Abstract:【Objective】 Camellia reticulata is the first of the eight famous flowers with evergreen leaves and bright colors, but its cold tolerance is poor. This paper discusses the cold tolerance of two ploidy Camellia reticulata from the physiological and molecular levels, which can provide references for the mining of cold tolerance genes and molecular breeding of Camellia reticulata. 【Methods】 Using tetraploid (4X) and hexaploid (6X) annual seedlings of wild Camellia reticulata as experimental materials, physiological indexes and transcriptome sequencing of leaves of Camellia reticulata. were determined after low temperature (-4℃) stress treatment (0 h, 24 h, 72 h, reheated for 48 h and reheated for 72 h). 【Results】 From the observation of leaf phenotype, from the stress period to the rewarming period, the damage degree of hexaploid leaves was relatively small, and the cold resistance performance of hexaploid leaves was better than that of tetraploid leaves. According to the results of physiological indexes, except

Abstract:【Objective】To explore the effects of different application methods of compound bacterial agents on the growth, root morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of Chinese cabbage seedlings, so as to provide theoretical basis for the relieving effect of compound bacterial agents on the continuous cropping obstacle of Chinese cabbage. 【Methods】Three kinds of compound fungi application methods, T1 (foliar spraying), T2 (soil application) and T3 (foliar spraying + soil application), were set up with CK (no compound fungi application) as control.【Results】Compared with CK, T1 treatment significantly increased plant height, stem diameter and root length by 91.81%, net photosynthetic rate by 24.55%, Fv/Fm and ΦPSII by 5.70% and 23.93%, respectively. Correlation showed that each index had a strong relationship. By principal component analysis, 23 single indexes were converted into 3 independent comprehensive indexes, and the cumulative contribution rate could reach 85.399%. The comprehensive weight values of ΦPSII, qp, fresh weight of underground part, Fv/Fm, number of root connections, and plant height were relatively high. Conclusion: Foliar spraying compound bacterial agent is the best way to promote seedling growth, improve root configuration and enhance photosynthesis in continuous cropping of Chinese cabbage, and it is the best way to apply compound bacterial agent.

Abstract:[Objective] We aim to investigate the effect of drought stress on the photosynthetic characteristics and anatomical structure of turnip leaves, and to provide a basis for the selection and breeding of drought-resistant germplasm and the formulation of cultivation measures. [Methods] Drought-resistant and drought-sensitive turnip seedlings were selected, and normal water supply (control) and drought stress treatments were set up to analyze the changes in photosynthetic characteristics and anatomical structures of turnip seedlings'' leaves through potting experiments. [Results] Compared with the control, drought stress significantly decreased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration coefficient and stomatal limiting value of turnip leaves, and significantly increased the inter-cellular CO2 concentration and water-use efficiency; meanwhile, the initial fluorescence was significantly increased, and the maximal fluorescence, variable fluorescence, PS II maximal photochemical efficiency and PS II potential activity were significantly decreased, and the drought The changes were greater in drought-sensitive germplasm. Under drought stress, leaf stomatal length and width, stomatal openness, and stomatal density were significantly reduced; leaf thickness was significantly increased, and tissue laxity was significantly reduced; chloroplasts changed from pike-shaped to swollen, basal lamellae were fuzzy and hollow, osmiophilic granules and starch grains were increased, mitochondria were swollen and their internal cristae were fuzzy, and the two types of organelles were more seriously damaged in drought-sensitive germplasm. [Conclusion] Drought stress reduces the stomata of turnip leaves, increases the thickness of leaves, reduces the laxity of tissue structure, changes the morphological structure of chloroplasts and mitochondria, and then reduces the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, and drought-resistant germplasm is less affected by the drought stress, and the adaptive regulation of drought stress is stronger.

Abstract:【Objective】 The study aims to explore the changing law of morphology and physiological and biochemical indexes during the development of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix seed, and to provide theoretical basis for the introduction and domestication of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix and the cultivation of high-quality germplasm resources.【Methods】 The morphological and physiological and biochemical indexes of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix seed at different developmental stages were determined by regular observation sampling and frozen section method.【Results】 During the development of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix seed, seed size and wing thickness firstly increased and then decreased, wing width increased, and the colour of the outer seed coat changed from bright blue-green to yellow-brown; the contents of starch, soluble sugar and soluble protein of storage material increased; amylase activity fluctuated in a small range, succinate dehydrogenase activity increased, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity alternately increased and decreased, and pyruvate kinase activity showed "M"-shaped changes; POD activity decreased while SOD activity decreased; GA3, IAA and ZR contents decreased; ABA contents increased; seed morphology indicators and SOD activity were extremely close to each other. The activity of pyruvate kinase showed an "M" shape; the activity of POD decreased, while the activity of SOD firstly decreased and then increased; the contents of GA3, IAA and ZR decreased, while the content of ABA increased; the morphological indexes of the seeds were negatively correlated with the activity of SOD, and the content of the storage material was negatively correlated with the thickness of the seeds, but positively correlated with the width of the fruit wings.【Conclusion】During the development of Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix seed embryo to pre-cardioid embryo, the outer seed coat changed from blue-green to yellow-brown, the content of storage material increased, the activity of key enzymes fluctuated and changed, the content of growth-promoting hormones fluctuated and decreased, and the content of stress hormones increased.

