Abstract:Abstract: Invertase (INV) plays an important role in the plant growth and development and resistance to the stress. In this study, 19 INV family members were identified in the grape genome database, and the structures of the genes and the physical - chemical properties of the coding protein were analyzed by bioinformatics. The expression characteristics of the genes under different hormone and abiotc stress conditions were analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) technology, which could provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the involvement of VvINV gene family in grape stress response. The results are as followings: (1) The gene family encoded proteins with amino acid lengths between 150~766 aa and the theoretical isoelectric point ranged from 4.43 to 9.1. (2) Collinearity analysis showed that VvCINVs had a higher replication frequency with other 5 species. (3) The conserved motifs analysis showed that VvCwINVs contained all conserved motifs, and Glyco_32 and Glyco_hydro_100 were the main domains of VvINV genes. (4) Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the most genes were expressed during the growth and development of grape. (5) The results of qRT-PCR showed that VvINV family genes were up-regulated in response to hormone treatment and abiotic stresses in leaves; VvCINV1 was highly expressed under 50 mg/L GA3 and 10% PEG treatments; VvCINV4 was also significantly expressed under salt, ABA and low temperature treatments. These results indicated that VvINVs can regulate hormone and abiotic stress response during grape growth and development. Keywords:grape;

Abstract:The TT8 (TRANSPARENT TESTA 8) gene is an important member of the bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) family, playing a crucial role in anthocyanin synthesis. In order to explore the effect of TT8 gene on the color of Impatiens uliginosa, the IuTT8 gene was cloned by RT-PCR from Impatiens uliginosa, and its bioinformatics was carried out, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of the gene in different flower colors and different flower development stages. The results showed that: (1) The IuTT8 gene of I. uliginosa was successfully cloned, and its coding region was 2 136 bp, encoding 712 aa, which was a hydrophilic unstable protein. The gDNA was 3 938 bp, with 6 introns. Structural domain analysis showed that the protein belonged to the bHLH superfamily and was homologous to the TT8 proteins of Impatiens glandulifera, Camellia sinensis var. assamica and other species, and they have similar Motifs. (2) IuTT8 clustered with Impatiens glandulifera, and the similarity is about 86.34%; multi-sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the domain of TT8 protein was highly conserved. (3) IuTT8 gene was expressed in I. uliginosa with 4 different flower colors and at 4 different stages of flower development. Except for white, the expression level of IuTT8 showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend with the progress of flower development. The expression level of IuTT8 was positively correlated with flower color, with the highest expression level in deep-red flowers and the lowest in the white-flowers. The expression level of IuTT8 in the S3 period of deep-red flower was approximately 48 times higher than that in the S2 period of white flower. The results showed that IuTT8 gene of I. uliginosa is a transcription factor of bHLH family, which was positively correlated with flower color, suggesting that it may play an important role in the regulation of flower color in I. uliginosa.

Abstract:HAD-like hydrolase plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development and responding to phosphorus deficiency stress. Based on the genome-wide expression profile of cotton seedlings under low phosphorus stress in the early stage of our research group, related genes were excavated and their preliminary expression analysis was conducted. Genomic DNA and cDNA sequence of the gene were cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics method. Fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the changes of gene expression in root, stem, leaf and flower tissues.The relative expression patterns of GhPS2 under low phosphorus stress(0,4,12,24 and 72h) were analyzed by qRT-PCR technology.The results showed that: (1)GhPS2 gene of G. hirsutum L. was successfully cloned, and the full length of the open reading frame of the gene was 813bp, encoding 270 amino acids and containing 3 introns. Analysis revealed that this gene sequence belonged to the HAD family, with a conserved structure named PUT-Phosphatase. (2) Sequence alignment and evolution analysis showed that the similarity of GhPS2 to other cotton varieties PS2 and durian PS2 was 93% and 83.15%, respectively.（3）The results of qRT-PCR showed that GhPS2 gene was predominantly expressed in roots, followed by stems and flowers, with the lowest expression in leaves. The relative expression of GhPS2 gene was the highest in the roots treated with low phosphorus for 4 h, and it was 16.66 times that of suitable phosphorus treatment at 72 h under low phosphorus stress.This study demonstrated that GhPS2 gene belongs to low phosphorus stress response gene and may be involved in Gossypium hirsutum L. response low phosphorus stress.

