Abstract:Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) is an important component of plant photosynthetic membranes and plays a regulatory role in the resistance of plants to adverse conditions. The genome of MGDG gene family (GhMGDs) of Gossypium hirsutum L. were analyzed and identified by bioinformatics method, and verified its expression rule under abiotic stress in this study. The results showed that: (1) There were 17 members of this gene family in the upland cotton genome, the amino acid residues ranged from 435 aa to 888 aa, the heoretical isoelectric point ranged from 6.00 to 9.67, and all genes contain 6-8 introns. (2) According to the phylogenetic tree, this gene family can be divided into type A and type B MGDG synthetase. The gene structure and conserved motifs of each member of each subfamily were very similar. (3) The 17 MGDG genes were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes. The secondary structures showed that the family was mainly composed of α-helix and random coil. (4) The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression analysis of MGDG gene family members were the difference in the expression levels of each MGDG gene in four different tissues of Upland cotton. GhMGD2, GhMGD12 and GhMGD16 genes were highly expressed in upland cotton roots. GhMGD7, GhMGD9 and GhMGD10 genes were highly expressed in upland cotton leaves. Furthermore, we identified six candidate gene expression patterns induced by low phosphorus stress, including GhMGD2, GhMGD7, GhMGD9, GhMGD10, GhMGD12 and GhMGD16. The expression of GhMGD2 gene at 72 h under low phosphorus treatment was 72 times that of suitable phosphorus treatment.

Abstract:Spur-type bud mutation varieties are important germplasm resources that could be utilized in the dwarfizing and close planting of apple in China. Studying their physiological basis and related genes lays the foundation for further exploring the formation mechanism of apple spur-type bud mutation. In this study, the leaves, stems and stem tips of the common cultivar ‘Yanfu No. 8’ and the spur-type ‘Huimin Fuji’ during the rapid growth period were used as experimental materials to measure the branch thickness and internode length. The contents of endogenous hormones (IAA, GA₃ and ABA) and soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the expression characteristics of hormone-related genes in different varieties were compared and analyzed by real-time quantitative qRT-PCR, providing support for the study of the regulation mechanism of branch development in apple. The results showed that the internode length of ‘Yanfu No. 8’ was 1.2-fold higher than that of ‘Huimin Fuji’, while the branch diameter was significantly lower than that of ‘Huimin Fuji’. The contents of sucrose and sorbitol in stems of ‘Yanfu No. 8’ were 2.5- and 1.3-fold higher than those in ‘Huimin Fuji’, respectively. The glucose content in stem tips of ‘Yanfu No. 8’ was only 0.3-fold of that in ‘Huimin Fuji’. The contents of GA₃ and IAA, and the expression levels of TIR1 and GA20ox genes in stems and stem tips were significantly higher than those in ‘Huimin Fuji’. However, the content of ABA, and the expression levels of SnRK2 and PYL were significantly lower than that in ‘Huimin Fuji’. The expression level of GA20ox in leaves was significantly higher than that in ‘Huimin Fuji’. The study shows that lower concentrations of GA₃, IAA, sucrose and sorbitol, as well as higher concentrations of ABA and glucose, were closely related to the formation of spur-type apple varieties.

Abstract:In order to explore the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene in maize stress resistance, we selected two maize seedlings with distinct differences in drought resistance as experimental materials. The sequence structure and expression patterns of ZmSOD gene under drought stress were analyzed by RT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The results showed that: (1) The full-length cDNA sequences of SOD gene were cloned successfully from the leaves of drought-sensitive Denghai 605 (DH605) and drought-resistant Liyu 35 (LY35), respectively. The opening reading frame (ORF) of ZmSOD1 gene in DH605 was 456 bp in length, encoding 151 amino acids. The isoelectric point of ZmSOD1 protein was 5.76, and its molecular weight was 15.05 kD. The ORF of ZmSOD2 gene in LY35 was 459 bp in length, encoding 152 amino acids. The isoelectric point of ZmSOD2 protein was 5.65, and its molecular weight was 15.11 kD. ZmSOD1 and ZmSOD2 are hydrophilic stable proteins, both containing Cu/Zn-SOD domain without signal peptide and transmembrane domain at the N-terminal. Homology and phylogenetic analysis showed that ZmSOD was highly homologous to FmCu/Zn-SOD2, and the similarity was as high as 96.05%. (2) Under drought conditions, the transcription level of ZmSOD1 in DH605 was significantly decreased, and that of ZmSOD2 in LY35 was significantly increased. The 2-DE coupled mass spectrometry showed that the expression level of ZmSOD1 in DH605 was significantly decreased, the expression level of ZmSOD2 in LY35 was not significantly changed, but the expression level of Mn-SOD was significantly increased. (3) Correlation analysis showed that the transcription level of ZmSOD1 in DH605 leaves was marked positive correlated with its protein abundance and SOD activity, and the transcription level of ZmSOD2 in LY35 leaves was positively correlated with SOD activity. The results of this study provided a basis for further exploring the mechanism of SOD gene in regulating maize resistance and stress response.