Abstract:[Objective] Exploring the relationship between the morphological characteristics and physical characteristics of the seeds of Abies beshanzuensis and their seed vigor, providing a theoretical basis for further population renewal and protection of this endangered species, explaining its endangered mechanism, and studying its seed biology. [Methods] Using the critically endangered plant A. beshanzuensis as the research material, the characteristic constants of the length, width, thickness, single grain mass, RGB, etc. of the seeds of A. beshanzuensis were measured. The seed vigor was determined using TTC staining method, and their mathematical models were established. [Results] There was a significant correlation between the R, B value, and single seed mass of A. beshanzuensis seeds and seed vigor, respectively. Single factor linear regression analysis showed that the correlation between seed vigor and single seed mass of A. beshanzuensis was the most significant, with R2=0.839. Two factor linear regression analysis showed that the seed vigor had the most significant correlation with single seed mass and thickness, with R2=0.928. Multivariate linear regression analysis, R2=0.978. However, there was no significant correlation between the length, width, thickness, and G value of its seeds and seed vigor, respectively. [Conclusion] By using indicators such as R, B value, and single grain mass of A. beshanzuensis seeds, seeds with higher seed vigor can be screened. Multiple factor linear regression analysis can more accurately predict their seed vigor.

Abstract:[Objective] Screening suitable heat treatment duration and detoxification agents to optimize the efficient virus elimination and regeneration system of tea Chrysanthemum shoot apical meristem, addressing the issue of low rate of obtaining virus-free seedlings. [Methods] Six varieties of tea Chrysanthemum including "WuYuanHuangJu", "JinSiHuangJu", "HangBaiJu", "BeiJingJu", "QiYueXue", and "Ruhe" were used as materials. The axenic seedlings were pre-treated with alternating temperature heat treatment of 40°C/32°C day/night, detoxification agents such as salicylic acid, ribavirin, and abscisic acid, as well as a combination of detoxification agents and heat treatment. The rates of callus induction, regeneration frequency, and average number of regenerated shoots from inoculated shoot apical meristems were compared among different treatment methods, evaluating the detoxification efficacy under various treatments.[Results] (1) There was a significant difference in the regeneration frequency of shoot apical meristems among different varieties of tea Chrysanthemum (P<0.05), with "WuYuanHuangJu" having the highest regeneration frequency of 54.77%, followed by "JinSiHuangJu", "BeiJingJu", "QiYueXue", HangBaiJu and "Ruhe". (2) Under different heat treatment days, the difference in regeneration of shoot apical meristems in tea Chrysanthemum reached a significant level, with "HangBaiJu" and "QiYueXue" showing the best regeneration effect after 40℃/32℃ heat treatment. (3) Salicylic acid, Ribavirin, and Abscisic acid treatments inhibited the regeneration of shoot apical meristems. (4) Salicylic acid and ribavirin treatments combined with heat treatment promoted the regeneration of shoot apical meristems, while high concentration Abscisic acid combined with heat treatment severely inhibited the regeneration of shoot apical meristems. Treatment with 10 μmol/L Salicylic acid combined with heat treatment showed the best regeneration effect on shoot apical meristems. (5) Obtaining completely virus-free seedlings through heat treatment, the combined method of detoxification agents and heat treatment. [Conclusion] The combination of 10 μmol/L salicylic acid concentration with alternating temperature of 40°C/32°C day/night pre-treatment for 40 days significantly enhances the regeneration frequency of shoot apical meristems and results in obtaining virus-free seedlings.