Abstract:In order to explore the effect of H+- pyrophosphatase coding gene on phosphorus absorption and resistance of sugar beet, and to realize the utilization of excellent genes in sugar beet genetic engineering. In this study, AVP1 gene encoding vacuolar membrane H+- pyrophosphatase of Arabidopsis thaliana was used to transform sugar beet, and the low phosphorus tolerance, salt tolerance and drought resistance of transgenic sugar beet were analyzed. The results showed that AVP1 gene could be expressed in the roots and leaves of sugar beet plants, and the expression level increased under stress; Under the condition of controlling phosphorus supply, the phosphorus content of transgenic sugar beet was significantly higher than that of wild type; Under drought and salt stress, AVP1 gene increased significantly in transgenic sugar beet. Under 200 mmol · L-1 NaCl treatment or 7 days after natural drought, the growth of transgenic plants was inhibited, but the degree of inhibition was significantly lower than that of wild type plants. In addition, with the aggravation of salt and drought stress, compared with wild type plants, the MDA content of transgenic plants is lower and the proline content is significantly increased. AVP1 gene can reduce the damage of stress to the cell membrane of sugar beet, improve the osmotic adjustment ability of sugar beet cells, thereby enhancing the salt tolerance and drought resistance of sugar beet.

Abstract:Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in the world, as well as the most important fiber crop and important oil crop. Xinjiang is the largest region of cotton producing in China. However, cotton production has affected by drought stress become the main abiotic stress factor . It is an effective way to address the scarcity of cotton drought resistance resources and improve water resource utilization is exploiting and utilizing key regulatory factors for drought resistance and cultivating drought resistant cotton varieties. According to the principle of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, two 20 bp targeted sequences were designed in the first exon of the GhNAC3 genome sequence. The gene shuffling of non-specific target sites was eliminated using the blast analysis. The oligonucleotides of two target sites were inserted into the gRNA-atU6 plasmid vector, and then were amplified twice by PCR technology to construct atU6-GhNAC3 expression-boxes. The recombinant CRISPR-GhNAC3 vector was obtained by linking two expression-boxes to CRISPR/Cas9(pRGEB32-7) vector. The CRISPR-GhNAC3 vector was transformed into the cotton of YZ-1 through agrobacterium mediated method. The T0 generation of transgenic plants was obtained by detection of Cas9 protein gene , and the positive transgenic plants were selected through PCR method. The target sites of each T0 generation from were determined [收稿日期： 基金项目：新疆农垦科学院院级项目（03110004）;八师石河子市中青年科技创新骨干人才计划（2022RC03）；第一师阿拉尔市科技计划项目（2022NY10）；新疆农垦科学院创新团队 作者简介：王志军（1985-），博士，助理研究员，作物遗传育种，E-mail：wzjshihezi@163.com *通信作者：马盼盼，副研究员，研究方向，作物抗逆种质创新及育种，E-mail：mp20044681@163.com]via PCR and sequencing method, and finally the mutated genotypes were identified. After Cas9 protein gene identification, 30 positive strains were obtained, and 10 of them were selected from the positive plants for editing type sequencing analysis. It was found that all 7 strains underwent editing in the target region. The editing type was mainly base fragment deletion, with a deletion fragment size of 3-28 bp. T1 was planted in the field, and 3 mutants with both yellowing and dwarfing were obtained. The results showed that using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to edit the GhNAC3 sequence, plants with phenotypic variations were obtained, fully demonstrating that the gene is involved in the regulation of cotton growth and development.