Abstract:Phospholipase is a class of phospholipase hydrolases and signal transducers that play an important role in regulating plant growth and development and stress response. However, the function of phospholipase A1 (PLA1) in plant response to biological and abiotic stresses is rarely reported. In this study, a subtype of phospholipase PLA1, MaPLA1-2D was cloned in mulberry, and the sequence feature, tissue expression, stress-induced expression of MaPLA1-2D, and subcellular localization of the protein were analyzed. The results showed that MaPLA1-2D contains 4 isoforms, named MaPLA1-2D.1- MaPLA1-2D.4. The four genes were highly expressed in the roots and leaves of mulberry, and the proteins were mainly localized in chloroplasts. The MaPLA1-2D members had high sequence similarity and close evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis AtDAD1 in the conserved domain. It was showed that the promoters of the four MaPLA1-2D genes contained a variety of stress-responsive cis-elements and hormone responsive elements, and the gene expressions of MaPLA1-2D were significantly induced by drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. These results indicate that MaPLA1-2D genes are homologous to Arabidopsis DAD, which may play an important role in abiotic stress response of mulberry.

Abstract:With four-year-old Lonicera japonica Thunb. as experimental material, we used potting and foliar spraying method to set different mass concentrations of copper fertilizer (10, 30, 50 mg/L Cu²⁺, represented as Cu₁₀, Cu₃₀, Cu₅₀) and borax fertilizer (20, 40, 60 mg/L B₄O^2-₇, represented as B₂₀, B₄₀, B₆₀) and their combination treatments. The photosynthetic parameters of L. japonica leaves and the contents of nutrients, pharmacodynamic components and mineral ions in stems and rattans were determined, and the effects of copper and borax fertilizer on photosynthetic physiology, nutrients, mineral ions and the quality of stems and rattans of L. japonica were investigated, providing theoretical reference for optimizing the cultivation technology of L. japonica and improving the quality of its medicinal materials. The result showed that: (1) Spraying a certain mass concentration of copper-borax fertilizer could improve the net photosynthetic rate of L. japonica leaves, in which B₄₀Cu₅₀ combined application was the especially optimal. The appropriate mass concentration of copper-borax fertilizer was beneficial to increase the total chlorophyll content, while the high mass concentration of copper and borax fertilizer had inhibitory effects. (2) The effects of combined application of copper-boron fertilizer on nutrients and medicinal ingredients were more significant than that of single application of copper or boron fertilizer. The contents of soluble protein, amylum and reducing sugar could be significantly increased by B₄₀Cu₅₀ treatment, and the contents of soluble sugar could be significantly increased by B₂₀Cu₁₀ treatment in L. japonica stems. The optimal concentration of combined application for the accumulation of chlorogenic acid and loganin in L. japonica stems were B₆₀Cu₅₀ and B₂₀Cu₃₀, respectively. (3) Application of copper and borax fertilizer also had a corresponding effect on the contents of mineral ions in L. japonica. The contents of mineral ions increased in L. japonica with single application and combined application of copper and borax fertilizer, especially B₂₀Cu₁₀, B₂₀Cu₃₀ and B₂₀Cu₅₀. In conclusion, the B₄₀Cu₅₀ treatment was optimal, which could effectively increase the contents of nutrition and active components and mineral ions in stems and rattans of L. japonica.