Abstract:[Objective] Based on the phosphoproteomics, the expression patterns of proteins phosphorylated were analyzed in tetraploid Citrus wilsonii leaves under drought stress to reveal its response mechanism at the molecular level. [Methods] Phosphorylated proteins in the leaves of tetraploid Citrus wilsonii after drought stress were identified and analyzed using IMAC affinity enrichment and TMT labeling technology. Functional annotation and metabolic pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins with phosphorylated were also performed. [Results] (1) A total of 3 794 phosphorylation sites and 1 521 phosphorylated proteins were quantified. There were 662 phosphorylated proteins with a fold change exceeding 1.3(αFC>1.3), which mainly located in the nucleus (46.07%) and chloroplasts (24.62%). (2) The differentially expressed proteins with phosphorylated mainly played roles by binding RNA and Ca2+ and participated in metabolic pathways such as RNA splicing, photosynthesis, SNARE interaction in vesicle transport. (3) RT-qPCR results showed that 92.86% genes of differentially expressed proteins with phosphorylated had a consistent trend of change in transcriptional and protein levels and the pearson correlation coefficient was 0.893. [Conclusion] Tetraploid Citrus wilsonii regulated the proteins involved in RNA splicing and photosynthesis pathways through phosphorylation to respond to the drought stress.

Abstract:Abstract [Objective] As a precious peony breeding material, Paeonia delavayi has abundant flower color resources. Studying the regulatory effect of its MYB transcription factors on flower color can provide assistance for molecular breeding of peony flower color. [Methods] Using the flower tissue of yellow and red P.delavayi as materials, observing the distribution characteristics of anthocyanins in its cells through hand sectioning. Based on the transcriptome data of the two materials, a MYB transcription factor PdMYB57 was obtained through sequence alignment. The physicochemical properties and functions of the PdMYB57 transcription factor were predicted through gene cloning, bioinformatics analysis, phylogenetic tree, and homologous sequence alignment. Subsequently, Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), transient expression in tobacco, and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to validate the function of PdMYB57. [Results] The PdMYB57 gene has a complete open reading frame of 798 bp, encoding 265 amino acids, and is located in the nucleus as a hydrophilic unstable protein; Cluster together with the SG6 subfamily in the R2R3MYB family of Arabidopsis, as well as MYB transcription factors that promote anthocyanin synthesis in P.qiui PqMYB113,P.suffruticosa PsMYB57/PsMYB58 and Vitis vinifera VvMYBA1/VvMYBA2, and exhibit a typical R2R3 conserved domain [R/K] Px [P/A/R] xx [F/Y] motif; the qPCR results showed that the PdMYB57 gene has high expression levels in the sepals of red P. delavayi and leaves of yellow P. delavayi. In other tissues, the expression level is extremely low and almost non-existent, which is consistent with the transcriptome data results; HPLC detection showed that the tobacco leaves with transient expression of the PdMYB57 gene contain Cyanidin- 3-O-rutinoside (Cy3R) , while the tobacco leaves with CK control did not produce color and Cy3R was not detected in the extraction solution. [Conclusion] The PdMYB57 gene encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, located in the nucleus as a hydrophilic unstable protein. Its expression is tissue-specific and promotes the synthesis of anthocyanins in plants.

Abstract:[Objective] PEX (Pollen extensin-like) gene is involved in controlling pollen development，which plays a crucial role in the embryogenesis of pollen microspores and haploid culture. In this study, we isolated the CaPEX3 gene from pepper and analyzed its protein structure and expression pattern, which provides a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the function of the CaPEX3 gene. [Methods] CaPEX3 was cloned by PCR, and its protein structure, evolution and gene regulation were analyzed by bioinformatics. The expression of CaPEX3 in different tissues and pollens of different varieties were detected by qRT-PCR. The pollen viabilities of different varieties of pepper were detected by staining method and their relationships with the expression of CaPEX3 were analyzed. [Results] The coding region of CaPEX3 was 1 581 bp in length, encoding 526 amino acids, which belongs to the LRX (Leucine-rich Repeats/Extensins) gene family. The protein has phosphorylation, glycosylation sites, signaling peptides and transmembrane domains. The expression level of CaPEX3 was the highest in flowers, and the gene expression was higher in tissues with high pollen vitality. The regulatory network predicted that CaPEX3 may be involved in the regulation of pollen development through the action of genes related to flower development. [Conclusion] The expression of CaPEX3 was specifically localized to flowers, and a correlation was observed between its expression level and the activity of pollen grains. The analysis of gene expression and the construction of related vectors provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for the subsequent investigation of gene function and mechanism of CaPEX3.

