Abstract:【Objective】 To explore the effects of exogenous CaCl2 on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of marigold under saline-alkali stress, and to provide theoretical support for the application of CaCl2 to improve the cultivation efficiency and product quality of marigold on saline-alkali land.【Methods】 Taking Tagetes erecta L.seedlings as test materials, pot experiment was carried out to observe the growth phenotype, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Tagetes erecta L.seedlings by watering (CK1), root irrigation with 80 mmol / L mixed saline-alkali solution ( NaCl∶NaHCO3 = 1∶1, CK2 ) and root irrigation with saline-alkali followed by foliar spraying with four concentrations of CaCl2 solution [ 5,10,15,20 mmol/L ].【Results】With the prolongation of saline-alkali stress time, the plant height, stem diameter, root configuration and root-shoot ratio of marigold plants showed a gradual upward trend, and the net photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), transpiration coefficient ( Tr ), stomatal conductance ( Gs ), chlorophyll a content ( Chl a ), chlorophyll b content ( Chl b ), total chlorophyll content ( Chl t ), initial fluorescence ( F0 ), maximum fluorescence ( Fm ) and maximum photochemical efficiency ( Fv/Fm ) of leaves showed a downward trend, while intercellular CO2 concentration ( Ci ) showed an upward trend. After spraying different concentrations of CaCl2 on the leaves, the change range of each index decreased. There was a concentration effect, and the effect of 10 mmol / L CaCl2 treatment was the best. On the 20 th day of stress, the Chl a, Chl b, Chl t, Pn, Tr, Gs, F0, Fm and Fv / Fm of leaves treated with 10 mmol / L CaCl2 were significantly higher than those of CK2 by 52.39 %, 48.51 %, 46.78 %, 45.53 %, 49.51 %, 49.57 %, 31.60 %, 43.80 % and 32.83 %, respectively. The root-shoot ratio and Ci were significantly reduced by 22.60 % and 30.91 %, respectively.【Conclusion】 Spraying 10 mmol/L CaCl2 on the leaves could significantly reduce the decrease of chlorophyll synthesis precursors in marigold leaves under saline-alkali stress, increase the electron transport rate of PSII, enhance the photosynthetic capacity of leaves, and effectively improve the growth of plants.

Abstract:【Objective】 There are problems of excessive sugar accumulation and serious organic acid degradation in wine grapes cultivated in hot areas. As sunshade net has wide application value in fruit cultivation in hot areas, this experiment conducted sunshade net test on the main wine grape "Matheran" in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, aiming to provide theoretical basis for solving the problem of wine grape quality disharmony in hot areas.【Method】 In this experiment, the wine grape "Matheran" was used as the material. From the color transformation period (July 29) to the harvest period (September 22), sunshade nets of different widths and colors were set up on both sides of the grapes, and then the sugar components, organic acids and phenolic substances of the grapes and wine were analyzed.【Results】(1) RE1 treatment significantly reduced the sugar content of grape fruits, and sunshade treatment significantly inhibited the degradation of organic acids in grape fruits and wine; (2) Sunshade net treatment can increase the contents of total flavonoids in grape fruits, and reduce the contents of total tannins, total anthocyanins and total flavantriols in grape fruits; (3) Sunshade net treatment reduced the contents of total anthocyanins in wine, and BL0.6 treatment increased the contents of total tannins, total phenols, total flavonoids and total flavantriols in wine.【Conclusion】 RE1 treatment has the most significant effect on reducing sugar and increasing acid and increasing phenolic substance content in grape fruit, WH1 treatment has the most significant effect on increasing organic acid content in wine, and BL0.6 treatment has the most significant effect on increasing phenolic substance content in wine.

