Abstract:[Objective] The high concentration of salt in soil seriously affected the yield and quality of Cucurbita pepo L, and exogenous silicon could effectively alleviate the damage of salt stress to crops.To explore the protective mechanism of exogenous silicon on water metabolism and photosynthesis of Cucurbita pepo L. seedlings under salt stress, and to provide theoretical reference for salt resistance of C. pepo. [Methods] Taking“Hanlu 7042” C. pepo variety as test material, through hydroponic experiment, four treatments were set: Control , silicon treatment(0.3 mmol/L Na2SiO3·9H2O), salt stress(150 mmol/L NaCl), salt stress + silicon treatment(0.3 mmol/L Na2SiO3·9H2O + 150 mmol/L NaCl). After 10 days of treatment, the root morphology, root activity, leaves water content, leaves water potential, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and expression of plasma membrane aquaporin gene were determined. [Results]Salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of C. pepo seedling roots, decreased root activity, leaf water content, leaf water potential and transpiration, and salt stress also destroyed the photosynthetic system of the plant, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and PSII photochemical efficiency were significantly decreased. Exogenous silicon significantly improved the root morphology and activity of C. pepo seedlings under salt stress by promoting the genes PIP1;2, PIP1;3, PIP1;5, PIP1;7, PIP2;1, PIP2;4, PIP2;6, PIP2;8. The expression of PIP2;9 and PIP2;12 improved the water status in plant, which showed that leaf water content and leaf water potential were increased, and transpiration was enhanced, the exogenous silicon also increased the stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, PSII maximum photochemical efficiency, PSII actual photochemical efficiency and photochemical quenching coefficient, the photosynthesis of seedlings under salt stress was enhanced by decreasing intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and non-photochemical quenching coefficient. [Conclusion] The addition of 0.3 mmol/L silicon could improve the water metabolism and photosynthesis of C. pepo seedlings under salt stress, and thus enhance the ability of C. pepo seedlings to resist salt stress.

Abstract:【Objective】Investigating the dynamic physiological adaptability and drought resistance of 12 plant species to arid stress, this study aims to select suitable shrub and tree species for vegetation restoration in the piedmont belt of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.In this study, by discussing the dynamic physiological adaptability and drought resistance of 12 shrubs and screened out the shrubs suitable for vegetation restoration in the Northern Piedmont of Tianshan Mountains. 【Methods】In this study, 12 plant species planted in the piedmont belt of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, including Rosa acicularis, Caragana korshinskii, Xanthoceras sorbifolium, Prunus sibirica, Tamarix chinensis, Haloxylon ammodendron, Hippophae rhamnoides, Hippophae rhamnoides (‘Xinji 1#’ to ‘Xinji 5#’), were selected as the subjects. The study observed the spatiotemporal distribution of soil moisture following irrigation and analyzed the impact of drought stress and rewatering treatment on plant photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, anti-stress physiological and biochemical indicators, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The drought resistance of these twelve plant species was evaluated using principal component analysis.【Results】(I) Both before and after the onset of drought stress, the surface layer (0-20 cm) of the soil at each plant''s location exhibited the most rapid moisture loss. This trend diminished with depth, with the middle layer (20-40 cm) experiencing a lesser rate of loss and the bottom layer (40-60 cm) showing the slowest rate of water depletion. To cope with the drought conditions, different plant species adapted by altering their growth strategies, as evidenced by changes in their growth patterns. (II) As drought stress intensified, key photosynthetic physiological parameters in plant leaves, such as the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, potential activity of PSII, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, electron transport rate, and chlorophyll content, all declined. In contrast, physiological indicators of stress resistance, including the activity of superoxide dismutase, proline content, malondialdehyde content, and non-photochemical quenching coefficient, increased. Following rewatering, a recovery was observed in these parameters, yet they did not fully return to their initial levels. (III) The results of principal component analysis highlighted that factors like net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, electron transport efficiency, and malondialdehyde content were major contributors. Species such as Haloxylon ammodendron, Tamarix chinensis, Rosa acicularis, and Caragana korshinskii demonstrated significant drought resilience. Hippophae rhamnoides, H. rhamnoides ‘Xinji 5’, H. rhamnoides ‘Xinji 1’ and Prunus sibirica showed moderate levels of drought resistance, while H. rhamnoides ‘Xinji 4’, H. rhamnoides ‘Xinji 3’, Xanthoceras sorbifolium and H. rhamnoides ‘Xinji 2’ exhibited relatively lower drought tolerance.【Conclusion】Net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, electron transfer efficiency, and malondialdehyde content are crucial indicators for evaluating the adaptability of various plant species to drought stress. In the context of ecological restoration efforts in the piedmont belt of the Tianshan Mountains'' northern slope in Xinjiang, prioritizing the cultivation of Haloxylon ammodendron, Tamarix chinensis, Rosa acicularis, and Caragana korshinskii is recommended.