Abstract:In this study, pot experiments were carried out with Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis and Dallergia odorifera seedlings as research objects, and two groups of treatments and one group of control were set up as follows: E. urophylla × E. grandis was inoculated with Bacillus megaterium, but D. odorifera was not inoculated (BM); D. odorifera was inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum, but E. urophylla × E. grandis was not inoculated (RJ); neither E. urophylla × E. grandis nor D. odorifera were inoculated (control group, CK). The effects of two kinds of growth-promoting bacterial inoculation treatments on photosynthetic physiology, growth, and biomass accumulation and distribution in E. urophylla×E. grandis-D. odorifera seedlings were clarified, and the advantages of inoculation for growth promotion were also discussed. The results showed that: (1) The BM treatment significantly reduced the chlorophyll content (Chl) of E. urophylla × E. grandis (P<0.05), both BM and RJ treatments increased the plant height, ground diameter, nitrogen content of leaves, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, but decreased the intercellular CO₂ concentration. (2) The RJ treatment improved the biomass accumulation of the leaves and whole plant of E. urophylla × E.grandis and D. odorifera, while BM improved the leaves biomass of E. urophylla × E.grandis and the biomass accumulation of D. odorifera including roots, stems, leaves, and whole plant (P<0.05). (3) The net photosynthetic rates in leaves of both seedlings being positively correlated with biomass under all treatments. These results suggest that the physiological metabolism of intercropped E. urophylla × E. grandis-D. odorifera seedlings were stimulated by the inoculation of Bacillus megaterium or Rhizobium japonicum, and both growth-promoting bacteria promote the accumulation of plant biomass by boosting photosynthesis in both seedlings. In terms of biomass changes, the altruistic effect of the inoculated strains was more obvious.

Abstract:Taking the continuous cropping substrate for two consecutive times as the object, we conducted the pot experiment to set up the solar disinfection, hot water disinfection, carbendazim disinfection, garlic associated cultivation, microbial agent and new substrate as control. After cucumber planting, we analyzed the changes of the physical and chemical properties, nutrient content, phenolic substance content, related enzyme activities of the substrate, as well as the changes of the growth and development, photosynthesis and fruit yield of cucumber in the fruiting period, to explore the mechanism of the effects of different treatments on the growth and development of cucumber in continuous cropping substrate cultivation, and to provide new ideas and methods for the reuse of waste substrate in production. The results showed that both solar disinfection and hot water disinfection treatments significantly increased the pH of the continuous cropping substrate and decreased the electrical conductivity value after cucumber cultivation in the continuous cropping substrate. The electrical conductivity value, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and total phenol content of the substrate treated with microbial bacteria were significantly lower than those of the continuous cropping substrate, while the substrate phosphatase and catalase activities were significantly higher than those of the continuous cropping substrate. In addition, hot water disinfection significantly reduced the total phenolic content and composite phenolic content of the continuous cropping substrate. When cucumber grew to fruiting stage, solar disinfection, hot water disinfection, carbendazim disinfection, garlic associated cultivation and application of microbial bacteria significantly enhanced the root activity and plant height of cucumber. The most significant increase in yield was observed in hot water disinfection and the application of microbial bacteria, which increased by 16.56% and 18.40% compared to continuous cropping substrate cultivation, respectively. It could be seen that both hot water disinfection treatment and application of microbial bacteria in continuous cropping substrate could reduce the accumulation of substrate salt, reduce total phenolic content, and significantly improve the root vitality and photosynthesis of cucumber, thereby increasing cucumber yield.