Abstract:[Objective] The study aims to explore the effects of chemical fertilizers reduction and application of microbial fertilizers on growth, photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Lanzhou lily（Lilium davidii var. willmottiae）, and to provide scientific fertilization management for the continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily. [Methods] From 2019 to 2021, fertilization was applied in experimental field of Lanzhou Lily which was located in alpine humid area of Gansu Province, the study set up three different treatments: 100% chemical fertilizers, chemical fertilizers reduction by 30% with microbial fertilizers, chemical fertilizers reduction by 50% with microbial fertilizers. After three years of continuous fertilization, the changes of physiological indexes such as growth, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of each treatment were investigated. [Results]Compared with 100% chemical fertilizers, chemical fertilizers reduction by 30% and 50% with microbial fertilizers could improve the strong seedling index, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities of Lanzhou lily to different degrees, the treatment of fertilizers reduction by 30% with microbial fertilizers had best effects between different treatments. Under the treatment of fertilizers reduction by 30% with microbial fertilizers, plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, underground biomass and strong seedling index increased significantly, the photosynthetic pigment content increased, maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ（Fv/Fm）、actual photochemical quantum efficiency(ΦPSⅡ)、electron transfer rate(ETR) increased, None photochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ）decreased, the enzyme activity of the antioxidant (SOD、POD、CAT、APX) increased significantly , the content of osmoregulatory substances（proline、soluble protein）increased significantly, the content of malondialdehyde decreased, and the root vitality enhanced significantly. [Conclusion] The fertilizers reduction by 30% with microbial fertilizers could promote the growth of Lanzhou lily, enhance leaf photosynthesis, improve protection enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substances, alleviate the degree of membrane lipid peroxide, and improve root vitality. This study could effectively improve the cultivation environment of continuous cropping Lanzhou lily.

Abstract:【Objective】To analyze the effects of melatonin (MT) on the growth, biochemical characteristics and expression of cold-responsive related genes in Grapevine suspension cells under low-temperature stress, to screen for the appropriate MT concentration, and to investigate the mechanism of action of MT in enhancing the cold tolerance of Grapevine.【Methods】Using ''Pinot noir'' Grapevine suspension cells as test material, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of MT [0 (CK), 50 (T1), 100 (T2), 200 (T3), 300 μmol/L (T4)] on the growth of the suspension cells, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the content of proline (Pro) and the expression of genes related to cold-responsive genes, at a low-temperature (4 ℃) stress, Proline (Pro) content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the trends of gene expression changes related to cold response to T2 treatment. 【Results】(1) Under low-temperature stress, the dry mass of cells in each MT treatment showed a trend of increasing then decreasing and finally stabilizing or decreasing during the culture cycle, and was significantly higher than that of CK at the end of the treatment period.(2) The MDA and Pro contents of each treatment firstly increased and then decreased with the time of treatment, and reached the peak at 24 h or 48 h. The MDA contents of each MT treatment were significantly lower than that of CK, and the Pro content was significantly higher than that of CK, and all of them were significantly higher than that of CK, and were in the same order. The MDA content of each MT treatment was significantly lower than that of CK, while the Pro content was significantly higher than that of CK, with T2 treatment being the lowest or the highest; (3) the antioxidant enzyme activities of each MT treatment were significantly higher than that of CK during the same period, with T2 treatment being the highest; with the prolongation of time, the activities of POD and CAT of each treatment firstly rose and then fell, while the activities of SOD and APX firstly fell and then rose, and reached the highest at 24 or 6 h, respectively. (4) The relative expression of cold-responsive genes VvCBFs, VvICE1, VvRD29B and VvKIN-2 in T2-treated suspension cells were all up-regulated significantly at different times compared with the corresponding CK.【Conclusion】Under low-temperature stress, the appropriate concentration (100 μmol/L) of MT could increase the relative expression of antioxidant enzymes and cold-response-related genes, increase the Pro content, decrease the MDA content, and ultimately enhance the low-temperature tolerance of Grapevine suspension cells.