Abstract:In order to study the characteristics of cadmium absorption of wheat and oat by reducing chemical fertilizer and applying different organic fertilizers. On the basis of 20% reduction of chemical fertilizer application, four fertilization treatments were set up to study the effects of different organic fertilizers on the accumulation, distribution and transport of cadmium in crops: manure 30000 kg/hm2 (AM), bio organic fertilizer 600 kg/hm2 (BF), manure 30000 kg/hm2 + bio organic fertilizer 600 kg/hm2 (am+bf) and normal fertilizer application (CK). The results showed that the combined application of organic fertilizer could reduce the cadmium absorption of crop organs.Compared with CK, the cadmium content in wheat grain decreased by 15.79%-36.84%, the grain enrichment coefficient decreased by 8.02%-24.55%, and the transport coefficient from root, stem, leaf and ear to grain decreased by 5.79%-56.28%; Compared with CK, the content of cadmium in oat grains decreased by 11.76%-47.06%%; The grain enrichment coefficients of BF and am+bf treatments decreased by 38.46% and 30.77% respectively; The transport coefficient from root, stem, leaf and ear to grain decreased by 16.2%-32.77%; After grain filling, the content of cadmium in oat grains increased and the content of cadmium in stems decreased. The biomass of the two crops increased by 6.78%-11.00% under the combined application of organic fertilizer; After heading, the transfer amount, transfer rate and contribution rate of cadmium from organs to grains were highest in stems. The above results showed that the combined application of organic fertilizer could reduce the content, enrichment coefficient and transport coefficient of cadmium in crop grains, improve the safety and quality of agricultural products, and the effect of reducing cadmium in oat grains was better than that of wheat. It was found that the transport of cadmium from stems to grains after heading was the main source of cadmium accumulation in grains.

Abstract:【Objective】 Monogalactose diglyceride synthase (MGD) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of monogalactose diglyceride (MGDG) and plays an important role in plant response to low phosphorus tolerance. To systematically understand the role and function of OsMGD2 and OsMGD3 genes in response to phosphorus(P) deficiency. 【Methods】 A pot experiment was conducted to analysis physiological responses and lipid composition changes of wild-type (SR1) and transgenic tobacco under normal and P deficiency condition.【Results】 The was no difference in P content between transgenic and wild-type tobacco under normal and P deficiency conditions. However, the biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic electronic transfer of transgenic tobacco were significantly higher than wild type. The phospholipid (PL) content, digalactose diglyceride (DGDG) content, DGDG/MGDG ratio and galactosyllipid (GL)/PL ratio of transgenic tobacco were significantly higher than those of wild type tobacco under low phosphorus deficiency, and the lipid content and ratio of OsMGD3 transgenic tobacco were higher than OsMGD2 transgenic tobacco.【Conclusion】 Regulation of OsMGD2/3 gene expression in rice can improve the membrane lipid remodeling ability of plants under phosphorus deficiency, maintain the higher photosynthetic and growth capacity of plants under phosphorus deficiency, and increase the plant tolerance to low phosphorus stress.

Abstract:【Objective】 Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) plays an important role in ABA signaling transduction and abiotic stress responses. The aims were to further elucidate the regulatory mechanism of SnRK2 gene family members under drought stress in Saccharum spontaneum. 【Methods】 This study identified SnRK2 genes in S. spontaneum based on whole genome data, and conducted bioinformatics analysis and expression analysis under drought stress on them. 【Results】 The results showed that 11 SnRK2 gene family members were identified and named as SsSnRK2.1 to SsSnRK2.11, which were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes. The results of physicochemical property analysis showed that the encoded amino acid residues of SsSnRK2s ranged from 227 to 580, the molecular weight ranged from 25 683.53 D to 64 695.8 D, the isoelectric point ranged from 4.62 to 8.94, and all were hydrophilic proteins. The 11 SsSnRK2s could be divided into 3 subgroups, and the conserved motif sequences within the same subgroup were quite similar, with the number of exons mainly ranging from 7 to 9. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoters of SsSnRK2 gene family members contained various hormone-related and abiotic stress response cis-acting elements. The analysis of transcriptome data from different tissues showed that SsSnRK2s were expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The qRT-PCR results showed that all SsSnRK2 genes were able to respond to drought stress to varying degrees. 【Conclusion】 The study suggests that the SsSnRK2 genes may play a significant role in the response process to drought stress in S. spontaneum L.