Abstract:In order to evaluate and screen muskmelon varieties with cracking resistance, we measured fruit cracking index and fruit cracking rate at mature stage of 20 Xinjiang muskmelon varieties planted in the base of Turpanya Yaer township, Center of Hami Melon, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. At the same time, in order to elucidate internal factors associated with fruit cracking, we tested some physiological characteristics of these varieties fruit, including peroxidase activity (POD), polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO), mineral element contents, cellulose and hemicellulose contents, which would provide theoretically valuable information to cultivation and genetic enhancement of muskmelon. Results showed that: (1) All muskmelon varieties tested were divided into 5 scales on the base of fruit cracking index, in which 3 varieties were classified into extremely cracking resistance scale, 5 into cracking resistance scale, 5 into easier cracking scale, 4 into easy cracking scale and 3 into extremely easy cracking scale. (2) Peel water content was significantly higher in varieties classified into extremely easy cracking (EEC) scale than in extremely cracking resistance (ECR) and easier cracking (EC) scale, while the heart sugar was significantly lower than that in ECR and EC scale; four mineral elements contents, Ca, Na, Mg, and Fe were higher in fruit peel than that in fruit flesh significantly. PPO activity was significantly higher in varieties classified into EC scale than EEC scale, POD activity was significantly higher in varieties classified into EEC scale than that in ECR and EC scale; cellulose and hemicellulose contents were significantly higher in varieties classified into ECR scale than that in EEC scale. (3) Fruit cracking resistance showed significantly positive correlation with the contents of heart sugar, cellulose, and hemicellulose, and negative correlation with the contents of peel water, flesh water, and K, as well as POD activation, respectively. (4) In the principal component analysis, there were 13 main factors for fruit cracking in melons: Cracking rate, cracking index, peel water content, flesh water content, heart sugar, edge sugar, K, Ca, Mg and Na in the peel, Na and Cu in the flesh, and cellulose. These results suggested that 3 muskmelon varieties, Huangmengcui, K1028, and Xizhoumi 17 were screened as extremely cracking resistance. Fruit cracking rate, cracking index, heart sugar, peel water content, flesh water content, cellulose and element K content were important indicators in melon cracking studies.

Abstract:In this study, nine strains of forage grasses, including three Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense (SS_BJ, SS_JS, SS_HF), two S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf. (SU_JS, SU_HF), two Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum (PP_JS, PP_HF), Lolium multiflorum Lam. (LM_JS) and Lolium perenne L. (LP_JS), were used as research material in pot experiment with 0 (CK), 10 (Cd10) and 20 mg/kg (Cd20) Cd stress treatments. The growth index, Cd content and enrichment index of different strains were measured. We investigated the Cd remediation capacity of different species and strains of forage grasses to establish an evaluation system for the phytoremediation capacity of Cd-contaminated soil, and to discover phytoremediation resources for Cd-contaminated soil that take into account enrichment and post-treatment. The results showed that: (1) Both of the plant height and biomass of all forage grasses at different degrees under Cd stress, among which SU_JS had a high tolerant to Cd stress under both Cd10 and Cd20 treatments. (2) Both LM_JS and LP_JS had higher above-ground and below-ground Cd contents under Cd10 and Cd20 treatments, and the three strains of S. bicolor×S. sudanense had greater differences both in Cd content and Cd accumulation. (3) Under the treatments of Cd10 and Cd20, the enrichment indexes of S. bicolor×S. sudanense and L. multiflorum Lam. performed well, and the enrichment indexes were different greatly among the S. bicolor×S. sudanense strains. (4) L. multiflorum Lam. could obtain the highest overall evaluation scores at two Cd treatments, and the next was S. bicolor×S. sudanense. This study showed that all of the tested forage grasses had a strong tolerance to Cd stress, but there were significant differences in tolerance and enrichment ability among the different strains, with the greatest difference among the S. bicolor×S. sudanense strains. The model developed in this study could be used as a reliable method for the selection of plant resources for the remediation of Cd contamination.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effect of forbidden grazing and enclosure on the alpine meadow ecosystem of the Yellow River source, this study selected the Maqin alpine meadow as the research object, and analyzed the changes of vegetation community structure and soil moisture characteristics of the alpine meadow of the Yellow River source under different forbidden grazing and enclosure conditions through field investigation and indoor experiment. The results showed that: (1) Vegetation cover and height increased with the extension of forbidden grazing and enclosure years. The species diversity index，Patrick index and species number increased and then stabilized with the extension of the closure period. The dominance index decreased and then stabilized, and the evenness index did not change significantly. In terms of functional groups, the importance of grasses and legumes increased gradually with the increase of closure years, the importance of sedge plants increased rapidly and then stabilized, and the importance of miscellaneous grasses decreased significantly. (2) The above-ground biomass gradually increased with the increase of closure years, and the below-ground biomass and total above-ground and below-ground biomass showed a trend of increasing first and then stabilizing. The effects of sealing measures on below-ground biomass were mainly concentrated in 0-20 cm. (3) The effects of forbidden grazing and enclosure on soil bulk, water holding capacity and porosity of alpine meadows in the Yellow River source were mainly concentrated in the surface layer (0-5 cm), with the increase of forbidden grazing and enclosure years, the surface soil bulk showed a trend of first decreasing and then stabilizing, the soil saturation water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity and field water holding capacity showed an increasing trend, the soil capillary porosity and the total porosity showed a trend of increasing and then stabilizing, and the non-capillary porosity did not change significantly. Compared with the severe degradation, the 0-5 cm soil bulk density of 5 years of forbidden grazing and enclosure decreased significantly by 30.25%(P<0.05), and the saturated water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, field water holding capacity, capillary porosity and total porosity increased significantly by 14.44%, 18.36%, 28.19%, 18.36% and 12.09%, respectively (P<0.05). This indicates that the short-term forbidden grazing and enclosure is not only beneficial to improve the vegetation community structure of the alpine meadow of the Yellow River source area, but also enhances the water-holding function of the soil in this area.

