of the three tree species in the northwest Yunnan plateau, thereby affecting the structure and function of the regional forest ecosystem.

Abstract:This study obtained 108 sampling sites through specimens and field investigation of Picea purpurea, and screened 13 environmental variables and 3 climate scenario models in the future provided by CMIP6 for analyzing the changes of P. purpureas distributions under different climate conditions based on MaxEnt model and GIS. Meanwhile the response curves of main environmental variables affecting the growth of P. purpurea were obtained and the environmental conditions suitable for the P. purpureas survival were described quantitatively. The results showed that: (1) MaxEnt model for predicting the distributions had high credibility because of high AUC values of both training data and test data. The distributions of P. purpurea are mainly concentrated in the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including northwestern Sichuan, southern Gansu, southeastern Qinghai and eastern Tibet. (2) It indicated that high distributions were mainly located in the northwestern Sichuan, southwestern Gansu, which covered an area with 40 937 km². Medium distributions covered an area of 167 344 km², extending from high distributions. Low distributions had most widespread with an area of 567 257 km², occupying more than 73% of distributions. (3) The analysis of Jackknife test and response curves showed that main factors influence on distributions of P. purpurea were altitude (percent contribution was 44%) and precipitation (the accumulative contribution rate was 45.6%, while percent contribution of annual precipitation was 32.1%) firstly, then the temperature (the accumulative contribution rate was 10.3%, while percent contribution of mean temperature of coldest quarter was 5%). Meanwhile, response curves of main environmental variables had significant peaks. The suitable regions for P. purpureas growth were those where altitude, annual precipitation, mean temperature of coldest quarter were around 2 600-4 200 m, 590-820 mm, -9.8--1.4 ℃, respectively, while the most suitable values were 3 600 m, 712 mm, -7 ℃, respectively. (4) In the future, the distributions of P. purpurea extended to west and north compared with contemporary distributions and a few amount of area lost in southern Tibet. Overall, the area of suitable habitat showed a growing tendency, and it covered the largest distributions under the condition of ssp370 in 2081-2100, with an area of 1 091 404 km².

Abstract:Huperzia serrata is a class Ⅱ national key protected wild plant, of which the biological resources is rapidly reducing at present. Based on climate data and the distributed data of H. serrata in China, our study built ensemble models to predict the suitable region of H. serrata in current and future (2070) climate scenarios in China, and used ERDAS and ArcGIS to calculate the changes of the area and centroid of suitable region, to explore the impact of climate change on the suitable region of H. serrata, which could provide theoretical basis for the protection of H. serrata. The results showed that: (1) the AUC value was greater than 0.9, which meant an excellent prediction. (2) The main bioclimatic variables affecting the suitable region of H. serrata were precipitation of wettest month, temperature seasonality, mean temperature of the coldest quarter and max temperature of the warmest month. (3) The total suitable region of H. serrata was 226.99×10⁴ km² in current, the area of moderately and highly suitable regions was 154.51×10⁴ km², the centroids were located in western Hunan Province. (4) The total suitable region of H. serrata has little changed, but the area of moderately and highly suitable region has contracted sharply, for RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, the moderately and highly suitable region have net contracted 14.34%, 23.31%, 31.63% and 47.08%, respectively, all the centroids have changed to the northwest. In conclusion, the area of moderately and highly suitable region in China was affected by climate change, and it would gradually change into unsuitable region and lowly suitable region with the increase of emission levels in future.

Abstract:During a survey of freshwater diatoms from Dongzhen reservoir in the Putian City, Fujian Province, China, a newly recorded diatom, Amphipleura vavilovii Glushchenko & Kulikovskiy was recorded. This taxa was previously recorded from a river flowing through the village of Namlik, Laos. However, in the original literature, the authors did not provide SEM images of external valve and the ultrastructure morphological description. Based on the application of light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the morphological characteristics of the population of A. vavilovii Glushchenko & Kulikovskiy collected from Fujian were observed and described, and compared with the morphological characteristics of Amphipleura species and other similar species. The results show that: (1) A. vavilovii Glushchenko & Kulikovskiy valve was lanceolate, the middle was parallel or slightly contracted, narrowing towards both ends, and the ends were blunt. (2) The central nodule was obviously elongated longitudinally, and the two ends bifurcate to form two parallel ribs. (3) Striae uniseriate, 25-30 in 10 μm. The results of this study were consistent with the morphological and lineal characteristics of A. vavilovii Glushchenko & Kulikovskiy, so it was identified as A. vavilovii Glushchenko & Kulikovskiy, which was the first report from the freshwater in China.

Abstract:The important non-protein amino acid β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) in Lathyrus sativus and dencichine in Panax notoginseng are the same secondary metabolite. It has various biological activities, such as hemostasis, nerve stimulation, antibacterial, etc.. Since it was discovered in L. sativus and other legumes in the 1960s, and in P. notoginseng and other plants in the 1980s, many detection methods for β-ODAP have been developed. In this review, the basic principles and applications of these methods, including traditional analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/LC-MS), capillary electrophoresis and enzymatic analysis, were assessed and compared. Generally, these methods have their own strengths, and the specific choice depends on the experimental conditions and experimental purposes. Among them, HPLC with pre-column derivatization is currently the most widely used method, while high-cost LC-MS with isotope internal standard is known as the “gold standard”. However, it is the pursuit of goals that the specific, rapid and low-cost strategy for β-ODAP determination to be developed. The improvement of enzyme sensor technology is therefore the main research direction for β-ODAP detection in the future.

Abstract:It is well established that Lathyrus sativus has its center of origin in the Balkan Peninsula, from where it spread to the other parts of the world through infusion and naturalization. Turkey has 73 taxa in genus Lathyrus, (of which about 1/3rd are endemic) that grow all over the country but are more concentrated in Central Black Sea, South East, and Eastern Anatolia Regions. The current study describes the cultivation and consumption practices of Turkish people where it is not consumed on large scales and is confined to a few locations. The people in different countries of the world have different eating habits depending on their culture. However, most people use them to make soup, bread, or salty snacks using whole, split grains/or powder. The cultivation techniques of the grass pea vary from place to place. These include cultivation under rainfed conditions on marginal lands in Turkey to using Utera method of cultivation in China and some parts of India. Grass pea is a neglected crop and all research work is carried out on an individual basis without the involvement of large or mega projects. There is a need of chemical, phenotypic and molecular characterization with emphasis on conservation of local germplasm world over including Turkey with focus on breeding low β-ODAP cultivars suitable for human and animals consumption everywhere in the world including Turkey and China. It is concluded that the selection of low or no β-ODAP cultivars will help in the production of better cultivars that could be used for food, feed, and ornamental purposes.

Abstract:Phytohormones are a group of small molecular organic substances produced by plant metabolism, which move from the production site to the action site to play a regulatory role. They play a wide variety of critical roles in plant growth and development and response to environmental stress. As early landing non vascular plants, bryophytes have many morphological and physiological characteristics which are different from vascular plants. Most bryophytes have 8 major plant hormones and their derivatives including ABA, JA, ET, SA, Auxin, CK, GAs and BRs, and homologous genes related to plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways have been found in bryophytes. At present, there are few studies on bryophyte hormones, and most of them focus on the function of ABA, and lack of research on the regulation mechanism.This review analyzed the similarities and differences of phytohormones between bryophytes and vascular plants in key components of anabolism and signal transduction pathways, and elaborated the roles and regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones in bryophyte growth and development, and abiotic and biotic stress, to provide some research ideas and theoretical reference for the future research of plant hormone regulation mechanism of bryophytes.