Abstract:【Objective】 VQ protein is a kind of plant-specific protein with the conserved VQ motifs (FxxhVQxhTG), which plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as in response to abiotic stresses. To date, the roles of the lychee (Litchi chinensis) VQ gene family has not been systematically studied. We systematically identified the LcVQ gene family members, a sequence characteristic, expression patterns in different tissues of lychee and their responses to abiotic stresses. 【Methods】 The gene sequences of LcVQ genes were obtained from L. chinensis genome using bioinformatics methods, and their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, gene structure, and conserved motifs were analyzed; a phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA 6.0 to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of the VQ proteins in lychee, Arabidopsis and rice; the responses to various abiotic stresses were verified by the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). 【Results】 A total of 18 LcVQ genes were identified from the L. chinensis genome, named as LcVQ1-LcVQ18, which were clustered into 9 subgroups. They were widely distributed on 11 of 15 chromosomes of lychee. The amino acid number of LcVQ proteins ranged from 111 aa to 427 aa, and their protein molecular weights from 12.48 kD to 45.49 kD. The predicted results of subcellular localization showed that except for LcVQ15 and LcVQ17 were localized at Cytoplasm, all other LcVQ proteins were localized at Nucleus. The prediction analysis results of cis-acting elements indicate that the LcVQ promoters contained a large number of growth and development, plant hormone and stress-responsiveness related response elements. The analysis results of transcriptome data suggested that LcVQ genes expression varied at different tissues, which can be divided into universal expression and specific expression. Under the treatment of low temperature, high temperature, drought and salt stress, we found that 4, 3, 3 and 4 LcVQ genes were significantly up-regulated at 3 hours of treatment, indicating that these genes can quickly respond to the abiotic stresses. 【Conclusion】 There are 18 VQ family members in the L. chinensis genome, with typical VQ binding domains, which can differentially participate in different stress responses, and laying a foundation for studying its stress-resistant mechanism.

Abstract:[Objective] Auxin is one of the most important phytohormone and regulates many biological processes in plant. Small auxin up RNAs，which belong to a kind of auxin early response gene, plays an key role in plant cell elongation. However, the function of SAURs on cotton fiber development is not clear. [Methods] In this study, a new gene encoding SAUR protein was cloned from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and named GhSAURX. Then, expression pattern, subcellular localization, phenotype identification of transgenic Arabidopsis, and expression analysis of auxin-related genes were performed to explore Its function. [Results] Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GhSAURX have close relationship with SAUR76, SAUR77 and SAUR78 in Arabidopsis, and belonged to SAUR76 subfamily. qPCR showed that the highest expression level of GhSAURX is observed in fiber of 15, 18 and 21 DPA, when fiber elongated fast. Meanwhile, GhSAURX showed much higher expression level in variety with long fiber than that in variety with short fiber. Analysis of subcellular localization indicated that GhSAURX distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus. Overexpression of GhSAURX promoted the elongation of primary root and hypocotyl under dark condition in Arabidopsis, and elevated the expression auxin related genes, such as YUCCA6, ARF7 and PIN4. [Conclusion] Our results indicated that GhSAURX functioned in the cell elongation mediated by auxin.