Abstract:This study aimed to further clarify the population dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of the natural Haloxylon ammodendron populations in Ulan Buhe deserts. Taking the natural H. ammodendron forests in Ulan Buhe deserts as the study object, this study analyzed the interactions between population dynamics and the inherent life history characteristics as well as external disturbance, and explored the fluctuation characteristics and survival mechanism of H. ammodendron population. Methods such as static life tables, survival curves, survival analysis, and spatial pattern indices are used. This study would reveal the population dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of the species, and provide a scientific reference for the rational protection and population restoration of the species. The results showed that: (1) The age structure of Haloxylon ammodendron population in Ulan Buhe desert was inverted J-shaped, taking an increasing trend. Whereas there was a big fluctuation of individuals quantities among neighboring ages. The dynamic index of population age structure was V_pi=17.43, the dynamic index of population age structure under stochastic disturbance was V_pi′ =1.02, the sensitivity index of population age structure to stochastic disturbance was P_max =5.88, which indicated the population was sensitive to external disturbance. (2) The survival curve of H. ammodendron in the study area tended to Deevey-Ⅱ, the mortality of population with different ages were approximate. The survival function, cumulative mortality and mortality density changed significantly in the Ⅰ-Ⅹ age class (base diameter < 10 cm), with high risk rate in the Ⅰ-Ⅸ age classes. Whereas the survival function, cumulative mortality, and mortality density tended to be stable in the Ⅺ-ⅩⅧ age classes (base diameter ≥10 cm), and the risk rate gradually increased after the Ⅹ age class. The population dynamic was characterized by big fluctuation of individuals in the young-age population, and decaying of individuals in old-age population. (3) The population density of H. ammodendron in the study area was ranged between 328.57-942.86 individuals/km², with 706.34 km² averagely, and spatially the population was distributed in cluster. The study showed that at present environmental conditions, Ulan Buhe desert was adaptable for the growing of H. ammodendron population. Provided there was no human disturbance, H. ammodendron population could sustain stably, and resist certain climate risks. It was suggested to eliminate humans disturbance on the young class population, and to construct artificial Haloxylon ammodendron forest following above-mentioned population density and spatial distribution pattern in the areas where Haloxylon ammodendron severely declined.

Abstract:To explore the effects of different restoration years on vegetation community changes and individual plant growth in open-pit coal mines, and further strengthen ecological environmental protection and ecological restoration measures. Taking the plant community of Inner Mongolia alpine open-pit coal mine during the four years of restoration (2018-2021) as the research object, we adopted the quadrat survey method to investigate the plant community in the sample site. The herb quadrat (1 m×1 m) and shrub quadrat (5 m×5 m) were set to record the plant species composition, height and coverage. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpon index, Pielou evenness index and species importance were calculated. The change characteristics of plant community and nutrient uptake of dominant plants in different restoration years were discussed to provide scientific basis for artificial vegetation restoration in mining areas. The results showed that: (1) With the increase of restoration years, the total species number, biomass and diversity index increased significantly. Total species number was increased from 16 to 31 which from the first year to the fourth year after rehabilitation. This due to the non-planted species increased from 6 to 19. Especially the species number was significantly increased on the second year, then steady on third and fourth year. It demonstrated that second year was key year for plant rehabilitation. (2) The dominant species were Gramineae plants Elymus dahuricus, Bromus inermis; Leguminosae plants Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Astragalus adsurgens, Caragana sinica; Artemisia sieversiana (Compositae); Brassica napus (Brassicaceae) and Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) in study sites. (3) Compared the nutrient (N, P and K) uptake among dominated species, there were higher nutrient contents of Legumes and compositae than Gramineae plants in herbaceous plants. The N content and P contents in the stem of H. rhamnoides were significantly higher than that of Caragana sinica in shrub dominant species. According to the study, in the initial stage of vegetation restoration (4 years), legumes and compositae were the preferred pioneer species of herbaceous plants, while H. rhamnoides is the preferred species of shrubs.