Abstract:[Objective] The desert plant Karelinia caspica exhibits extremely strong heat tolerance. Cloning and studying heat-tolerant genes from Karelinia caspica, and applying them to economically important crops such as cotton to enhance their heat tolerance, aims to provide a theoretical basis and genetic resources for molecular breeding of heat tolerance in crops.[Methods] Clone the KcPIF4 gene from Karelinia caspica and conduct bioinformatics analysis; Transient expression analysis in tobacco for subcellular localization of the protein; use qRT-PCR to analyze the expression levels of KcPIF4 in the roots, stems, and leaves of Karelinia caspica seedlings at 45°C for 5 min, 30 min, 120 min, and 240 min; observe phenotypic changes in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing KcPIF4 under 45°C treatment and measure related physiological and biochemical indicators. [Results] The full-length coding sequence of the KcPIF4 gene in Karelinia caspica is 1 593 bp, encoding 530 amino acids, with a conserved bHLH domain and differences in motifs compared to homologous proteins in various plants. The protein was localized on the guard cell membrane of leaf stomata. The qRT-PCR results indicate that the expression level of KcPIF4 in the leaves of Karelinia caspica initially increases, then decreases, and subsequently increases again with the extension of treatment time. At 240 minutes, the expression level is the highest, being 4.4 times higher compared to the control group. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing KcPIF4 under 45°C treatment showed less leaf yellowing and wilting compared to the wild type, with significantly higher levels of CAT, SOD, POD, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, and significantly lower levels of MDA and relative conductivity compared to the wild-type. [Conclusion] The KcPIF4 exhibits a process of tolerance-response-adaptation to high temperature stress, enhancing Arabidopsis thaliana"s tolerance to high temperatures, indicating that this protein possesses heat tolerance.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to clarify the structural features of the chloroplast genome of Berberis diaphana and the phylogenetic relationship with the taxa of the same genus, we comprehensively analyzed its chloroplast genome structure characteristics and phylogenetic. [Methods] Sequencing was performed by Illumina Hiseq X Ten technology, and the chloroplast genome characteristics of Berberis diaphana were analyzed by using CPGview, CodonW, MISA, Reputer, IRscope, and mVISTA software, and phylogenetic tree was constructed by ML method in MEGA7 software. [Results] The results showed that the chloroplast genome of Berberis diaphana have a length of 166 225 bp, with a typical quadripartite structure and the GC content of the whole genome was 38.07%. A total of 144 genes were annotated, including 99 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Among them, 23 genes contained introns, and 32 genes were present in duplicate copies. Preference for codons ending in A/U. A total of 98 SSR loci and 150 scattered repeat sequences were detected, and most SSR loci composed of A/T bases. The degree of variation in the SSC and IR regions was higher than that in the LSC region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Berberis diaphana was most closely related to Berberis weiningensis. [Conclusion] The chloroplast genome structure characteristics of B. diaphana are similar to other species of berberis, which can serve as a theoretical basis for studies on chloroplast genetic engineering, genetic diversity analysis, molecular breeding, and species identification.

Abstract:Abstract 【Objective】 Through the joint identification and analysis of disease resistance in the field and indoor seedling stage, the distribution of disease resistance of gossypium barbadense germplasm resources was mastered, which provided a basis for screening high resistance resources to Verticillium wilt. 【Methods】 The 238 gossypium barbadense germplasm resources of our research group were used as identification objects. In 2023, the natural disease field plot test was carried out in KEL and AWT, and the resistance of gossypium barbadense resources to Verticillium wilt was identified and evaluated by indoor inoculation. 【Results】 The genetic diversity of 15 indexes of 238 gossypium barbadense germplasm resources was analyzed. The coefficient of variation ranged from 2. 00 % to 36. 97 %, with an average of 16. 05 %. Resistance identification in different environments showed that the coefficient of variation ranged from 8.40 % to 71.06 %. Based on the analysis of four different environments, no germplasm resources with complete immunity and high resistance to Verticillium wilt were identified, and 30 resistant materials, 194 resistant materials and 14 susceptible materials were identified. 【Conclusion】 The overall trend can be seen that most of the gossypium barbadense planting resources have resistance to Verticillium wilt. Therefore, it is very important to identify and select germplasm resources with strong resistance to Verticillium wilt from gossypium barbadense germplasm resources.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide a basis for quality control of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, a high-performance liquid chromatography method using cyclodextrin as a mobile phase additive for the determination of asiaticoside, asiaticoside B and madecassoside was established. [Methods] Molecular design was used to optimize the type of the mobile phase additive-cyclodextrin. The response surface method was used to analyze the effects of cyclodextrin concentration, the proportion of acetonitrile in the mobile phase, and pH of the mobile phase on separation, and optimize the chromatographic condition. The optimized chromatographic condition was used to determine the content of asiaticoside, asiaticoside B and madecassoside in C. asiatica. [Results] γ- cyclodextrin was used as a mobile phase additive. The separation of asiaticoside, asiaticoside B and madecassoside was carried out on CAPCELL PAK C18 (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μ m) with 3 mmol/L γ-cyclodextrin solution (contained 0.10% phosphoric acid)-acetonitrile (20∶80, V/V). The detecting wavelength was 205 nm. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min and the column temperature was 25 ℃. The resolution of asiaticoside B and madecassoside is 4.32. Linearity was good in the range of 200~2 000 ng for asiaticoside, 120-1 200 ng for asiaticoside B and 200~1 200 ng for madecassoside. The precision, reproducibility, stability, and recovery rate of method were good. [Conclusion] This method is simple, accurate, reliable, and environmentally friendly, and can be used as a quality control of major triterpenoid compounds in Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.