Abstract:[Objective] The study aims to analyze the metabolomic differences of potato roots to NaHCO3 stress, reveal the metabolic molecular mechanism of different potato varieties in response to NaHCO3 stress, and provide theoretical basis for optimizing potato breeding, cultivation techniques and production applications. [Methods] The root system of potato ‘V7’ and ‘KANG Nibeike’ seedlings was selected as the research object, and NaHCO3 solution was used to simulate alkali stress with different concentration gradients (CK, 10 mmol/L, 20 mmol/L, 30 mmol/L, 40 mmol/L, 50 mmol/L). The root metabolites of two potato varieties were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC-MS) and multidimensional statistics combined with non-targeted metabolomics detection. [Results] (1) Under NaHCO3 stress, 160 metabolites were up-regulated and 91 metabolites were down-regulated in ‘V7’ roots, 125 metabolites were up-regulated and 52 metabolites were down-regulated in ‘KANG Nibeike’ roots. (2) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 10 differential metabolic pathways were selected for each of the two varieties, among which 4 differential metabolic pathways, namely, biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, synthesis of histidine and purine-derived alkaloids, and pyrimidine metabolism, were the key metabolic pathways in response to alkali stress in potato roots. (3) Differential metabolites such as carbohydrates, amides, amines, oxy-containing organic compounds, alkaloids, phenolic acids, somatogenin, etc. are involved in the complex regulatory network of potato response to NaHCO3 stress. [Conclusion] The key metabolites and metabolic pathways of potato root in response to NaHCO3 stress were screened out. There were differences in the root metabolomics of alkaline tolerant cultivar ‘V7’ and alkali sensitive cultivar ‘KANG Nibeike’. At the same time, there were differences between the root metabolism of the same variety and CK under different stress levels. The accumulation of amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids and allantoin is an important characteristic of ‘V7’ root metabolism, which is more active and alkaline resistant than ‘KANG Nibeike’.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to better understand the population variation of cork oak leaf anatomical structure and its relationship with environmental factors. [Methods] The leaves of 28 naturally distributed Quercus variabilis populations in China were studied by conventional paraffin sections combined with optical microscopy. Nested analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the relationship between population variation of leaf anatomical structure and environmental factors. [Results] (1) there were significant differences in leaf anatomic traits among 28 populations, the average coefficient of variation was 7.90% ~ 14.70%, and the variation range of the same leaf anatomic traits was different among different populations. (2) There were significant differences among the 9 anatomic traits within and among populations, and the average phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 37.44%. The variation of anatomic traits mainly came from within populations. (3) Leaf thickness, epidermis thickness, palisade tissue thickness and spongy tissue thickness were significantly positively correlated with latitude, and average annual temperature and annual precipitation had significant effects on the epidermis thickness and palisade tissue thickness. [Conclusion] The results show that Q. variabilis has rich genetic, in order to adapt to low temperature and drought, the leaves of Q. variabilis showed a trend of thickening. The results can provide theoretical basis for understanding environmental adaptation strategies of Q. variabilis.

Abstract:【Objective】 It is of great significance to explore the distribution of NSC and its components in different organs with seasonal changes for revealing the mechanism of carbon distribution in different age forests. 【Methods】 The contents of NSC and its components in different organs of young and middle-aged Pinus armandii were determined by periodic sampling to explore the seasonal changes of P. armandii during the year. 【Results】 The results showed that, (1) the distribution pattern of NSC and its components in different age forests was basically the same among all organs, with the starch content in roots > leaves > branches > stems. The starch content in stems was significantly lower than that in other organs, while the content of soluble sugar and NSC in leaves, roots and branches was not significantly different. The ratio of sugar to starch in stem was significantly lower than that in other organs. (2) During the whole growing season, NSC and its components were mainly affected by seasons, followed by the interaction between seasons and organs, and the influence of forest age was the least. (3) The correlation between NSC and its components in different forest organs was basically the same, except the negative correlation between young forest ratio of sugar to starch and starch, NSC and middle-aged forest ratio of sugar to starch and starch, the other indexes were positively correlated. 【Conclusion】 In summary, NSC and its component contents in various organs of P. armandii had obvious seasonal fluctuations. When the environment changes, the carbon supply and demand of different organs changed synergistically, which was conducive to the growth of P. armandii, and enhanced its resistance and adaptability to cope with extreme environment.