Abstract:Abstract: [Objective] The study aims to investigate the growth and physiological characteristics of Arnebia guttata at different altitudinal gradients, in order to understand its ecological adaptation mechanisms under different habitat conditions and provide a theoretical basis for the conservation and utilization of the wild resources of Arnebia guttata. [Methods] Arnebia guttata in Wushi County, northwestern Tarim Basin, was chosen as the research subject. The leaf morphology, growth indicators, photosynthetic pigments, proline, soluble osmoregulatory substances malondialdehyde content, and the activities of antioxidant enzyme were measured at five different altitudinal sites (i.e., 1155, 1227, 1332, 1533, and 2137m). [Results] (1) The plant height, aboveground biomass, total biomass, leaf area , specific leaf area, and the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of Arnebia guttata were highest at the lowest altitude of 1155 m and decreased with increasing altitude, reaching the lowest at 2137 m. Among them, plant height, aboveground biomass, and leaf area were decreased significantly (P<0.05) by 22.89%, 31.77%, and 26.58%, respectively. (2) The minimum values of specific leaf weight, root/shoot ratio, and carotenoids content, carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio, malondialdehyde, proline, soluble sugar, and ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase enzyme activity of Arnebia guttata all appeared at 1155 m, and increased significantly with increasing altitude, reaching the maximum value at 2137 m (P<0.05). [Conclusion] The environmental conditions of lower altitude in the area are more conducive to the growth and biomass accumulation of Arnebia guttata, making it the most suitable growth area for Arnebia guttata. As altitude increases, the physiological stress on Arnebia guttata intensifies, the degree of lipid peroxidation increases, and its growth is inhibited. Arnebia guttata also adapts to the increasingly harsh natural environment at high altitudes by adjusting its life strategy, increasing the content of soluble osmotic regulatory substances, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Abstract:[Objective]To understand the invasion mechanism of the invasive plant Salvia tiliifolia. [Methods]The differences in growth, reproduction, and defensive traits between S. tiliifolia and the cultivated S. splendens were studied under different fertilization conditions. [Results]Except for root dry weight and height of S. tiliifolia, biomass of both plants significantly increased under high-fertilization conditions compared to the control. The flower flavonoid and tannin contents of S. tiliifolia and the leaf tannin content of S. splendens were significantly higher under high-fertilization treatment. The soluble protein content of S. splendens and the content of three nutrient indexes of S. tiliifolia significantly increased under high-fertilization conditions. With increasing fertilization, the biomass, flower chemical defense, and nutrient content of both plants increased, while physical defense and leaf chemical defense decreased. Under the same conditions,the plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers of S. tiliifolia were higher than that of S. splendens. Additionally, S. tiliifolia had higher leaf chemical defense and physical defense than that of S. splendens, while the flower chemical defense and nutrient content were lower in S. tiliifolia compared to S. splendens. Notably, S. tiliifolia showed higher leaf chemical defense than flower chemical defense, whereas the opposite was observed in S. splendens. [Conclusions]Both plants reduce defensive investment and increase growth and reproduction under conditions of abundant resources. S. tiliifolia focuses on leaf defense, with stronger growth, reproduction, and leaf defense than S. splendens, which focuses on flower defense. The flexible resource allocation strategy of S. tiliifolia is advantageous for successful invasion.

Abstract:[Objective] The study aims to explore the antibacterial activity and allelopathy of flavonoids from leaves of Eleutherococcus brachypus, and to provide the basis for the development of plant-derived antimicrobial agents and their allelopathy in plant protection and agricultural production. [Methods] Its leaves as raw materials, the flavonoids were extracted from E. brachypus leaves by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the antibacterial ability of leaf flavonoids extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella were evaluated by the antibacterial sphere, minimum antibacterial concentration (MIC), in the meantime, the allelopathic effects of leaf flavonoids extract were studied by measuring the apoptosis rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in apoptosis cell, and root and bulbil growth inhibition rate of onion epidermal cells under stress of different concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%) the flavonoids extracts from E. brachypus. [Results] (1) The yield of leaf flavonoids from E. brachypus was 42.3 mg/g. (2) Under the same concentration, the antibacterial activity of leaf flavonoids against the gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) was significantly higher than that of the gram-negative bacterium (P<0.05), and the antibacterial activities were proportional to the concentration of leaf flavonoids extracts of E. brachypus. The maximum antibacterial coil diameters of the leaf flavonoids extracts of E. brachypus against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and Salmonella were 24.4, 22.1, 18.3 mm, respectively, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of S. aureus, B.subtilis, and Salmonella were 1.31, 2.63, 5.25 mg/mL, respectively. Considering the antibacterial coil diameter and MIC of the three tested species, the antibacterial ability was successively decreased as: S. aureus, B. subtilis, Salmonella. (3) Different concentrations of leaf flavonoids from E. brachypus could induce apoptosis of the upper epidermal cells of Allium cepa L., and many morphological characteristics from apoptotic cells in A. cepa L. were examined under a light microscope, such as, cytoplasmic breakdown and collapse, many cytoplasmic vesicles formation, at the same time, the nuclear membrane fractured and even disappeared, chromatin condensation and edging, finally, the apoptosis rate and MDA content in epidermal cells were also increased with treatment concentration. (4) Moreover, the growth of root and bulbil of onion bulb were inhibited under different concentrations of leaf flavone extracts treatment, and the relative inhibition rate of root and bulbil growth of onion bulb was also concentration-dependent, compared to the control. In conclusion, leaf flavonoids of the E. brachypus had antibacterial activity, apoptosis-inducing of plant cells, and inhibiting the growth of roots and bulbil of A. cepa L. These findings suggest that the leaf flavonoids extract from E. brachypus had certain antibacterial activity, and it also had some allelochemicals phytotoxic effects on apoptosis-induction epidermal cell of A. cepa L., and growth inhibition of root and bulbil of onion bulb by inducing membrane lipid peroxidation.