Abstract:In order to clarify the morphological characteristics of the Nymphaea pollen, the morphological characteristics of 18 species or cultivars of Nymphaea were observed by scanning electron microscopy in this study. The pollen morphological characteristics and relationships between subgenera and species were analyzed, and the pollen viability of the N. ‘Peter Slocum’ was investigated by in vitro germination method. The study provides a basis for selecting parents for hybrid breeding of Nymphaea. The results showed that: (1) The pollen of 18 species or cultivars in Nymphaea were all single grains, and the morphology was nearly spheroid or oblate spheroid. Among them, the pollen grains of N. gigantea were the largest, volume index was 30.3, and the pollen grains of N. lotus were the smallest, volume index was 19.2. (2) There were many types of patterns in water lily pollen, including checkered shape, small granular, nodular, small cylindrical, long strip. (3) According to the cluster analysis, the 18 species or cultivars of Nymphaea were divided into four subgenera, among which the Nymphaea and Brachyceras were most closely related. (4) The pollen germination rate of N. ‘Peter Slocum’ was more than 95%. It was believed that the pollen morphological characteristics of Nymphaea, especially the type of pollen germination gully and the patterns, could be used as the key evidence for the classification of Nymphaea species, the relationship between subgenera and species, and the law of Nymphaea.

Abstract:The morphological characteristics of pollens provide important evidence for the classification and phylogenetic relationship research of Angelica (Apiaceae). The North American Angelica species are believed as an important group of the Angelica genus, but its pollen morphologies has rarely received attentions up to now. Aim to enrich further data of the palynological research, the authors observed the pollen morphology and exine ornamentation of 26 species and 44 populations of the Angelica genus in North America using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The SketchUp software was used to measure and define features such as polar axis and equatorial axis length, volume index, and ornamentation density of the pollen. The results show that: (1) There are four types of pollen shapes as subrectangular, ellipsoidal, hyperretangularb and hyperretangular (equatorial constriction). (2) Their polar axis length is 21.1-32.0 μm, the equatorial axis length is 10.6-17.1 μm, the ratio of polar axis to equatorial axis is 1.5-2.8, and the volume index is 15.8-23.3. (3) The ornamentations on exine walls of pollen equatorial regions includes three types, such as brevistriate baculite cerebroid, lone striate cerebroid, and flaky-like cerebroid, sparsely or densely arranged, and the polar ornamentations of three species turn to smooth. (4) According to the above characteristics of these pollens, a classification system comprising 4-levels, 3-classes and 15-subclasses are suggested herein. In general, the polymorphism of the pollen characteristics of North America Angelica species is lower than that in East Asia; the pollen shape and the types of the equatorial ornamentations of the exine walls are relatively consistent in each species, yet the central pollen protruding, ornamentation types and density, and appendages exhibit a certain intra-specific difference. The study supplies further data of the palynologies of Angelica, and the pollen characteristics will provide significant reference to the classification, identification and the relationships of these species, which are recommended as important supplement for the research on morphological and molecular taxonomy.

Abstract:Tartary buckwheat originated in the Himalayan region of Tibet, China, and has a history of cultivation for thousands of years. Tartary buckwheat contains rich nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive substances such as brass and phenolic acid. It is a crop with the same origin as medicine and food. In recent years, the nutrition and health function of Tartary buckwheat has been recognized gradually. The demand of Tartary buckwheat is increasing day by day, and the industry of Tartary buckwheat has been developed rapidly. China is extremely rich in Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources (883), but Chinas Tartary buckwheat breeding started late, backward breeding technologies, the lack of specialized Tartary buckwheat varieties, seriously limiting the development of its industry. The paper reviews the current research progress in the collection and conservation of Chinese Tartary buckwheat germplasm resources, evaluation (including agronomic traits, nutritional composition, functional components, and resistance) and breeding, describes the problems, and analyzes the future of Chinese Tartary buckwheat breeding research, with a view to providing a reference for Chinese Tartary buckwheat research and breeding.