Abstract:Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a kind of hormone widely distributed in a variety of plants. Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1) is the main signal receptor of BR signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and stress response. In this study, we used tomato varieties Micro-Tom (MT) and SlBRI1 overexpression plants (Atrd29A:SlBRI1) as experimental materials to investigate the effects of low temperature on photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and cold resistance genes, in order to reveal the response of SlBRI1 gene driven by Atrd29A promoter to low temperature stress. The results showed that: (1) Low temperature stress increased the expression of SlBRI1 in MT plants, while the expression of SlBRI1 in Atrd29A:SlBRI1 plants were higher than that of MT plants. Low temperature stress for 5 days resulted in wilting of all plants, and Atrd29A:SlBRI1 plants wilted less and recovered better. (2) The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), light capture efficiency (Fv ''/Fm'') and photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (qP) of all tomato seedlings were significantly decreased under low temperature stress. On the 5th day of low temperature stress, these indexes of SlBRI1 overexpressing plants were significantly higher than those of MT plants. Meanwhile, the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of SlBRI1 overexpression lines was significantly lower than that of MT. (3) The expression levels of transgenic plants SlICE1、SlCBF1、SlCBF3 and SlDRCI7 were significantly increased under the same condition, and the expression levels of SlICE1、SlCBF1、SlCBF3 and SlDRCI7 in SlBRI1 transgenic plants after low temperature treatment were significantly higher than those in MT plants. The results indicated that the expression of SlBRI1 induced by Atrd29A could improve the expression of SlBRI1, alleviate the effects of low temperature stress on plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and enhance the cold resistance of tomato plants.

Abstract:Cordyceps is an important biological resource in China, in order to clarify the species of a wild cordyceps collected from Shimen Mountain Forest Area in Xunyi County of Shaanxi Province and the taxonomic status of its entomogenous fungus (cordyceps fungus DY6F), the gene fragments of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) and RNA polymerase Ⅱ large subunit (RPB1) of cordyceps fungus DY6F were amplified and sequenced by using PCR technique. Subsequently, the phylogenetic trees based on ITS, EF-1α and RPB1 gene fragment, respectively, as well as a multilocus phylogenetic tree based on EF-1α and RPB1 combined nucleotide sequences were constructed. According to the results, the similarity between these three gene sequences of cordyceps fungus DY6F and the corresponding gene sequences of Ophiocordyceps nigrella was 99-100%. In the evolutionary tree, cordyceps fungus DY6F and Ophiocordyceps nigrella were clustered into one branch, with an approval rating of 100%. Therefore, the cordyceps fungus DY6F was identified as Ophiocordyceps nigrella.

Abstract:Rubia cordifolia L., a plant in the Rubiaceae family. In this study, the whole chloroplast genome was sequenced by the high throughput sequencing technology of Illumination, and bioinformatics tools such as MAGA11 were used for genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis, so as to provide data reference for identification, genetic diversity analysis and resource exploitation and utilization of Rubia cordifolia and its related medicinal plants. The results showed that: (1) The chloroplast genome of Rubia cordifolia L. showed a typical quadripartite ring structure with a total GC content of 37.2%, a length of 153 959 bp, including a large single copy (LSC) region of 83 844 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17 083 bp and two reverse repeat (IR) regions of 26 516 bp. A total of 124 genes were annotated, including 79 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs. (2) A total of 169 SSRs were detected, mainly composed of A and T, including 129 mononucleotides, 18 dinucleotides, 11 trinucleotides, 9 tetranucleotides and 2 pentanucleotides, but no hexonucleotides were detected by SSR. Boundary analysis showed that the LSC region of Rubia cordifolia chloroplast genome had the largest difference and the highest degree of variation, while the IRa region had the smallest difference and was the most conservative. (3) The maximum likelihood method (ML) was used to construct phylogenetic tree, and the tree shows that Rubia cordifolia was grouped with the same species Rubia horrida with 100% support. The Rubioideae, Ixoroideae, and Cinchonoideae form the sister group, demonstrating that Rubiaceae has developed conserved during evolution. The results can provide data reference for identification, genetic diversity analysis and resource exploitation of Rubia cordifolia and its related species.