Abstract:【Objective】 In order to explore the role of TaRING1 in the interaction between wheat and stripe rust, analyze its mechanism and provide theoretical basis for the green prevention and control of wheat stripe rust.【Methods】 The interaction target protein of TaRING1 was screened by yeast two-hybrid technique and verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation assays. The ubiquitin function of TaRING1 was verified by ubiquitination experiments. The subcellular localization of target TaRIP92 was observed by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and protoplast transformation in wheat. 【Results】 Using TaRING1 as bait, the interaction target TaRIP92 was screened by yeast two-hybrid technology, and the interaction between TaRING1 and TaRIP92 was verified by LCA and BiFC. In vitro ubiquitination experiments proved that TaRING1 could ubiquitinate TaRIP92. Transient expression of Nicotiana benthamiana and wheat protoplast transformation showed that TaRIP92 protein was localized in mitochondria. 【Conclusion】 TaRING1 interacts with mitochondrial protein TaRIP92 and ubiquitinates it.

Abstract:[Objectives] plant E3 ligases family has been recognized for its involvement in regulating plant responses to low temperature stress，its role in bog bilberry under low temperature stress remains largely unexplored. In this study，we cloned VuARI2 gene，transformation model plants Arabidopsis thaliana to explore the function of VuARI2 gene in responses to low temperature stress. [Methods] VuARI2 gene was cloned from stem of bog bilberry by RACE and RT-PCR and conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Expression of VuARI2 in different tissues and stems and flower buds after cold acclimation were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Furthermore，Heterologously express the VuARI2 in Arabidopsi Thaliana，and the transgenic plants were analyzed for the expression levels of VuARI2，physiological indexes，and freezing resistance after cold acclimation. [Results] VuARI2 was successfully cloned，and its open reading frame of 1770 bp，which encoded 589 amino acids. The multi-sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis of VuARI2 amino acids indicated that VuARI2 protein was closely related to ARI2 protein in wild camellia，coffee tree，grape and riverside grape. RT qPCR showed that the expression of VuARI2 in leaves and flower buds of bog bilberry was significantly higher than that in roots and stems，and the expression of VuARI2 in stems and flower buds was significantly induced by low temperature. After cold acclimation，expression levels of VuARI2 gene in transgenic plants was significantly higher in wild type，chlorophyll content decreased significantly lower than that of the wild type；proline content and soluble sugar content were significantly higher than that of the wild type；superoxide dismutase activity；peroxidase activity and catalase activity were significantly higher than that of the wild type；while relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content were significantly lower than that of the wild type. After cold acclimation，the survival rate of transgenic plants was significantly higher than that of the wild type，and the relative conductivity was significantly lower than that of the wild type at freezing temperature，significantly enhance the freezing resistance of plants. [Conclusions] Cloning and obtaining VuARI2-overexpressed A. thaliana plants，functional analysis showed that overexpress of VuARI2 gene could significantly enhance the cold resistance of plants.