Abstract:【Objective】To gain a deeper understanding of the flowering and fruiting characteristics of Leucospermum cordifolium, explore the reasons for its low fruiting rate, and promote its seed production, hybrid breeding, flowering period regulation, and new variety cultivation.【Methods】This article uses Leucospermum cordifolium as the main material to study its flowering phenology, floral characteristics, pollen vitality, stigma acceptability, hybridization index, and pollination and fruiting characteristics.【Results】1) The flowering period of Leucospermum cordifolium is generally in late winter, early spring to summer; 2) The most suitable in vitro germination medium for measuring its pollen vitality is 30g/L sucrose+150mg/L boric acid+50mg/L calcium chloride, with a pollen vitality of 67.47%; 3) The receptivity of the stigma gradually increases from day 1 to day 7 of flowering, and is strongest from day 5 to day 7; The estimation results of hybridization index indicate that Leucospermum cordifolium is partially self compatible, cross compatible, and requires pollination; 4) Field observations have shown that its fruiting rate is relatively low in its natural state, but it can spontaneously complete pollination and there is no phenomenon of apomixis; 5) The artificial pollination experiment found that Leucospermum cordifolium had the highest seed setting rate during cross pollination, at 17.14%, while self pollination had the lowest seed setting rate, at 4.94%.【Conclusion】One of the reasons for the low natural fruiting rate of Leucospermum cordifolium is due to the different ripening of its stamens, while the callus in the pistil style and ovary, as well as the abnormal enlargement of the pollen tube tip after pollen germination, are important reasons for its low fruiting rate.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to enrich the reproductive biology theory of Polygonatum Mill.?and provide the basis for further breeding of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp., the morphological structure characteristics, megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, and the development process of male and female gametophytes of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. were studied. [Method] The flower buds of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. at different developmental stages were used as experimental materials. The morphological and structural characteristics of the flowers of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. were observed by microscopic observation, and the single flower pistil and stamen of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp.were observed by paraffin sectioning technique.[Results] The perianth of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. is white or yellowish green, and the perianth tube is slightly constricted near the throat. It has 6 stamens, the lower end of filaments and anthers are united, and the anther is longitudinally split. The pistil ovary is superior, each ovary consists of 3 carpels, and the style is equal to the ovary. The anther wall of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. was composed of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum with one layer each. The mature tapetum had multiple nuclei, and the development type of tapetum was secretory. The meiotic division of microspore mother cells was continuous, there were obvious diads, tetrads were arranged symmetrically, and mature pollen grains were 2-cell type. There is a phenomenon of asynchronous microspore development between different anthers of the same flower and different pollen sacs of the same anther. Ovule in pistil ovary with double integument, thick nucellum. The tetrad formed by meiospore mother cell meiosis was linear, the three megaspore end degenerated and disappeared, and the functional megaspore end developed into 7-cell and 8-nucleus embryo sac, the embryo sac development type was polygonum. The phenomenon of double embryo sac ovule in Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. was observed. The calcium oxalate crystals were observed in the anther wall of the stamen and the ovary wall of the pistil. [Conclusion] The stamens and pistils of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. have more primitive development characteristics. Although there are abnormal phenomena in the development process, such as the asynchronous meiosis of microspore mother cells, the appearance of double embryo sacs in ovules, stamens can eventually form normal male gametophytes and the low frequency of double embryo sacs in pistils does not affect the fusion of male and female gametophytes.The microspores of Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp. were mature before the anther dehiscence, and the pollen of the previous period of anther dehiscence could be selected for cross breeding. The bundle-shaped calcium oxalate needles observed in anther wall and ovary wall cannot be used as the basis for species identification of Polygonatum kingianum.

Abstract:[Objective] Pterocymbium macranthum Kosterm., a tropical deciduous giant tree, has recently been spotted in the border regions of China and Laos, the genus Pterocymbium R. Br. and species are new to China. The remarkable discovery is reported and suggestions for conservation are provided in the present study. Historically, the tree is only recorded in Southcentral Myanmar to Northern and Southwestern Thailand, the new record in China extends the known geographical range of P. macranthum to the northern edge of the Asian tropics and contributes to the knowledge of the tree flora both in China and Southeast Asia. [Methods] Morphological and anatomical observations of female specimens were conducted using a stereomicroscope, key taxonomic characteristics were recorded with a digital camera, and then descriptions of the genus were amended. Aided by drones, its domestic population size had been rapidly assessed, and its IUCN species threatened category was evaluated by interviewing the usage and timber trade of locals, together with our field experiences of Southeast Asia. [Results] Around 1 000 individuals were recognized in an area ca. 2 000 hm2, and it was evaluated as an IUCN vulnerable (VU) species. [Conclusion] The genus Pterocymbium R. Br. and its intragenus P. macranthum Kosterm. are both new to China.

Abstract:[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the current status of algal diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, systematic sampling work was carried out in the region. [Methods] Diatom samples were subjected to light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. [Results] One new Chinese record species (Livingstonia palatkaensis Prasad & Nienow) was found in diatom samples from Jin ''e Mountain in Yueyang City, Hunan Province, this genus is also the first to be discovered in China. [Conclusion] The discovery of this new record species provides new information on the geographical distribution of this genus and enriches the biodiversity of diatoms in China.

Abstract:[Objective] Grape is an important cash crop in China, and aroma is an important component of grape fruit quality. Grape aroma is complex and composed of a variety of compounds, including terpenes, volatile aliphatic compounds, aromatic compounds, pyrazines and sulfur-containing compounds. At the same time, it is affected by multiple factors. Genetics is the main factor affecting its aroma distribution. Therefore, the analysis of grape aroma genetic model is the basis of achieving breeding goals. [Reviews] Based on the review of grape aroma measurement methods, this paper summarized and analyzed the genetic rules of grape aroma traits and QTL mapping of grape aroma traits. [Prospect]This paper in order to lay a theoretical support for the analysis of grape aroma genetic rules in the future and provide a reference for grape aroma traits directional breeding.