Abstract:In this study, the leaves of Rutaceae species were used as materials, to extract the chloroplast DNA was extracted byusing modified CTAB method, and the chloroplast genome was sequenced by BGISEQ-500 platform, and the chloroplast genome was assembled and annotated. by BGISEQ-500 platform, Combined with NCBI database data, the whole chloroplast genome sequences of 49 species in 19 genera of Rutaceae were obtained. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships among Rutaceae and the molecular phylogenetic relationships between Zanthoxylum and its related genera after the sequence alignment, the phylogenetic trees of Rutaceae were constructed by ML and BI methods, respectively, and to provide molecular phylogenetic evidence for further exploration of the phylogenetic relationships of Zanthoxylum species. The results showed that: (1) based on the chloroplast genome sequence matrix (total length is 196 641 bp), the topological nodes of phylogenetic trees obtained by ML and BI methods were basically the same, with strong support for each branches. ，the chloroplast genome data can resolve the phylogenetic relationships of intergeneric in Rutaceae. (2) Rutaceae is a monophyletic group and further forms two branches, of which subfamily Aurantioideae is a monophyletic group and clustered with Ruta in Rutaceae into Clade I, Clade II is composed of Rutoideae and Toddalioideae, neither of which is monophyletic group. Among them, the monophyletic of Rutaceae was supported, and two major clades were formed, and within the clade I comprised an Aurantioideae lineage was sister to Ruta. Clade II consisted of Rutoideae and Toddalioideae, both of which are not monophyletic. Casimiroa and Skimmia of Toddalioideae and Dictamnus and Orixa of Rutoideae were the early-diverging clade, followed by Melicope and Acronychia. Phellodendron and Tetradium formed a clade sister to Zanthoxylum, Toddalia asiatica was nested in Zanthoxylum, and our the result supported the treatment of merging T. asiatica into Zanthoxylum. To sum up, the plastomes data were sufficiently robust to explore implications of the phylogeny for the previous phylogenetic hypotheses. The study provided a theoretical foundation for further research on the phylogenetic relationship of Zanthoxylum species level and the cultivation of new varieties.

Abstract:In order to explore the reaction mechanisms underlying plants during the dry-wet alternating soil environment which bring about by intermittent and seasonal drought, the three-leaves stage seedlings of Rheum officinale Baill. were used as experimental materials, a pot experiment was carried out to study its response mechanism under different drought duration (The first drought lasted for 10 days, the second drought lasted for 25 days after rehydration, and the third drought lasted for 40 days after rehydration), different drought gradient (normal water supply, mild, moderate and severe drought) and different rewatering time (1st and 3rd day). The results indicated that drought stresses obviously decreased the aboveground biomass and increased the root-shoot ratio, accompanied with significant decrease of leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters (Pn, Ci, Gs, E, CE), photosynthetic system performance index (PIabs, PItotal) and fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, qp). In addition, a large number of QA- was accumulated and the curves of OJIP in phase J and I increased significantly. Slight or moderate drought for 10 days had less inhibitory effect on leaf PSII system with no significant changes including ΦPSⅡ, ETR and Fo. With the drought duration, PSII system was significantly damaged, and the value of NPQ was almost zero after 40 days of severe drought. Rewatering after 10 days of drought, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, j-phase, i-phase, Mo, ETR recovered rapidly. Rewatering after 25 days of drought, Pn, Gs, CE, E, Ls and chlorophyll b in leaves showed obvious compensation effects. The Pn, Gs, CE, E, chlorophyll content, most of the fluorescence parameters, j-phase and i-phase of OJIP curve, etc. did not recover to CK level when rewatering after the third drought period lasted 40 days. Under drought stress, the leaf resisted light damage by heat dissipation. With the increase of drought stress and drought duration, the electron transport rate was severely inhibited, the photoprotective mechanism failed, and the reaction center was inactivated. The study found that the photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters recovered quickly under rewatering after short-term drought, showing compensation effect. Under slight or moderate drought stress, the plant that continued to dry for 25 days after rehydration showed stronger drought resistance and recovery ability than those only after 10 days of drought. Long-term and severe drought destroyed the photosynthetic apparatus, the plant did not fully recover its normal physiological function caused by the extremely light and growth inhibition even after rehydration. Thus, suitable drought exercise at seedling stage could enhance the photosynthetic capacity and PSII function, as well as improve drought resistance.

Abstract:The lithophytic moss crusts can absorb water and nutrients from the atmosphere and grow on the rock surface, and it has a variety of important ecological functions, such as promoting mineral differentiation and vegetation succession. The use of artificially cultivated moss crusts for ecological restoration of rock engineering wounds has a broad market prospect, and it has become the primary task to explore efficient provenance cultivation techniques for the dominant species in specific areas. For this reason, in this study, a well-growth and high biomass stone creeping moss in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, Brachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) B. S. G., was used as the research material, considering the concentration of Rhodopseudomonas palustris (24 ml.L-1^, 12 ml.L-1^{, no addition) and} Chlorella vulgaris concentration (250 ml.L-1^{, 125 ml.L}-1^{, no addition)} to carry out a two-factor complete experiment. The coverage, newly germinated number and newly germinated stem length of moss were observed under the condition of artificial climate box, and the effect, optimum concentration and combination of bacteria and algae were studied, so as to provide scientific basis for improving the efficiency of cultivation. The results show: (1) Only adding low concentration of bacteria is the best performance treatment of moss crusts growth. Compared with the control (no addition of bacteria or algae), it could increase the coverage by 14.3%, the number of new sprouts by 61.2%, and the length of new sprouts by 34.0%. (2) The concentration of bacteria had significant effects on the coverage, number of new sprouted moss and stem length of new sprouted moss. (3) The concentration of algae had no significant effect on the growth indexes of moss crusts, and the interaction with bacteria had a significant effect on the coverage. Rhodopseudomonas palustris can significantly promote the growth and development of Brachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) B. S. G., which should be considered and used for reference in the future provenance cultivation.