Abstract:[Objective] The Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) gene family is a class of auxin early response genes, which play an important role in plant growth and development and stress resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the function and effect of GH3 gene in kidney bean. [Methods] The whole genome of kidney bean GH3 gene family was identified by bioinformatics and the expression of PvGH3 gene was detected by transcriptome data (RNA-seq) and fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) under different stress conditions. [Results] A total of 19 gene family members were identified in kidney bean, of which 17 genes were unevenly distributed on 8 chromosomes, and the other 2 genes could not be accurately located on scafford. Phylogenetic analysis divided the PvGH3 gene family into three subfamilies, and the members of each subfamily had similar gene structure and conserved motifs. The collinearity analysis showed that there were 3 para-homologous gene pairs between PvGH3 family members, and 15 direct homologous gene pairs between PvGHs and Arabidopsis GH3.Cis-element analysis showed that PvGH3 gene family contains cis-elements related to light, hormone, stress and growth and development. Tissue expression analysis showed that PvGH3 gene family was highly expressed in flowers, roots, buds and stems. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 19 PvGH3 were up-regulated in response to drought (6% PEG), salt (100 mmol/L NaCl) and low temperature (4 ℃) stress. PvGH3.19 was significantly responsive to drought stress, PvGH3.17 was responsive to salt stress. PvGH3.11 responds to low temperature stress. [Conclusion] In this study, 19 PvGH3 genes were identified in kidney bean. Their physicochemical properties, chromosomal location, collinearity, evolutionary relationship, conserved motif, cis-element and tissue expression were analyzed, and their functions and effects were further demonstrated by qRT-PCR. This study provided a theoretical basis for the analysis of resistance function of PvGH3.

Abstract:[Objective]In order to analyze the codon usage bias of the chloroplast genome of four Zygophyllum species, the study analyzed the codon composition and codon usage bias of 40 selected gene-coding sequences and identified the optimal codons.[Methods] The parity preference (PR2-plot) analysis, effective number of codons (NEC-plot), neutrality plot and RSCU cluster analysis of 40 genes from four Zygophyllum species were carried out using CodonW 1.4.2 and Emboss software in this study. [Results]The codon usage patterns in four Zygophyllum species plastomes were similar, and the GC content of codon was followed by GC1> GC2> GC3, the average ENC values were more than 35, and the CAI was 0.17, indicating the chloroplast genome gene expression level of Zygophyllum species was low and a weak codon preference. The results of neutral mapping analysis, ENC-plot selection and PR2-plot analysis showed that the codon usage pattern was affected by natural selection, which played a dominant role. RSCU cluster analysis showed that Z. fabago, Z. obliquum, Z.xanthoxylum and Z. kaschgaricum had 19, 13,14 and 14 optimal codons. By constructing the high and low gene expression library of the target genes, a total of four optimal genes were finally selected using totally the A\U ending.[Conclusion] The codon bases of chloroplast genome from four Zygophyllum species mostly ended with A\U. The codon usage bias of chloroplast genome have a weak codon preference, and be in?uenced by base mutations . Four optimal codons were identi?ed in this study, and the presence of few optimal codons may better understood the codon optimization, preference mechanism and genetic evolution relationship in Zygophyllum.

Abstract:【Objective】 In order to enrich the data for the study of micropyle closure in gymnosperms and to provide a reference for the phylogenetic study of gymnosperms, the micropyle closure of Platicladus orientalis Franco was investigated.【Methods】 Female cones of Platycladus orientalis were sampled and examined using morphological techniques, including paraffin sections and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, cluster analyses based on the mode of micropyle closure were also conducted for Bennettitales.【Results】 (1) After the pollen of Platicladus orientalis enters the ovule, the innermost two cell layers of the integument begin to grow radially inward until the micropyle is completely closed. (2) During the micropyle closure of Platicladus orientalis, the innermost cells of the integument are elongated and conical in shape, with the cell layers typically increasing to around 4 to 6 layers. (3) The micropyle closure of gymnosperms can be divided into four clades. These groups include one for Cycas and Ginkgo, another for Pinus and Podocarpaceae, a separate group for Bennettitales, and a cluster consist of Platycladus orientalis and other species. 【Conclusion】 The micropyle closure of Platicladus orientalis is differ with Ginkgo and cycads. while is similar with Pinus and Bennettitales. This study suggested that evolutionary relationship in micropyle closure between Bennettitales and extant conifers, providing novel morphological evidence for understanding the evolution of gymnosperm reproductive systems.