Abstract:[Objective]This study intends to clarify the material basis of flower fragrance by exploring the flowering characteristics, flower fragrance components and their release patterns of Rhus chinensis, so as to provide a basis for the further development and utilization of the floral fragrance of Rhus chinensis. [Methods]Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the pollen morphology, and Headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to detect and analyze the main floral scent components in different flowering stages and the daily change pattern.. [Results]Dioecious plant of Rhus chinensis, panicle, single branch inflorescence concentrated flowering, whole plant in continuous bloom, pollen yellow, oblong-globose with 3 pore grooves, outer wall striped. A total of 92 floral substances (29 terpenes, 19 aldehydes, 15 esters, 14 alcohols, 5 ketones, 4 olefins, 2 aromatic hydrocarbons, and 1 each of phenols, alkanes, acids, and others) were detected in the different flowering periods. Its relative content increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum (3.60 μg/g) at the Full-flowering stage with significant differences among the flowers, and the species continued to increase. A total of 84 floral aroma substances were detected during the daily variation of its full flowering stage, and the releases showed a parabolic trend, which was significantly higher during the day than at night, and reached the maximum at 18:00 (4.80 μg/g), and then continued to decrease, and was the lowest at 6:00, with only 2.58 μg/g. Among them, terpenes were the main floral substances of Rhus chinensis, with a relative content of about 70% of the total floral components. [Conclusion]Rhus chinensis is rich in floral components, with a clear diurnal rhythm, and terpenes are its main floral substances.

Abstract:Abstract：【Objective】Ornamental crabapple is an excellent spring flowering tree species. Studying its flowering phenology characteristics, stability and change rules, and exploring its relationship with climate change are of great significance for the prediction and regulation of the flowering period of crabapple in the future.【Method】Based on the phenological observation data of 67 varieties for 8 years, the flowering date, length and stability of crabapple were divided, and the adaptability of each variety to climate change was analyzed in combination with meteorological data.【Result】(1) The stability of the initial flowering time of the crabapple variety group was high, and the fluctuation range of the initial flowering time of most varieties (68.7%) was 0-0.04. (2) The flowering life of crabapple is highly sensitive to climate, and only some varieties (18%) have a relatively stable flowering length, with a fluctuation range of 1-2. (3) Ornamental crabapple flowering requires a certain low temperature stimulation, and different varieties have different low temperature requirements for flowering. (4) When the daily maximum temperature≥25℃, daily precipitation≥5mm or daily relative humidity≥80%, the flowering period of crabapple will be shortened.【Conclusion】Low temperature before flowering can significantly affect the stability of the initial flowering period of crabapple, and maintaining a suitable climate during flowering is of great significance for prolonging the flowering period of crabapple.

Abstract:[Objective] The study aims to identify and describe a new species Cinnamomum huae (Lauraceae), which collected from Nanjian, Yunnan in Southwest China. [Methods] This species was confirmed as a new taxa by morphological comparison with morphologically similar species and molecular phylogenetic study based on chloroplast genome data with related species. [Results] The new species is similar to C. chago in pinnately veined, leaves opposite or subopposite, long acumen, but differs in current year branchlets sparsely puberulent, terminal bud densely pubescent, leaf blade gray green abaxially and puberulent, margin undulate and fruit oblate. The chloroplast genome size of this species is 15 4078 bp, 1 325 bp longer than C. chago and 1 348 bp longer than C. pittosporoides, which has being an extra 678 bp fragment in the inverted repeat region.compared to C. chago and C. pittosporoides. In the phylogenetic tree constructed using maximum likelihood method based on whole chloroplast genome of 35 Lauraceae species, C. huae formed independent parallel branches with C. pittosporoides and other species. [Conclusion] Both the morphological and phylogenetic research indicate C. huae should be a distinct species.