Abstract:Tamarix ramosissima and Alhagi sparsifolia are dominant species in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and important symbiotic plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Both species often grow together and are severely limited by water availability. in this study, a pot experiment was conducted using seedlings of Alhagi sparsifolia and Tamarix ramosissima. Three water gradient levels were set: normal moisture (70% ± 5% soil relative moisture content, D0), moderate moisture stress (40% ± 5% soil relative moisture content, D1), and severe moisture stress (20% ± 5% soil relative moisture content, D2). sets two groups of inoculation treatments for inoculation (AMF+) and no inoculation (AMF-), and setting hyphal transmission distance (long hyphal transmission distance 30cm, L) and (short hyphal transmission distance 15cm, S) between the donor plant Alhagi sparsifolia and the receiver plant Tamarix ramosissima. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hyphal transmission distance on the growth and physiology of these two different life forms under drought stress were investigated.The results showed that: 1) After inoculation with AMF, arbuscular mycorrhizal networks（AMNs）was formed between the donor and receiver plants, and the decrease in infection rate of the long hyphal transmission distance receiver under severe moisture stress (D2) compared to normal moisture conditions (D0) was 73.22%. 2) Under moderate moisture stress, AMF had a promoting effect on both long hyphal transmission distance and short hyphal transmission distance receiver, but had no promoting effect on plant height, basal diameter relative growth rate, and biomass of long-distance receiver under severe moisture stress. 3) Under all moisture treatments, AMF significantly promoted the root growth indicators of the receiver plants (P<0.05), with the S treatment being superior to the L treatment, but the receiver plants showed significantly lower levels under severe moisture stress and long hyphal transmission distance treatment. 4) Under moderate moisture stress, AMF had a promoting effect on the antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulation substance content, chlorophyll content, and leaf relative water content of both long and short hyphal transmission distance receiver, with no significant difference between the different hyphal transmission distance treatments. However, under severe moisture stress, AMF had no promoting effect on the growth of long hyphal transmission distance receiver. Therefore, under normal and moderate moisture conditions, inoculating with AMF significantly promoted the apparent growth, biomass accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulation substance content, and chlorophyll content of long hyphal transmission distance receiver, enhancing the drought resistance of the receiver plants. However, under severe moisture stress, the promoting effect of AMF on long hyphal transmission distance receivers was not significant.

Abstract:Selecting excellent parents and cross combinations, determining the optimal pollination period and exploring the cross compatibility among ornamental crabapple cultivars is valuable to provide references for the breeding of new cultivars. In this study, 15 crabapple cultivars with different ornamental characteristics were selected, the pollen viability and anther pollen quantity were determined by in vitro culture method and suspension method, respectively. Then their male fertility was evaluated. The stigma receptivity at different days was determined by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide method, the growth and fertilization of pollen tubes after pollination were observed by fluorescence microscopy, and the fruit setting of 5 cross combinations were studied by artificial controlled pollination. The results were as follows:（1）The male fertility of 15 cultivars could be divided into 4 types: male sterile, low fertility, medium fertility and high fertility according to the pollen viability. Among them, 6 cultivars such as ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Winter Red’ were high quality male parents. （2）The stigma receptivity showed a law of "weak-strong-weak" from 1 day before flowering to 6th day after flowering, and the 3rd day was the optimal pollination period. （3）The pollen began to germinate at 4~8 h and fertilized at 48-96 h after pollination. （4）There was a significant positive correlation between pollen fertility, stigma receptivity and fruit setting rate and seed plumpness rate. Besides, the peak period of fruit drop was within 2 months after pollination, then the fruit setting rate tended to be stable. ‘Winter Red’ × ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Strawberry Jelly’ × ‘Indian Summer’ were high fruiting rate cross combinations. These results showes that ornamental crabapple is dichogamous, parents with high fertility are the key to the success of cross, and the main reason for the incompatibility of crabapple is post-fertilization disorder in this study.