Abstract:【Objective】To investigate the pollen biology characteristics of Primulina guizhongensis and the influence of the breeding system on its sexual reproduction, uncovering its reproduction mechanism and providing theoretical references for the conservation and development of Primulina.【Methods】Using P. guizhongensis as the material, we observed the floral characteristics of P. guizhongensis, screened the pollen isolation medium and the best pollen pollen viability detection method, explored optimal pollen storage conditions, determine the type of its breeding system.【Results】(1) P. guizhongensis dichogamy, stamens ripening before pistils; herkogamy, pistils higher than stamens (2) The optimum medium formulation for the culture of isolated pollen germination is 40 mg/mL boric acid + 10% sucrose + 7 g/L agar for two hours. (3) Pollen maintained a high germination rate after 7 d of storage at both -20°C and -80°C (4) The stigmas of P. guizhongensis are most fertile at 2-4 d of flowering. (5) P/O is 518.36~782.75, OCI is 5. (6) P. guizhongensis has a high self-fertilisation affinity and is unable to undergo fusionless reproduction.【Conclusion】 The in vitro germination method is the most intuitive and accurate way to detect pollen viability, low temperatures are conducive to pollen storage of P. guizhongensis, and the breeding system is predominantly heterogametic.

Abstract:【Objective】To unveil the pollination characteristics of the Chinese endemic rare and endangered aquatic plants Ottelia acuminata and Ottelia acuminata var. crispa, to investigate their adaptive relationship with pollinators, to elucidate the factors affecting the success of pollination, and to provide theoretical and technological guidance for the hybrid breeding of the two species；the study of hybrid affinity between the two not only provides insights into their cross-breeding dynamics but also serves as a valuable reference for broader studies involving cross-breeding and germplasm conservation within the genus.【Methods】Ottelia acuminata and Ottelia acuminata var. crispa were used as research subjects to study their pollination characteristics and hybrid affinity by observing their flowering dynamics, insect flower-visiting behaviors, determining pollen viability, stigma pollinability, and bagging test.【Results】The flowering dynamics of Ottelia acuminata and Ottelia acuminata var. crispa were basically similar, with single-flowering periods of 7-11 h. The main flower-visiting insects of both species are Episyrphus balteatus, Apis cerana, Bombus sp. and Coccinella sp；The trend of pollen viability and stigmatic accessibility of the two plants was consistent, both showed an increasing and then decreasing trend, Ottelia acuminata pollen viability was the highest at 88.27%, Ottelia acuminata var. crispa pollen viability was the highest at 88.34%, and stigmatic accessibility of both plants was the highest in the anthesis Ⅱ；The fruit set rate of Ottelia acuminata and Ottelia acuminata var. crispa orthologous and backcrosses were 85.71% and 91.33%, respectively, and the hybrid affinity indexes were above 53, which proved that there was no hybridization between Ottelia acuminata and Ottelia acuminata var. crispa. The average number of seeds in hybrid single fruit was 54, 69, 73, 71 and 71 respectively; Among the hybrid combinations, Ottelia acuminata (♂) × Ottelia acuminata var. crispa (♀) combination had the highest thousand-grain weight of 3.334 g. Seeds of the hybrid combinations were subjected to germination experiments, and it was concluded that the Ottelia acuminata (♂) × Ottelia acuminata (♀) combination had the seed germination rate was the highest, 71.7%, and the other three combinations, the germination rate was lower, with an average of 23.2%.【Conclusion】Ottelia acuminata and Ottelia acuminata var. crispa have basically similar flowering dynamics, with shorter single-flowering periods and fewer pollinator species, which affects their sexual reproduction; hybridization experiments between the two showed no significant hybrid discordance.