Abstract:Aims The distribution area of shrubs or subshrubs continues to increase in arid and semi-arid areas，which can significantly change the original vegetation landscape and ecological process, but there is a lack of research on shrub species replacing herbaceous species in the long-term enclosure process, which affects the composition, structure and function of grassland communities. Methods In order to reveal the response characteristics of enclosed grassland vegetation and soil to shrub encroachment, the response of long-term enclosed grassland vegetation and soil characteristics to Caragana brachypoda encroachment was investigated by site observation of plant community (species importance value, richness, diversity and biomass) and soil characteristics (soil moisture, nutrients, pH) at different times (2010, 2016 and 2021) in the same enclosed grassland in semi-arid loess area. Important findings The results showed that: (1) Caragana brachypoda has replaced herbaceous plants as the dominant species of enclosed grassland. The shrub biomass and total biomass and the coverage and height increased significantly, but the community density was less affected; (2) The Patrick richness index, Simpson diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of grassland community were significantly decreased, while the Pielou evenness index was significantly increased due to the encroachment of Caragana brachypoda; (3) Shrubbery significantly increased the bulk density of deep soil (60-100 cm). There was no significant difference in soil water content, but the soil water storage decreased first and then increased with the increase of soil depth; (4) The soil organic carbon content in the grassland invaded by Caragana brachypoda increased significantly in the shallow soil layer (0-60 cm). There was no significant difference in soil total nitrogen content with soil layer. The soil total phosphorus content increased significantly throughout the soil profile (0-100 cm). There is no significant change in pH. The results showed that shrubbery changed the aboveground-underground process of grassland community, and the response of vegetation and soil may be inconsistent. The research results can provide theoretical and practical support for community succession theory and adaptability and sustainable management of shrubbery grassland.

Abstract:Abstract: In order to obtain a more reliable primary core germplasm population of Camellia yungkiangensis, strengthen the breeding, development and utilization of Camellia yungkiangensis germplasm and molecular genetics research, solve the problem of high conservation cost of its germplasm resources, and promote the identification and effective utilization of Camellia yungkiangensis germplasm resources. Using 118 Camellia yungkiangensis germplasm resources as materials, a total of 23 agronomic traits including 19 phenotypic traits and 4 basic quality components were analyzed; Based on two Genetic distance (standardized Euclidean distance, Mahalanobis distance), four clustering methods (sum of squares of deviations, unweighted group average, longest distance, shortest distance) and seven overall sampling scales (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%), 56 candidate core collections of Camellia yungkiangensis were constructed, and the primary core collection was constructed using the best construction scheme selected. Evaluate the representativeness of core germplasm by analyzing the phenotypic genetic diversity and degree of variation of original germplasm, preserved germplasm, and core germplasm, as well as t-tests between various qualitative and quantitative traits, and confirm the core germplasm using principal component analysis. When constructing the core collection of Camellia yungkiangensis, the standardized Euclidean distance was better than Mahalanobis distance in the two Genetic distance; Among the four clustering methods, the shortest distance method is superior to the other three; Among the 7 overall sampling scales, a sampling ratio of 30% is more suitable for the construction of core germplasm of Camellia yungkiangensis. The analysis and evaluation of the 38 core germplasm constructed showed that the core germplasm had good consistency with the 6 characteristic values of the 23 traits of the original germplasm, and the genetic diversity index had a certain degree of improvement; The t-test results showed that the core germplasm balanced the distribution of rare traits and effectively preserved the genetic diversity of the original germplasm; The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of principal components in core germplasm was higher than that in original germplasm; When further confirming the core germplasm, it was found that the core germplasm was evenly distributed within the original germplasm range without overlap, effectively avoiding redundancy of the core germplasm. The core germplasm resources of Camellia yungkiangensis constructed can effectively represent the original germplasm, while preserving the traits, genetic diversity, and variation of the original germplasm. The construction strategies of standardized Euclidean distance, shortest distance method, and 30% overall sampling scale are the best methods for constructing core germplasm of Camellia yungkiangensis. Finally, 38 primary core germplasm resources of Camellia yungkiangensis were constructed, accounting for 32.20% of the original germplasm. The evaluation of core germplasm indicates that the construction of primary core germplasm is effective and of high quality, which can fully represent the genetic diversity of the original germplasm while ensuring minimal redundancy.