Abstract:【Objective】The fertilization of the fern Lygodium japonicum are observed 【Methods】using electronic. 【Results】The results indicated that: ① Lygodium japonicum do not have the typical egg envelope and fertilization pore, and spermatozoa penetrates the egg through the pore region. ② The first spermatozoon entered the cytoplasm of the egg, and 2-6 spermatozoa could also pass through the pore region to enter the fertilization cavity below the pore region of the egg, but could not fuse with the egg cytoplasm. ③ After the sperm enters the egg, the fertilized egg shrinks markedly to prevent the entry of other sperm, and a membrane structure is formed at the location of the pore region above the fertilization cavity, which also plays a role in blocking the entry of other sperm into the fertilization cavity. ④ Nuclear fusion was initiated 30 min after spermatozoa entered the egg cell. The nucleus of spermatozoa was initially concentrated at one end of the egg nucleus and gradually penetrated into the nucleus of the egg, and nuclear fusion continued as the fertilized egg expanding. ⑤ Around 10 h after fertilization, the zygote produces a large number of vesicles, which first establish horizontal polarity and then change to vertical polarity, and undergo the first division of the zygote. 【Conclusion】When Lygodium japonicum undergoes fertilization, spermatozoa enter from the pore region and produce a fertilization cavity, which is similar to the core leptosporangiatae.

Abstract:【Objective】 Explore the impact of grazing enclosure on plant community structure and soil water conservation function of alpine steppe on the Qinghai Lake region, and It is significant to accurately evaluate the effect of grazing enclosure on the restoration of degraded grassland in Qinghai Lake. 【Methods】 Four sample plots (free-grazing, enclosure for 4 years, enclosure for 7 years and enclosure for 14 years) were set in the alpine steppe on the north shore of Qinghai Lake and the effects of enclosure measures on the number of vegetation species, biomass, functional groups, soil bulk density, water holding capacity and porosity was analyzed by the combination of field monitoring and indoor experiments in present research. 【Results】 (1) With the increasing of enclosure times, the number of species in the alpine steppe on the north shore of Qinghai Lake was decreased, the vegetation cover, above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass was first increased and then decreased. The percentage of grasses in the community gradually increased, which improved the feeding value of plant on the north shore of Qinghai Lake. (2) The effects of grazing exclusion on soil moisture characteristics of alpine steppe on the north shore of Qinghai Lake are mainly concentrated in the 0-20 cm depth. With the extension of grazing exclusion years, soil bulk density at 0-20 cm decreased gradually, soil saturated water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, field water holding capacity and total porosity at 0-10 cm first increased and then stabilized. (3) Soil bulk density is the most important soil water characteristic factor which affecting the vegetation community structure on the alpine steppe in the north shore of Qinghai Lake. 【Conclusion】 Short-term grazing exclusion measures are conducive to the recovery of degraded grassland ecosystems along the north shore of Qinghai Lake, and it was an effective measures to improve the degradation of grasslands in this area, but scientific grazing exclusion should be carried out to avoid prolonged grazing exclusion.

Abstract:Abstract: Based on field investigation and compilation of the list of stone pine and fern resources of Tingjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Fujian, the flora composition of the area was statistically analyzed by using the principle of flora geography, and compared with the flora of the four neighboring protected areas. The results showed that: (1) There were 129 species of lycopodians and ferns in 23 families, 60 genera, including 3 rare and endangered species. There were 3 families, with a total of 61 species in 23 genera, accounting for 47.29% of the total species. There is 1 genus, a total of 11 species, accounting for 8.53% of the total number of species, and the composition of families and genera is obvious. Monofamilies and oligofamilies accounted for 65.21% of the total family, and monospecies and oligogenera accounted for 90.00% of the total number of genera. (2) In terms of distribution area, tropical components accounted for 100% of the total number of families; Tropical components accounted for 84.21% of the total genus; Tropical component species accounted for 52.85%, temperate component species accounted for 35.25%, mainly tropical Asian distribution species, followed by East Asia and its variants. There are 15 species endemic to China. The tropical attributes of this area are predominant, the tropical relatives are obvious, and there are certain temperate properties. (3) The comparison with the geographical composition of the flora of neighboring protected areas showed that in terms of similarity coefficients of families, genera and species, Tingjiangyuan and the four protected areas reached more than 85%, 74% and 50%, respectively. The germline differentiation degree of 4.75 in this area is similar to that of Liangyeshan 4.69, which is relatively low. In terms of geographical affinity, the stone pine and fern fauna in this area have the highest connection with Liangye Mountain, and the closest kinship is the same, and the kinship relationship with Matou Mountain in Jiangxi is relatively distant.