Abstract:The study aimed to explore the effects of different methods on the formation of aromatic substances in xylem for Aquilaria sinensis, and provide theoretical guidance for improving and optimizing the technologies of agarwood induction. Three treatments of drill hole、red-hot iron drill bit and solutions of Melanotus flavolivens and a control (CK) treatment were conducted on A. sinensis trees, xylem samples were collected 12 months after the treatments, the discoloration range and contents of starch and soluble sugars at xylem part were tested. Furthermore, alcohol soluble extracts were extracted with 95% ethyl alcohol and agarotetrol as well as main aromatic substances components were determined. The results showed that: (1) the largest discoloration range at xylem part was observed on treatment of M. flavolivens solutions, where the discoloration range could reach 120 in longitudinal and 3.84 cm in horizontal directions. Though the longitudinal discoloration range could exceed 120 cm for the other two treatments, the largest horizontal discoloration ranges were only 0.58 cm and 1.06 cm, respectively. (2) The starch contents in xylem of the three treatments were significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.05), the decreased amount ranged from 24.82% to 55.25%. The soluble sugar contents of M. flavolivens solutions and red-hot iron drill bit treatments were significantly higher than that of CK, while significant difference was absent between drill hole and CK treatments. (3) The contents of alcohol soluble extracts were 11.84%, 13.26% and 21.08% for the treatments of drill hole、red-hot iron drill bit and solutions of M. flavolivens. It was significantly higher than that of CK. The agarotetrol contents of the three treatments were 0.18%, 0.26% and 0.42%, respectively, and no agarotetrol was detected in CK. (4) There were 29, 33 and 36 aromatic substances in the A. sinensis of drill hole、red-hot iron drill bit and solutions of M.flavolivens treatments, respectively.The main components mainly include chromone and its derivatives, agarospirol, guaiol, aromadendrene, benzylacetone, dihydrokaranone, kusunol, α-santalol and nonanal. A. sinensis trees with injection of M. flavolivens solutions could induce the largest discoloration range, increase the contents of starch and soluble sugars and be beneficial for the accumulation of agarotetrol and aromatic substances.

Abstract:In order to explore the differences of understory plant diversity in different forest communities in Shenmulei, the typical sample plot method was used to study the five major forest communities in Shenmulei Forest Area of Jiajin Mountain: Picea asperata forest, Picea likiangensis forest, Larix potaninii forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and broad-leaved forest. The species composition and species diversity of understory plants in different forest communities were compared, and the redundancy analysis of stand factors and understory plant diversity was carried out to determine the main stand factors affecting understory plant diversity, which could provide theoretical basis for local forest management. The results showed that: (1) 147 species of understory plants belonging to 61 families and 108 genera, were recorded in the study; the families, genera and species composition of understory plants in Picea asperata forest community was the richest. (2) The H, H", D and JSW values of all types of communities were: herb layer > shrub layer; Picea asperata forest community had the highest species diversity in shrub layer, Picea likiangensis forest community had the highest species diversity in herb layer, and the diversity of understory plant species in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community and broad-leaved forest community was poor. (3) The average under branch height and stand density were the main stand factors affecting the species diversity of shrub layer (P<0.01). The average under branch height was negatively correlated with the D value, H value and H" value of shrub layer, and the stand density was positively correlated with the four diversity indexes of shrub layer. The average under branch height was the main stand factor affecting the species diversity of herb layer (P<0.01). The average under branch height was positively correlated with the H value, H" value and JSW value of herb layer. This study suggests that the species diversity of understory plants in Picea asperata forest community and Picea likiangensis forest community is high. The average under branch height and stand density are the main stand factors affecting the diversity of understory plants in different forest communities in Shenmulei.

Abstract:The species and distribution of glandular trichome in leaves and stem epidermis of sunflower were observed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, and the cytological characteristics of the origin, growth, maturation, secretion and senescence of different types of glandular hair were investigated. The composition and distribution of glandular trichome of Solanum nigrum L. were observed by histochemical staining and fluorescence microscopy, which provided reference for further development and utilization of Solanum nigrum L. The results showed that: (1) There were two types of glandular trichomes: unicellular glandular trichomes and multicellular glandular trichomes. The former mainly distributed on the stem surface and the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves, while the latter mainly distributed between the unicellular glandular trichomes on the stem surface, the veins and the edges of the leaves. (2) The development of glandular trichome of nightshade starts from the process of epidermal cell, single-celled head glandular hair grows at the top, with 1-4 stalks and four types; The multicellular head hair can be divided into one layer, two layer and three layer multicellular head trichome, and there are three special types. (3) The mature glandular trichomes of Solanum nigrum L. have secretory ability, and protrusion, mass and break are formed on the surface of glandular trichome cells through the accumulation of substances in the subcutaneous space, and secretions are finally released; The head cells and stalk cells then shrink and age. (4) Ultrastructure showed that the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus were extremely abundant in glandular trichome cells, and anabolic and secretory activities were active, resulting in a large number of vesicles containing osmophilic substances, which fused with the cell wall, and then transferred the osmophilic substances to the cell wall and accumulated, and then stored in the subcutaneous space under the stratum corneum until secretion and release; (5) Histochemical staining results showed that glandular trichome contained terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, proteins, phenols and polysaccharides. The head cells mainly contain terpenoids, alkaloids, lipids, proteins, phenols and neutral polysaccharides. The stem cells mainly contain terpenoids, alkaloids and lipids.

Abstract:In order to understand the relationship between the natural regeneration and the micro-environment of the endangered species Phoebe bournei seedlings; The research object is the regeneration individuals of Phoebe bournei natural forest with DBH<5.0 cm in Bangbei Village, Fuchuan County, Guangxi. Based on survey data of 0.64 hm2 fixed monitoring sample plots, Pearson correlation coefficient, redundancy analysis and other methods were used to analyze the relationship between seedling regeneration density and micro-environment factors of the sample plot. The results show that: (1) The largest number of small seedling recruit individuals of Phoebe bournei, the density decreased with the increase of age; Low transformation rate from seedlings to saplings, and the transformation rate from small seedlings to medium seedlings is the key stage of successful regeneration of Phoebe bournei; (2) The seedling regeneration density of Phoebe bournei was significantly positively correlated with the shrub height, the distance from the nearest parent tree, and the shrub coverage of the plot, while it was significantly negatively correlated with the light intensity and the herb layer coverage of the plot; (3) Through redundancy analysis, it can be seen that the key factors affecting the regeneration of Phoebe bournei seedlings are shrub height, the distance from the nearest parent tree, shrub coverage, the leaf area index, light, herb coverage, litter thickness, and soil salinity. Light and herb coverage are the limiting factors for the regeneration of seedlings. Therefore, reducing the light intensity, reducing herb coverage, and enhancing shrub coverage are conducive to the regeneration and development of population.

Abstract:We identify one diatom species as Oricymba voronkinae Glushchenko, Kulikovskiy & Kociolek, which is reported for the first time in China, after examining the specimens collected from a headwater stream, which runs through the Jianghua Yao Autonomous County of Hunan province, by using light and scanning electron microscopy. The observation results demonstrate that O. voronkinae has the following diagnostic characteristics: (1) lanceolate valve outline with bluntly rounded ends; (2) valve face flat and clearly separated from the mantle by a marginal ridge; (3) grooves present along both sides of the marginal ridge; (4) the proximal raphe endings deflexed to ventral side, and the distal raphe endings bent to dorsal side at near a right angle, and a notch on the dorsal side of distal raphe fissure; (5) central stigma externally has single round opening, but internally has two slit-like openings occluded by fine ingrowths; (6) areolae are elongated slits, only the areolae near central axial area are semicircular to arcuate, partially occluded by dentate projections; (7) the undulate flap-like silica strips covering the internal apertures of each pervalvar row of foramina, not completely occluding internal apertures; (8) stria density 8–11/10 μm measured at the central valve part，areola density 25–30/10 μm. This study provides the accurate data of the areolae density and the detailed internal ultrastructure of the apical pore fields, which is not revealed in its original descriptions for O. voronkinae.